Problem 1

Water is flowing into a well-stirred tank at 150 kg/hr and methanol (MeOH) is being added at
30 kg/hr. The resulting solution is leaving the tank at 120 kg/hr. Because of effective stirring,
the concentration of the outlet solution is the same as that within the tank. There are 100 kg of
fresh water in the tank at the start of the operation, and the rates of input and output remain
constant thereafter. Calculate the outlet concentration (mass fraction of methanol) after 1 hr.
Solution:

Overall Mass balance

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { }
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑀
= (150 + 30) − 120
𝑑𝑡
Where M = mass in Kg of solution at any time t
𝑑𝑀
𝑑𝑡
= 60 ---------- (1)

∫ 𝑑𝑀 = 60 ∫ 𝑑𝑡

𝑀 = 60𝑡 + 𝐶 ---------- (2)

Using the initial condition we evaluate the constant C . Substituting t = 0, M =100 Kg in (2) we get
C=100.
Therefore M= 60t+100 -------- (3)
MeOH balance (component balance)
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { } + {𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 } − {𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 }
𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑂𝐻 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝑒𝑂𝐻 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑂𝐻 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑂𝐻

d(Mx)
= 30 × 1 − 120x -------- (4)
dt

Where x is concentration (mass fraction) of MeOH

Note: Since M and x are both variables, the LHS of eqn.(4) is differentiated w.r.t M and x.
d(x) dM
M +x = 30 × 1 − 120x ------- (5)
dt dt

Note: The eqn.(5) contains 3 variables( M.x, t), hence it is reduced to 2 variable for calculation.
Sub. eqn.(1) and eqn.(3) in eqn.(5)
dx
(60t + 100) + 60x = 30 − 120x
dt

Separating the variable x on one side and t on the other side

𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
0 (60𝑡 + 100) 0 (30 − 180𝑥)

Integrating and substituting the limits

1 (60t + 100) 1 (30 − 180x)
ln =− ln
60 100 180 100

x= 0.125
Problem 2
A small still is separating propane and butane at 135°C, and initially contains 10 kg moles of a
mixture whose composition is x = 0.30 (x = mole fraction butane).Additional mixture (xF =
0.30) is fed at the rate of 5 kg mol/hr. If the total volume of the liquid in the still is constant,
and the concentration of the vapor from the still (XD) is related to Xs as follows:

XS
XD =
1 + XS
how long will it take for the value of Xs to change from 0.3 to 0.4 ? What is the steady-state
("equilibrium") value of Xs in the still (i.e., when Xs becomes constant?). What is the steady state value
for XS in the still.

Solution:

➢ Since butane and propane form an ideal solutions, we do not have to worry about
volume changes on mixing or separation.

➢ Only the material balance is needed to answer the questions posed. If t is the
independent variable and Xs is the dependent variable

Note: Since Propane is more volatile than Butane, it will vaporize from the still leading to
increase in butane content in the still from 0.3 to 0.4

Butane balance

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { } + { 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 } − {𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 }
𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝐵𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖

d(10×XS )
= 5 × 0.3 − 5 × X D ---------- (1)
dt
Note: There are 3 variable in the above equation(XS, XD, t,) and cannot be solved unless it is reduced to
two variables.
 X
Using XD = 1+XS in the equation (1)
S

d(10×XS ) X
= 5 × 0.3 − 5 × 1+XS -------- (2)
dt S

Integration of Eq. (2) between the following limits

at t= 0 ; Xs = 0.30
at t= t: Xs = 0.40

0.4 𝑡
𝑑𝑋𝑆
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
0.5𝑋𝑠
0.3 0.15 − [ 0
1 + 𝑋𝑆 ]

0.4 (1 + 𝑋𝑆 )𝑑𝑋𝑆
∫ =𝑡
0.3 0.15 − 0.35𝑋𝑆
Rearranging and Integrating
0.4
XS 1
𝑡 = [− − (0.35)2 ln(0.15 − 0.35XS )] -------- ( )
0.35
0.3

t = 5.85 hr

(ii) At steady state(infinite time) accumulation is Zero

Using eq.(2)
X
5 × 0.3 − 5 × 1+XS = 0
S
XS = 0.428

Note: The value of Xs could never be any greater than 0.428 for the given conditions

Problem 3:
A tank containing 100 kg of a 60% brine (60% salt) is filled with a 10% salt solution at the rate
of 10 kg/min. Solution is removed from the tank at the rate of 15 kg/min. Assuming complete
mixing, find the kilograms of salt in the tank after 10 min.
Problem 4:
A tank contains 3 m3 of pure oxygen at atmospheric pressure. Air is slowly pumped into the
tank and mixes uniformly with the contents, an equal volume of which is forced out of the tank.
What is the concentration of oxygen in the tank after 9 m3 of air has been admitted?

