hi everyone welcome back to geography with mrs anguani i've been wanting to

post more often on this channel to help all of you so i thought that i would start
with map work so that way it stretches across all the different grades but if you
do have a specific topic that you'd like me to cover please leave it in the
comments below and i'll try to make that a priority before going into other work
we're going to start off with map work and we're going to be looking at what is a
map the different types of maps scale map

key and that type of thing so let's jump right in okay so what is a map a map
is a drawing of a particular area such as a city a country or continent and it
shows its main features we can even get smaller maps like a map of a mall or even a
map of your school or something like that a map shows places and objects often
using symbols which we'll get into and it also shows position of places and objects
we will definitely go into latitude and longitude in a future video and that's
something that is a little

bit complicated for some people so i will definitely do a video on that they
are also smaller than the world that they represent which is really important
remember map is just a drawing of a place that's representing an area and an area
always has to be shrunk or reduced to fit onto the piece of paper or maybe a tablet
or something that we use nowadays okay if we look at this map of south africa we
can see that there are different borders for the provinces remember those borders
are not physical

fences or something like that they are just a representation for where the end
of one province is and the start of another the map has specific symbols on it like
you can see the capitals are the red stars um little dots are the capital city or
sorry the cities we also get national parks or reserves so this is just one
specific map that has this amount of detail but we get maps that go into more
detail we have maps that has less detail so all maps are different it just depends
on what information we are looking for

okay we get different types of maps and they all have different uses they are
for example maps like a world map and that shows us continents countries and their
borders as well as different oceans around the world we get physical maps that
trust physical features and they always use color to represent this you can see
that on the east side of africa you see a little bit more greenery than on the west
side especially in the southern hemisphere and that's because we have the indian
ocean on the right

hand side on the east okay we also get climatic maps and that shows us
information about climates in different areas and again using color political maps
show borders of provinces and countries as well as city names and then the next map
is very important especially from next year in grade nine you're going to learn how
to use a topographic map okay so a topographic map shows the shape and height of
the land and other features using symbols and color in grade 9 you will learn what
all of these symbols represent

but a topographic map is completely drawn there's no you know pictures in it or

anything like that everything is drawn and everything is represented by symbols or
color okay so a map key is important like for example if i showed you this
topographic map and you had no idea what the little green dots were or the black
lines or the red line you would need something to help you identify what you're
actually looking at right so map key helps us to do that it shows what is on a map
in diagrammatic form here's another example from the

previous south africa map here are some of the examples from the topographic
map for example the buildings the little black squares or rectangles those are the
symbol but the symbol represents something in real life remember the map is drawn
to represent what's happening in real life okay then we're going to touch on using
an atlas this is just very simple quick an atlas is a book that contains maps
charts and facts about the world and because it has so much information in it it
has so many different maps has lots

of different charts and graphs and that type of thing sometimes it can be
difficult to find a specific place or specific map that you're trying to find
information on so that is why we use an index in an atlas and that is really
important so here's just an example of what it would look like in an index so at
the back of the the atlas you'll find all the places listed in alphabetical order
and they do that so that you can find the places easier and they'll be the name of
the place there'll be the

province the country that it's in the page number the grid code and then it
also tells you the latitude and longitude or coordinates as i said i will make a
video on that in the future okay the next thing we're going to cover is scale which
is really really important and it's something that you definitely have to
understand okay so the scale of a map refers to how much an area has shrunk or has
been shrunk or reduced to fit onto a piece of paper and when we're talking about
scale we either get smaller scale maps or

larger scale maps we're going to start with smaller scale so here's an example
of a world map and if you think about the world that's a very big place that we
have to fit onto a piece of paper so it has to be reduced many many many times to
fit and that is as is an example of a small scale map there's very little detail
it's hard to see any rivers or specific places on the map everything looks much
smaller and that type of thing so that's how we know that it's a small scale map
but something that i want to point out

is even though we say small and large scale i prefer to use the word smaller
and larger because there's not one specific point of reference that says okay this
makes it a small scale map and this makes it a large scale map we only use the word
small and large when we're comparing two different maps so for example this map has
a smaller scale compared to a map of johannesburg for example that we'll look at
later okay so a world map the world has been reduced many times to fit onto the
piece of paper

