NEPAL ENGINEERING COUNCIL

CIVIL ENGINEERING LICENSE PREPARATION

CRASH COURSE
ON

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

Presented by: Er. Kaishar Ansari

7. Irrigation and Drainage
7.1 Water demand estimation: crop water and irrigation water requirements; water availability for
irrigation; command areas; irrigation intensity; duty, delta and their relationship; water losses and
irrigation efficiencies; effective rainfall; soil-moisture-irrigation relationship; depth and frequency of
irrigation; design discharge for canals. (ACiE0701)
7.2 Design of canals: canal types, network and alignment; tractive force approach of canal design;
design of stable canals, alluvial canals (Kennedy’s and Lacey’s theory), and lined canals. (ACiE0702)
7.3 Diversion headworks: components of headwork; seepage theories and their applications (Bligh’s,
Lane’s, Khosla’s); design of silt control structures (excluder, ejector and settling basins); design of
weir/barrage (crest, length and thickness of impervious floor); design of energy dissipaters. (ACiE0703)
7.4 River training works: river stages and need of river training; design of river training works (guide
bund and launching aprons, levees and spurs); watershed management (ACiE0704)
7.5 Regulating and cross-drainage structures: functions of various types of regulators, design of
regulators and escapes (crest, length and thickness of impervious floor); design of pipe outlet (free and
submerged); design of vertical drop (crest, length, and thickness of impervious floor); design of cross-
drainage structures. (ACiE0705) 4
7.6 Water logging and drainage: causes, effects and preventive measures; design of surface and
sub-surface drainage systems
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
1) A straight glacis type fall with a baffle platform and a baffle wall is called
a. vertical drop fall
b. glacis fall
c. Montague type fall
d. inglis fall

2) In a syphon aqueduct, the worst condition of uplift on the roof occurs when:
a. The canal and drainage are flowing full
b. The canal is flowing full and there is no drainage discharge.
c. The canal is empty and drainage is flowing full.
d. None of the above
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
3) A free pipe outlet is a :
a. rigid module
b. flexible module
c. non-modular module.
d. all of the above.

4) Canals taken off from ice fed rivers are

a. permanent canal
b. perennial canal
c. non-perennial canal
d. flood canal
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
5) In canal system, outlet for the water course can’t be provided at
a. main canal
b. branch canal
c. major distributory
d. minor distributory

6) In a syphon aqueduct
a. Drainage passes over the canal and F.S.L. of the canal is below the bottom of the drainage trough
b. Drainage passes over the canal and F.S.L. of the canal is above the bottom of the drainage trough
c. Canal passes over the drainage and H.F.L. of the drainage is above the bottom of the canal trough
d. Canal passes over the drainage and H.F.L. of the drainage is below the bottom of the canal trough
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
7) When a canal and a drainage approach each other at the same level, the structure so provided, is
a. An aqueduct
b. A syphon
c. A level crossing
d. Inlet and outlet

8) Which structure is used to remove surplus water from canal

a. Canal fall
b. Canal escape
c. Canal regulator
d. Canal outlet
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
9) The bed of the canal is lowered in case of
a. Syphon aqueduct
b. Canal syphon
c. Level crossing
d. All of the above

10) Cross drainage works can be avoided in

a. ridge canal
b. contour canal
c. side slope canal
d. both a and c
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
11) Canals taken off from rivers with or without regulators are
a. permanent canal
b. perennial canal
c. non-perennial canal
d. flood canal

12) Which type of canal requires cross drainage works

a. main canal
b. navigation canal
c. watershed canal
d. contour canal
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
13) The drainage water is sometimes allowed to join the canal water to augment canal supplies through a
hydraulic structure called
a. Canal outlet
b. Canal inlet
c. Module
d. Level crossing

14) The ratio of discharge of trapezoidal crest to rectangular crest of sarda falls of identical parameters is
a. 1.084
b. 1.074
c. 1.064
d. 1.054
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
15) Which of the following types of falls use parabolic glacis for energy dissipation?
a. vertical drop fall
b. glacis fall
c. Montague type fall
d. inglis fall