Solution:

➢ x m3 be the volume of O2 in tank

➢ V m3/min is flow rate of air entering and leaving the tank
➢ Assuming isothermal process
Oxygen balance

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { } + { 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 } − {𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 }
𝑜𝑓 𝑂2 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2
𝑂2 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖

Note: 1) Every 1m3 of air contains 0.21 m3 of O2 ( since Volume % = mole % for gases)
2) The exit air leaves with enriched O2.

𝑑𝑥 𝑥
= 0.21 × 𝑉 − × 𝑉 --------- (1)
𝑑𝑡 3

Rearranging the eqn(1) , separating the variable and Integrating

𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑥
0 3 (0.21 − 3)
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑉𝑡 = 9 = ∫3 𝑥 [ V* t = gives volume of air already entered in tank = 9m3]
(0.21− 3)
x= 0.75 m3

Concentration( Volume fraction) = x/3 = 0.75/ 3 = 0.25

Problem 4
The water level in a municipal reservoir has been decreasing steadily during a dry spell, and
local meteorologists predict that the drought could continue for another 60 days. The water
company estimates that the consumption rate in the city is approximately 107 L/day. The State
Conservation Service estimates that rainfall and stream drainage into the reservoir coupled with
evaporation from the reservoir should yield a net water input rate of 106 exp(-t/100) L/day,
where t is the time in days from the beginning of the drought, at which time the reservoir
contained an estimated 109 litres of water. Calculate the reservoir volume at the end of the 60
days of continued drought.
Solution:
Accumulation = input - output

𝑑(𝑉𝜌)
= 𝐹1 𝜌 − 𝐹2 𝜌 ---------- (1) [ Kg/day]
𝑑𝑡

Here ρ is constant .Therefore eqn. (1) becomes Volume balance equation (L /day)

𝑑𝑉 𝑡
= 106 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ) − 107
𝑑𝑡 100
𝑉 𝑡
𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ (106 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ) − 107 ) 𝑑𝑡
109 0 100

60
9 6
𝑡 2 7
𝑉 − 10 = ([10 × 10 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ) − 10 𝑡])
100 0
V= 4.45× 108 L

Problem 7

A batch distillation unit is charged with 100 moles of 60 mole % benzene and 40 mole %
toluene. Given mixture at any instant and the vapor leaving the still may be considered to be at
equilibrium with the remaining liquid. The benzene in vapor and liquid are related by

2.6𝑥
𝑦=
(1 + 1.6𝑥)

Derive the equation relating the amount of liquid remaining in the still to mole fraction of
benzene.

Solution:
V = Vapor flow rate (moles/time)
L = liquid inside the still (moles)
y= mole fraction of Benzene in Vapor
x = mole fraction of Benzene in Liquid

Overall Mass balance

𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇
{𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 } = { }− { }
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒊𝒏 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝒅(𝑳)
=𝟎−𝑽 ---------- ( 1)
𝒅𝒕
Benzene Balance

Rate of Rate of Rate of

Rate In Rate out
{Accumulation of } = { }− { } + {Generation } − {consumption }
of Benzene of Benzene
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 of Benzene of Benzene

𝒅(𝑳𝒙)
= 𝟎 − 𝑽𝒚 ------------ (2)
𝒅𝒕

Given
𝟐.𝟔𝒙
𝒚= (𝟏+𝟏.𝟔𝒙)
-----(3)

Replacing V and y in eqn (2) using eqn (1) and eqn(3)

𝒅(𝑳) 𝒅𝒙 𝟐.𝟔𝒙 𝒅(𝑳)
𝒙 +𝑳 = (𝟏+𝟏.𝟔𝒙) 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝑳 𝟐.𝟔𝒙 𝒅𝒙
− 𝒅𝒕 (𝒙 − (𝟏+𝟏.𝟔𝒙)) = 𝑳 𝒅𝒕

Note: Since there is only one independent variable in the system, we may treat ‘dt’ as though it were an
algebraic equation and cancel it out and separate the variables x and L .