but then if we look at a continent for example that has also been reduced many
times but not as many times as the world map because it's a smaller area then for
example a map of harting that's been reduced fewer times than the continent map and
then we get a map of johannesburg which has been reduced the least amount of times
when we're comparing these four maps so this would be considered a larger scale map
compared to the world map and here you can see there's a lot more detail everything
looks bigger you

can see that there's an airport that there's parks or recreational areas you
can see the roads and that type of thing whereas if we look back at the world map
you can't see any of those things you can see the bigger things like maybe i don't
know you'd be able to see the amazon or something like that but compared to
johannesburg there's a lot more detail in this map so this one would be considered
a larger scale map than the world map so the world map would be considered a
smaller scale map compared

to the johannesburg map okay so this slide is really important if you want to
maybe screenshot it or keep a record of it some way it will really help you so in
smaller scale maps the area has been reduced many times so it's a big area that's
had to be shrunk a lot to fit onto the piece of paper everything on the map looks
smaller and there's going to be less detail and when we write the scale of the map
the numbers are going to be bigger so for example a larger scale map could be one
to two hundred and fifty thousand one to

fifty thousand but like i said that just depends on what you're comparing it to
okay then a larger scale map everything on the map looks bigger and there'll be
more detail and the area has been reduced fewer times and that means that there's
going to be smaller numbers so for example one to five hundred or one to two
hundred and fifty um so if we looked at for example a small scale map and we had
one to fifty thousand that would be a smaller scale map than a 1 to 500 or 1 to 250
scale okay then we have three types of scale

we have a statement or word scale a ratio scale or a linear scale the first one
that we're going to look at is a statement or word scale the scale is written out
in words and it's very important that you always put units in your scale oh sorry
not always but in the statement or word scale that's important and the units of
measurement need to be the same for both the numbers so an example would be one
centimeter on the map represents 50 000 centimeters in reality or in real life and
they have put a little question for you

why do we use the word represent instead of equals this is very important we
use the word represents because one centimeter is not the same as fifty thousand
centimeters we're saying that one centimeter that we measure on the map represents
fifty thousand centimeters in real life i do go into a lot more detail in this in
the distance and direction video so you can go and have a look at that but it's
important that you have both numbers with a unit and the units need to be the same
and that you use the word

represents okay the second type is a linear scale or line scale this is a
physical line that you'll see on the bottom of your map and it's used to represent
the scale the thing with a linear scale is that it's not very accurate i'm going to
show you what i mean by that in another video now this is a map of south africa and
we can see that it has a linear scale at the bottom here remember this would be a
very small scale map compared to for example a map of just johannesburg or harting
with this linear scale i can put my

ruler next to it and we can see that for every eight millimeters that we
measure on the map that would be the same as a hundred kilometers in real life okay
so the reason why we don't necessarily use a linear scale when we're working out
distance and that type of thing is because if for example i wanted to measure the
distance between port elizabeth and east london i can see that that's about 20
millimeters or two centimeters when you're doing map work it's always better to use
the millimeters part of your

ruler but then you must just remember with the formula that we use for
calculating distance we have to put centimeters times zero comma five if you want
to go back to that video you can go and look at it but millimeters is much better
because it gives us more accurate answers okay so we can see here that it's about
two centimeters or 20 millimeters so if i put that on the linear scale here i can
see that the distance between port elizabeth and east london would be about 250
kilometers because it's in the middle

between there but can you see how it's not very accurate it's only giving us an
estimate you could take that little line and split it up into a million little
pieces to get an accurate answer but that would take forever and this is a very
small portion to be working with so that's why a linear scale is nice to get an
average or an estimate for a distance but it's not very accurate so that's why we
rather use a ratio scale and use our formula especially when we're working with a
topographic map we
 say something centimeters times zero comma five gives us something kilometers
but that only works with a one to fifty thousand map and then the last one a ratio
scale this is the scale that we use most to work out distance and that type of
thing and it's written in a ratio form with a ratio scale we don't need to put the
units of measurement in i've just shown you that this ratio scale is saying that
one unit represents 50 000 of the same unit that's what's important with a ratio
scale so for example this ratio scale

could mean one centimeter on the map represents 50 000 centimeters or in

reality or it could also be one meter on the map represents 50 000 meters in
reality as long as the units are the same that's what a ratio scale means i hope
this video has been really helpful for you as i said earlier please let me know in
the comments if you do have any specific topics that you'd like me to cover in the
future but i'll see you next time