16) When a canal is carried below a natural drainage such that its F.S.L. does not touch the underside of
the supporting structure, the structure so provided, is called
a. Syphon
b. Aqueduct
c. Super passage
d. Syphon-aqueduct
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
17) Cross drainage works can't be avoided in
a. ridge canal
b. contour canal
c. side slope canal
d. feeder canal

18) In an aqueduct provided with a pucca bottom floor, the uplift will occur
a. On the roof slab
b. On the bottom floor
c. On both the roof slab as well as the bottom floor
d. Nowhere, since the flow is free in the canal as well as in the drainage channel
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
19) Which of the following is correct?
a. In a level crossing, a crest with its top at the canal FSL is provided across the drainage at its u/s
junction with canal.
b. In a level crossing, a regulator is provided across the drainage at its d/s
c. In a level crossing, a cross regulator is provided on the canal below the crossing
d. All of the above

20) F.S.L. of a canal at its head with respect to parent channel is kept
a. At the same level
b. 15 cm lower
c. 15 cm higher
d. None of these
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
21) Submerged pipe outlets are designed to:
a. Discharge water above the water surface
b. Discharge water below the water surface
c. Store water within the pipe
d. Divert water from the main pipe

22) In case of aqueduct and syphon aqueduct, the maximum permissible reduction for piers width in
waterway from Lacey’s perimeter is:
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 30%
d. 45%
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
23) The gated regulator, which is constructed in the parent canal near the site of an offtaking, canal, is
called a
a. canal head regulator
b. distributary head regulator
c. cross regulator
d. None of the above

24) In a canal syphon, the flow is

a. Under atmospheric pressure
b. Pipe flow
c. With critical velocity
d. Under negative pressure
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
25) The structure constructed to allow drainage water to flow under pressure through an inverted syphon
below a canal, is called
a. Syphon
b. Super passage
c. Super-aqueduct
d. Syphon aqueduct

26) An outlet which maintains a constant discharge irrespective of fluctuation in the water levels of the
supplying channel or water course, is known as
a. Non-modular outlet
b. Semi-modular outlet
c. Flexible modular outlet
d. Right modular outlet
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
27) Rate of change of discharge through an irrigation outlet becomes equal to the rate of change of water
depth in the channel when its
a. Flexibility is 1
b. Sensitivity is 1
c. Setting is 1
d. Sensitivity is 0

28) Which type of fall can be generally used for moderate discharge of 40-59 cumecs and low fall heights
of 1 to 1.5 m
a. Sarda fall
b. Ogee fall
c. Glacis fall
d. Baffle fall
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
29) A structure which is constructed at the head of the off taking channel or distributary is called
a. Canal head regulator
b. distributary head regulator
c. cross regulator
d. none of the above

30) The sensitivity of a rigid module, is [2]

a. 2.00
b. 1.50
c. 1.00
d. Zero
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
31) An outlet is said to be proportional if its flexibility is equal to [2]
a. 0
b. 0.5
c. 1
d. 1.5

32) The velocity of drainage water in the barrels of a syphon-aqueduct is normally limited to [2]
a. 1-2 m/s
b. 2-3 m/s
c. 3-4 m/s
d. 4-5 m/s
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
33) A fully modular canal outlet has
a. Sensitivity = 1 and flexibility = 0
b. Sensitivity = 1 and flexibility = 1
c. Sensitivity = 0 and flexibility = 1
d. Sensitivity = 0 and flexibility = 0

34) The depth of the crest of a scouring sluice below the crest of a head regulator, is generally kept [2]
a. 0.20 m
b. 1.20 m
c. 2.20 m
d. 3.20 m
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
35) A regulator is generally aligned at [2]
a. 90 degree to the weir
b. 90-110 degree to the weir
c. 110-120 degree to the weir
d. None of these

36) The minimum capacity of the escape channel is kept as…………… of the channel capacity. [2]
a. 1/4
b. 1/3
c. 1/2
d. 2/3
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
37) An outlet irrigates an area of 20 ha. The discharge (l/s) required at this outlet to meet the
evapotranspiration requirement of 20 mm occurring uniformly in 20 days neglecting other field losses is
a. 2.52
b. 2.31
c. 2.01
d. 1.52