Rearranging and integrating between limits

𝑳 𝒅𝑳 𝒙 (𝟏+𝟏.𝟔𝒙)
∫𝟏𝟎𝟎 = ∫𝟎.𝟔 𝟏.𝟔𝒙( 𝟏−𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝑳

𝑳 𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝟏.𝟔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒍𝒏 (𝟏𝟎𝟎) = 𝟏.𝟔 [∫𝟎.𝟔 𝒙(𝟏−𝒙)) + ∫𝟎.𝟔 (𝟏−𝒙)
]

𝑳 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏−𝒙
𝒍𝒏 ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝒍𝒏 ( ) − [𝟏 + ] 𝒍𝒏 ( )
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟔 𝟏. 𝟔 𝟎. 𝟒

𝒙 𝟎.𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝟏 − 𝒙 −𝟏.𝟔𝟐𝟓
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ( ) ×( )
𝟎. 𝟔 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎
Problem 8
It is desired to produce substance B from raw material A in a CSTR of effective volume of
V(m3), If q(m3/min) of solution of A of concentration Co , is fed to the empty reactor and the
chemical reaction in which all the reactions are first order.

Show that the number of moles of B in the initial discharge from the reactor is given by the
solution of differential equation.

𝑑2 𝑁𝐵 𝑑𝑁𝐵
2
+𝑃 + 𝑅 𝑁𝐵 =𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Where 𝑃 = 𝐾1 + 𝐾2 + 𝐾3 ; 𝑅 = 𝐾1 × 𝐾3 ; 𝐶 = 𝑞𝑜 𝐶𝑜 𝐾1
Solution:
Component Balance
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { } + { 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 } − {𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 }
𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖

Component ‘A’ balance

𝒅𝑵𝑨
= 𝑪𝒐 𝒒 − 𝑲𝟏 𝑵𝑨 + 𝑲𝟐 𝑵𝑩 ------------ (1)
𝒅𝒕

Component ‘B’ balance

𝒅𝑵𝑩
= 𝟎 − 𝑲𝟑 𝑵𝑩 + 𝑲𝟏 𝑵𝑨 − 𝑲𝟐 𝑵𝑩 ---------- (2)
𝒅𝒕

Differentiating Eqn.(2) Sub. from (1)

𝒅𝟐 𝑵𝑩 𝒅𝑵𝑩 𝒅𝑵𝑨 𝒅𝑵𝑩

= 𝟎 − 𝑲𝟑 + 𝑲𝟏 − 𝑲𝟐 ---------- (3)
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝟐 𝑵𝑩 𝒅𝑵𝑩
= −(𝑲𝟑 + 𝑲𝟐 ) + 𝑲𝟏 (𝑪𝒐 𝒒 − 𝑲𝟏 𝑵𝑨 + 𝑲𝟐 𝑵𝑩 ) ---------- (4)
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕

Rearranging eqn.(2)
𝒅𝑵𝑩
𝑲𝟐 𝑵𝑩 = + 𝑲𝟑 𝑵𝑩 − 𝑲𝟏 𝑵𝑨 ----------- (5)
𝒅𝒕

Substituting in Eqn.(4)

𝒅𝟐 𝑵𝑩 𝒅𝑵𝑩 𝒅𝑵𝑩
𝟐
= −(𝑲𝟑 + 𝑲𝟐 ) + 𝑲𝟏 (𝑪𝒐 𝒒 − 𝑲𝟏 𝑵𝑨 − − 𝑲𝟑 𝑵𝑩 + 𝑲𝟏 𝑵𝑨 )
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝟐 𝑵𝑩 𝒅𝑵𝑩
𝟐
= −(𝑲𝟑 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑲𝟏 ) + 𝑲𝟏 (𝑪𝒐 𝒒 − 𝑲𝟑 𝑵𝑩 )
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝟐 𝑵𝑩 𝒅𝑵𝑩
𝟐
+𝑷 + 𝑹 𝑵𝑩 =𝑪
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Problem 11
A ventilation system has been designed for a large laboratory with a volume of 1100m3. The
volumetric flow rate of ventilation air is 700m3/min at 22°C and 1 atm. (The latter two values
may also be taken as the temperature and pressure of the room air.) A reactor in the laboratory
is capable of emitting as much as 1.5 mol of sulphur dioxide into the room if a seal ruptures.
An SO2 mole fraction in the room air greater than 1x10-6 ppm. constitutes a health hazard.
Suppose the reactor seal ruptures at a time t =0, and the maximum amount of SO2 is emitted
and spreads uniformly throughout the room almost instantaneously. Assuming that the air flow
is sufficient to make the room air composition spatially uniform, write a differential SO2
balance. Calculate the concentration of SO2 in the room two minutes after the rupture occurs.