38) If discharge required for different crops grown in a field is 0.3 cumecs, and capacity factor and time
factor are 0.6 and 0.5, then design discharge for the distributary will be [2]
a. 0.60 cumecs
b. 0.15 cumecs
c. 1.0 cumecs
d. 1.23 cumecs
7.5 Regulating and Cross-drainage structures
39) If RL of canal bed is 201m and HFL of drainage is 202m, the cross drainage work adopted will be
a. Aqueduct
b. syphon aqueduct
c. super passage
d. canal syphon

40) The following details pertain to the crossing of canal and drain. Bed level of canal is 211 m, full supply
depth of canal is 1.8 m, bed level of drain is 209.4 m and high flood depth is 2.2 m. The suitable cross
drainage work is
a. Syphon Aqueduct
b. Canal Syphon
c. Super passage
d. Aqueduct
Moving to 7.6
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
41) If Sodium absorption ratio f irrigation water is 11 then type of water is
a. Low sodium water
b. Medium sodium water
c. High sodium water
d. Very high sodium water

42) The method, which uses dead furrows on cropped farms for drainage of excess irrigation or rain water,
is called
a. surface inlet
b. tile drainage
c. bedding
d. french drain
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
43) Point out the incorrect statement, out of the following
a. salinity is caused by water-logging
b. water logging is not caused by salinity
c. salinity subsides, when once the water logging is removed
d. none of the above.

44) Alkaline soils are best reclaimed by:

a. leaching
b. addition of gypsum to soil
c. providing good drainage
d. addition of gypsum to soil and leaching
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
45) Which factor leads to waterlogging due to obstruction?
a. Inadequate Natural Drainage
b. Flat Topography
c. Impervious Obstruction
d. Over and Intensive Irrigation

46) A land is said to be water logged when

a. Aeration is stopped in the root zone due to rise in water table
b. There is reduction in crop yield
c. There is salinity of soil
d. Water table is 2 m below ground level
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
47) Which factor is concerned with the growth of weeds?
a. Excessive Rains
b. Submergence due to Floods
c. Over and Intensive Irrigation
d. Seepage of Water through the Canals

48) Water logging is a phenomenon in which

a. Crop patterns are rotated
b. Soil root zone becomes saturated due to over irrigation
c. Erosion of soil
d. None of the above
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
49) What is the cross sectional shape of shallow surface drains?
a. Triangular Shape
b. Circular Shape
c. Rectangular Shape
d. Trapezoidal Shape

50) What factor creates temporary and continuous waterlogging?

a. Submergence due to Floods
b. Flat Topography
c. Impervious Obstruction
d. Excessive Rains
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
51) The process of salt coming up in a solution and forming a layer of crust on surface after evaporation of
water is known as
a. reclamation
b. leaching
c. effloresence
d. salinity

52) The operation, which washes out salts from the upper zone of the soil, is called
a. reclamation
b. leaching
c. efflorescence
d. salinity
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
53) Water logging is caused due to
a. inadequate drainage facilities
b. over irrigation
c. presence of impermeable strata
d. all of these

54) which of following factor do not contribute water logging

a. inadequate drainage
b. seepage from unlined canals
c. frequent flooding
d. excessive tapping of groundwater
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
55) Due to water logging of an area
a. Salt concentration decreases
b. Soil temperature falls
c. Cultivation operation becomes easier
d. All of above

56) Which of the following is a remedial measure for water-logging?

a. Controlling seepage from the canals
b. By lowering the F.S.L of the canals
c. Quick disposal of rainwater
d. Installation of lift irrigation systems
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
57) While growing crops in high water-table areas, open jointed drains, discharging into outlet drains, are
sometimes laid below the cropped land to lower down the water-table and to remove the rain water
effectively. These drains are called:
a. tile drains
b. french drains
c. gravity oudets
d. surface

58) What is the name given to the drains used in depressions?