Solution: Laboratory

t=0, SO2 =1.5 mole

Reactor

Note: In ventilation system, I/P air and O/P air flow rate should be same.
Let x = concentration of So2 in moles/ m3
I/P = 0 [The air is pure and does not contain SO2 ]
SO2 balance

Rate of Rate of Rate of

Rate In Rate out
{Accumulation of } = { }− { } + {Generation } − {consumption }
of 𝑆𝑂2 of 𝑆𝑂2
𝑆𝑂2 of 𝑆𝑂2 of 𝑆𝑂2

𝑑(1100𝑥)
= 0 − 700𝑥 ------- (1)
𝑑𝑡

Rearranging eqn.(1) and Integrating using limits

At t=0 ; x = 1.363*10-3 moles/m3 [i.e. 1.5 moles / 1100 m3 ]
At t= 2 ; x = x (to find)

1100 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
− ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
700 1.363×10−3 𝑥 0

𝒙
𝒍𝒏 ( ) = −𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟕
𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
 𝒙
= 𝒆−𝟏.𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟕
𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑

x= 3.819* 10-4 moles /m3

x = 3.82* 10-4 moles / lt

Problem 12
A tank contains 10 kg of a salt solution at a concentration of 2% by weight. Fresh solution
enters the tank at a rate of 2 kg/min at a salt concentration of 3% by weight. The contents are
stirred well and the mixture leaves the tank at a rate of 1.5 kg/min.
(a) Express the salt concentration as a function of time and
(b) At what instant of time the salt concentration in the tank will reach 2.5% by weight

Solution

Overall Mass balance

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { }
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑀
= 2 − 1.5
𝑑𝑡
Where M = mass in Kg of solution at any time t
𝑑𝑀
= 0.5 ---------- (1)
𝑑𝑡

∫ 𝑑𝑀 = 0.5 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑀 = 0.5𝑡 + 𝐶 ---------- (2)
Using the initial condition we evaluate the constant C . Substituting t = 0, M =10 Kg in (2)
we get
C=10
Therefore M= 0.5t+10 -------- (3)
Salt balance (component balance)
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { } + {𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 } − {𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 }
𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡

d(Mx)
= 2 × 0.03 − 1.5x -------- (4)
dt
Where x is concentration (mass fraction) of Salt
Note: Since M and x are both variables, the LHS of eqn.(4) is differentiated w.r.t M and x.
d(x) dM
M +x = 0.06 − 1.5x ------- (5)
dt dt
Note: The eqn.(5) contains 3 variables( M.x, t), hence it is reduced to 2 variable for calculation.
Sub. eqn.(1) and eqn.(3) in eqn.(5)
dx
(0.5t + 10) + 0.5x = 0.06 − 1.5x
dt

Separating the variable x on one side and t on the other side

𝑡 0.025
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
0 (0.5𝑡 + 10) 0 (0.06 − 2𝑥)

(b) t=3.784 min

Problem 14
A tank containing 1000 kg of a 10% brine (10% salt) by mass. An inlet stream of brine
containing 20% salt solution enters at the rate of 20 kg/min. The mixture in the tank is kept
uniform by stirring. Solution is removed from the tank at the rate of 10 kg/min. Find the
amount of salt in the tank at time ‘t’ and also calculate what amount will be the time when the
amount of salt in the tank is 200 Kg.

Solution:
Overall Mass balance
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { }
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑀
= 20 − 10
𝑑𝑡
Where M = mass in Kg of solution at any time t
𝑑𝑀
= 10 ---------- (1)
𝑑𝑡

∫ 𝑑𝑀 = 10 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑀 = 10𝑡 + 𝐶 ---------- (2)
Using the initial condition we evaluate the constant C . Substituting t = 0, M =1000 Kg in (2)
we get
C=1000
Therefore M= 10t+1000 -------- (3)

Salt balance (component balance)

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { } + {𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 } − {𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 }
𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡

d(S) 𝑆
= 20 × 0.2 − (10 × 𝑀) -------- (4) [ Let S be the amount of salt
dt
𝑆
@any time t and 𝑥 = 𝑀]

In equation(4) there are 3 unknown i.e. S, M, t and cannot be solved unless it is converted
to two unknown. Using equation(3) in equation(4) so that it can be solved.

d(S) 𝑆
= 20 × 0.2 − 10 × ( )
dt 10t + 1000

d(S) 𝑆
+ 10 × (10t+1000) = 4 --------------- (5)
dt

Equation(5) can be solved by using

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 ------- (6)
𝑑𝑥
Integration factor(IF) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 --------- (7)
Multiplying eq.(6) by eq.(7)
 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution of equation(6) is given by➔ 𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 -------(8)

𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∶ 𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
Here Q =4, y= S, x= t , 𝑃 = 𝑒 ∫100+𝑡 in eqn.(8)

𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑆𝑒 ∫100+𝑡 = ∫ 4𝑒 ∫100+𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 --------- (9)

(i) Relation between S and t

To evaluate constant C using initial condition t=0 ; S= 100 kg in eqn.(9) and we
get C =10000

𝟐𝒕(𝟐𝟎𝟎+𝒕) 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑺= + ------ (10)
𝟏𝟎𝟎+𝒕 𝟏𝟎𝟎+𝒕
(ii) Time when the amount of salt in the tank is 200 Kg.

𝟐𝒕(𝟐𝟎𝟎+𝒕) 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟎𝟎 = +
𝟏𝟎𝟎+𝒕 𝟏𝟎𝟎+𝒕

Rearranging gives
t= 36.6 min
(iii) Steady state concentration, x

d(S)
= 20 × 0.2 − (10x)
dt
x= 0.4

Problem 15

A tank contains 20 m3 of fresh water. A stream of brine containing 2 kg/m3 of salt is fed into
the tank at a rate of 3m3/min. The tank is well agitated. The liquid leaves the tank at 2m3/min.
What could be the salt concentration in the tank when tank contains 30m3 of brine .

Solution
Overall Mass balance
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { }
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑(𝜌𝑉)
= 𝐹1 𝜌 − 𝐹2 𝜌
𝑑𝑡
Where M =ρ V = mass in Kg of solution at any time t
The brine solution is dilute and hence density ρ is assumed constant.
Therefore the Mass Balance equation becomes Volume balance equation

𝑑(𝑉)
= 𝐹1 − 𝐹2
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑉
= 3−2 ---------- (1)
𝑑𝑡

∫ 𝑑𝑉 = 1 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑉 = 𝑡 + 𝐶 ---------- (2)
Using the initial condition we evaluate the constant C . Substituting t = 0, V = 20m3 in (2) we
get C=20
Therefore V= t+ 20 -------- (3)

Salt Balance
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { } + {𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 } − {𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 }
𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡
 d(S) 𝑆
= 3 × 2 − 2( ) -------- (4) [ Let S be the amount of salt
dt 𝑉
𝑆
@any time t and 𝜌 = 𝑉]

In equation(4) there are 3 unknown i.e. S, V, t and cannot be solved unless it is converted
to two unknown. Using equation(3) in equation(4) so that it can be solved.

d(S) 𝑆
=6−2×( )
dt t + 20

d(S) 𝑆
+ 2 × (t+20) = 6 --------------- (5)
dt

Equation(5) can be solved by using

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 ------- (6)
𝑑𝑥
Integration factor(IF) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 --------- (7)
Multiplying eq.(6) by eq.(7)

𝑑𝑦
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution of equation(6) is given by➔ 𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 -------(8)

𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∶ 𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
∫20+𝑡
Here Q =6, y= S, x= t , 𝑃 = 𝑒 in eqn.(8)

𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑆𝑒 ∫20+𝑡 = ∫ 6𝑒 ∫20+𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 --------- (9)

(i)Relation between S and t

To evaluate constant C using initial condition t=0; S= 0 Kg (no salt in tank) in eqn.(9) and we
get C =0.
𝑡3
𝑆(𝑡 + 20)2 = 6 [ + 20𝑡 2 + 400𝑡]
3
Or
[𝑡 3 + 60𝑡 2 + 1200𝑡]
𝑆=2 − − − − − −(10)
(𝑡 + 20)2
(ii) Salt concentration(ρ) in the tank when tank contains 30m3 of brine

Using eqn.(3) we get time

 30 = t+ 20 or t =10 min
Substituting t=10 min in eqn.(10)

S= 42.2 kg
And ρ = S / V = 42.2/30 = 1.407 kg/m3
(iii) Steady state concentration, ρ

d(S)
=3×2−2×ρ
dt

ρ= 3 kg/m3

18)A tank containing 100 kg of a 60% brine (60% salt) is filled with a 10% salt solution at the
rate of 10 kg/min. Solution is removed from the tank at the rate of 15 kg/min. Assuming
complete mixing.
a)Express the salt concentration as a function of time b)Find the kilograms of salt in the tank
after 10 min.