a. Shallow Surface Drains
b. Deep Surface Drains
c. Open Drains
d. Drains
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
59) Which one is the affect of water-logging ?
a. Reduce Plant Growth
b. Oxygen Deficiency
c. Both a and b
d. None

60) Which factor depends upon the depressions of the terrain and causes water logging?
a. Irregular Topography
b. Impervious Obstruction
c. Inadequate Surface Drainage
d. Excessive Rains
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
61) Which of the following factor do not contribute to water-logging?
a. Inadequate drainage
b. Seepage from unlined canals
c. Frequent flooding
d. Excessive tapping of groundwater

62) Which structure is surrounded around the tile drain when used in less pervious strata
a. French drain
b. Envelope filter
c. Surface inlet
d. None of above
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
63) Which type of soils is benefited by using tile drainage?
a. Dry Soils
b. Black Soils
c. Wet Soils
d. Red Soils

64) A tile drain is laid below a cropped land to remove excess irrigation water, The Drainage Coefficient of
this drain, is usually expressed as;
a. cm of water depth removed from the drainage area per day
b. cum of water removed per second
c. percentage of applied water, which is intercepted by this drain
d. none of the above.
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
65) Which type of open drains would be fully operative only in rainy season?
a. Shallow Surface Drains
b. Deep Surface Drains
c. French Drain
d. Drains

66) How can tie drainage help to increase crop yield

a. Increase free gravity water
b. Increase volume of soil
c. Decreases air circulation
d. Increase water table level
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
67) The spacing between subsurface drainage pipes is determined by:
a. Availability of irrigation water
b. Soil moisture content
c. Hydraulic conductivity of the soil
d. None of above

68) Under what strata the tile drainage should not be placed?
a. In Shallow Depths
b. More Pervious Strata
c. Less Pervious Strata
d. Pervious Strata
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
69) Which one of the following is a remedial measure for waterlogging?
a. Good drainage for irrigated land
b. Quick removal of excess rain
c. The lining of canals and watercourses
d. Installation of lift irrigation system

70) In what chemical ways does tile drainage help in plant growth?
a. Decreases Alkalinity of Soils
b. Increases salinity of Soils
c. Increases Nitrogen
d. Reduces and Removes Toxic Substances
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
71) Subsurface drainage systems are designed to:
a. Remove water from the soil surface
b. Enhance nutrient absorption by plants
c. Increase evaporation rate from the soil
d. Lower the water table and improve soil aeration

72) How many duration of rainfall is recommended for the design of surface drainage in Hilly Region?
a. 24 hrs
b. 48 hrs
c. 12 hrs
d. 72 hrs
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
73) What is the size of the tile at an outlet of a 12 hectare drainage system, if the D.C is 2 cm and the tile
grade is 0.5%. Assume the rugosity coefficient as 0.015 for the tile drain material.
a. 10 cm
b. 20 cm
c. 15 cm
d. 25 cm

74) In design of surface drainage in Terai region the initial water level in the field is assumed as
a. 50 mm
b. 40 mm
c. 60 mm
d. 100 mm
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
75) How many cubic metres of water will be removed for this particular period of a system designed to use
a D.C of 1.5 cm draining 20 hectares for a capacity of 5 days?
a. 10000 m³
b. 25000 m³
c. 15000 m³**
d. 20000 m³

76) The soil becomes practically infertile when its pH value is about:
a. 0
b. 7
c. 11
d. None
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
77) How many days of rainfall is recommended for the design of surface drainage in Terai Region?
a. 5 days
b. 6 days
c. 3 days
d. 4 days

78) In design of surface drainage in Hilly region, the maximum water level is assumed as
a. 100 mm
b. 200 mm
c. 300 mm
d. 400 mm
7.6 Water Logging and Drainage
79) In design of surface drainage in Terai region the maximum water level persist for one day is assumed
as
a. 100 mm
b. 300 mm
c. 200 mm
d. 400 mm

80) The tile drains are laid in longitudinal slope of

a. 0.5 to 3 %
b. 0.05 to 3 %
c. 0.25 to 5 %
d. 0.025 to 5 %
THANK YOU !