Overall Mass balance

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { }
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑀
= 10 − 15
𝑑𝑡
Where M = mass in Kg of solution at any time t
𝑑𝑀
= −5 ---------- (1)
𝑑𝑡
 ∫ 𝑑𝑀 = −5 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑀 = −5𝑡 + 𝐶 ---------- (2)
Using the initial condition we evaluate the constant C . Substituting t = 0, M =100 Kg in (2)
we get
C=100
Therefore M= -5t+100 -------- (3)

Salt balance (component balance)

Rate of Rate of Rate of
Rate In Rate out
{Accumulation of } = { }− { } + {Generation } − {consumption }
of Na2 SO4 of Na2 SO4
Na2 SO4 of salt of salt

d(S) 𝑆
= 10 × 0.1 − 15 𝑀 -------- (4)
dt
d(S) 𝑆
= 0.1 − 15 × ( )
dt −5t + 100

d(S) 𝑆
+ 15 × (−5t+100) = 0.1 --------------- (5)
dt

Equation(5) can be solved by using

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 ------- (6)
𝑑𝑥
Integration factor(IF) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 --------- (7)
Multiplying eq.(6) by eq.(7)

𝑑𝑦
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution of equation(6) is given by➔ 𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 -------(8)

𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∶ 𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 3
Here Q = 1 , y= S, x= t , 𝑃 = 𝑒 15 ∫−5𝑡+100 = 𝑒 −𝑙𝑛(−𝑡+20) = (−𝑡 + 20)−3 in
eqn.(8)

𝑆 (−𝑡 + 20)−3 = ∫(−𝑡 + 20)−3 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 --------- (9)

−(−𝑡 + 20)−2 𝐶
𝑆= +
−2(−𝑡 + 20)−3 (−𝑡 + 20)−3

(i) Relation between S and t

 To evaluate constant C using initial condition t=0 ; S= 100x0.60 = 60 kg in eqn.(9)
and we get C =6.25 x 10-3
(−𝑡 + 20)−2 6.25 × 10−3
𝑆= +
2(−𝑡 + 20)−3 (−𝑡 + 20)−3

(ii) At time t=10 min , the amount of salt in the tank is given by

(−10 + 20)−2 6.25 × 10−3

𝑆= +
−2(−10 + 20)−3 (−10 + 20)−3

S= 5 + 6.25 = 11.25 Kg

Concentration in tank is x = S/M = 11.25 / (-5x10 + 100) = 0.225

1A) A small still is separating propane and butane at 135°C, and initially contains 10 kg moles
of a mixture whose composition is 30 mole % butane. Additional mixture of 30 mole% butane
is fed at the rate of 5 kg mol/min. If the total volume of the liquid in the still is constant, and
the concentration of the vapor from the still is related by the expression as follows:
1
XS =
1 − 𝑦𝐷
Where D and S denote distillate and still respectively, how long will it take for the value of Xs
to change from 0.3 to 0.4 ?. What is the steady state value for XS in the still. (5M)

Butane balance

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { } + { 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 } − {𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 }
𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝐵𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖
d(10×XS )
= 5 × 0.3 − 5 × yD ---------- (1)
dt
Note: There are 3 variable in the above equation(XS, yD, t,) and cannot be solved unless it is reduced to
two variables.
Rearranging
1
XS =
1 − 𝑦𝐷
XS
Web get yD = in the equation (1)
1+XS

d(10×XS ) X
= 5 × 0.3 − 5 × 1+XS -------- (2)
dt S

Integration of Eq. (2) between the following limits

at t= 0 ; Xs = 0.30
at t= t: Xs = 0.40

0.4 𝑡
𝑑𝑋𝑆
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
0.5𝑋
0.3 0.15 − [1 + 𝑋𝑠 ] 0
𝑆

0.4 (1 + 𝑋𝑆 )𝑑𝑋𝑆
∫ =𝑡
0.3 0.15 − 0.35𝑋𝑆
Rearranging and Integrating
0.4
XS 1
𝑡 = [− − (0.35)2 ln(0.15 − 0.35XS )] -------- ( )
0.35
0.3

t = 5.85 min

(ii) At steady state(infinite time) accumulation is Zero

Using eq.(2)
XS
5 × 0.3 − 5 × =0
1+XS
XS = 0.428