Child Labour

in India
A GROUP PROJECT
Shubhi Bhatnagar, Raashi Sehgal,
Mouli Gaur, Bhavya and Bhagya
Narwat
 INDEX
SNO. CONTENT PAGES
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
2, CERTIFICATE 4
2. WHAT IS CHILD LABOUR? 5
3. CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR 6-7
4. GOVT. AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 8
5. PREVALENCE 9
6. IMPACT ON CHILDREN 10
7. CHALLENGES AND HOW TO OVERCOME THEM 11
8. INTERVIEWS (WITH STATISTICAL REPRESENTATION) 12-26
9. REPORT 27-28
10. THANKYOU! 29
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude
and deep regards to our mentor Ms. Shweta Taneja and
honorable Principal, Dr. Bindu Sharma for their guidance
and support.
The project CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA helped us in learning
the art of research and helped us to enhance our skills in
teamwork and collaboration, communication, problem-
solving, time management, leadership, and delegation,
ultimately developing a more comprehensive understanding
of the Project's objectives.
We would like to thank the Almighty, our parents and
friends for their constant encouragement, without which
this project would not have been possible. We hope that the
guidance and blessings bestowed upon us shall carry us a
long way in the journey of life , which we are about to
embark on .

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Shubhi Bhatnagar, Mouli Gaur , Raashi Sehgal, Bhagya Narwat and
Bhavya Narwat of class XII-A3 of Delhi Public School, Greater Faridabad, have successfully
completed the research project on ‘Child Labour in India' in the Academic session 2024-25
under my guidance.
This project is the authentic work of this group of students.
It has been prepared according to the CBSE project guidelines for English.

NAME OF INTERNAL EXAMINER: Ms. Shweta Sehgal

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What is Child
Labour?
Child labour is defined by the
International Labour Organisation
(ILO) as employment that is
detrimental to a child's physical and
mental development and robs them
of their youth, potential, and dignity.
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What are its causes?
The prevalence of child labour in India can be attributed
to several interrelated factors:
► Lack of Education: Many young people are
forced into the workforce due to limited
access to high-quality education. Teachers
who lack training, poor facilities, and high
dropout rates are common problems in rural
and underprivileged schools. Children who
start working at an early age are therefore
more likely to do so.
► Cultural Factors: Child work is a custom in
several cultures. From a young age, children
are expected to assist with household
finances or acquire a trade. Despite legislative
bans, child labour continues to exist due to
cultural acceptability.

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► . Economic Exploitation: Since they may be
paid less and are less inclined to demand
better working conditions, employers
frequently prefer juvenile labourers. Industries
like carpet weaving, bidi making, and clothing
manufacture are rife with this kind of
economic exploitation.
► Ineffective Enforcement of Laws: Even with
India's strict laws against child employment,
enforcement is still quite difficult. The efficient
application of these laws is hampered by
political willlingness, corruption, and a lack of
economic resources.
► Poverty: Child work is mostly caused by
poverty. Children's income is sometimes the
lifeline for families trying to make ends meet.
Children are frequently involved in agricultural
tasks in rural regions with greater poverty
rates.

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Government and Legal Framework
► The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986: This act prohibits the employment of
children below 14 years in hazardous occupations and regulates the working conditions of
children in other jobs.
► The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009: This act mandates free and
compulsory education for all children aged 6 to 14, aiming to reduce the incidence of child
labour by ensuring children are in school.
► The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015: This act includes provisions for
the care, protection, and rehabilitation of children in need, including those involved in child
labour.
► National Child Labour Project (NCLP): Launched in 1988, the NCLP aims to rehabilitate child
labourers through education, vocational training, and other support services. Special schools
are established under this project to provide education and skills training to rescued children.

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Bayesian Estimation of Child Labour in India

Prevalence of Child Labour in India

• The world's greatest concentration

of child labourers is found in India.
• There are around 10.1 million
children between the ages of 5 and
14 who work, according to the 2011
Census of India.
• Agriculture, manufacturing, mining,
and services are just a few of the
industries where these kids are
found.
• The working circumstances of a
considerable number of juvenile
labourers are hard to oversee and
control as they work for family
businesses

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 Impact on Children
Child labour has profound and long-lasting impacts on the
physical, mental, and emotional well-being of children. Some of
the key impacts include:
1. Health Hazards: Children in hazardous sectors like
manufacturing, construction, and mining are exposed to
hazardous materials, equipment, and surroundings, leading
to chronic diseases, injuries, and respiratory disorders.
2. Educational Deprivation: Working children's frequent school
skips limit future prospects, perpetuating poverty, and negatively
impacting their academic performance due to the combined
workload of work and study.
3. Psychological Impact: Workplace demands and d unforgiving
circumstances can cause psychological discomfort in young
laborers, leading to anxiety, sadness, and poor self-esteem,
negatively impacting their growth and future opportunities.
4. Social Exclusion: Child laborers often face isolation and
marginalization from the public due to their work preference,
impacting
Caption their social skills and future workforce integration.
lorem ipsum

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Challenges and the Way Forward
 Poverty and Economic Inequality: To reduce child
labor, poverty and economic inequality must be
addressed through comprehensive poverty

for vulnerable families.Thnk

alleviation programs and social security measures

 Education System: The education system, especially

You
in rural and impoverished areas, requires
improvements in infrastructure, teacher training,
and accessibility to make it more relevant to
children's lives.
Jens Martensson
 Legal Enforcement: The enforcement of existing
jens@bellowscollege.com
laws and policies requires increased funding,
improved training for enforcement officials, and
stricter penalties for violators.
 Community Awareness: Community-based programs
and campaigns can significantly change societal
attitudes and cultural practices by raising
awareness about the negative impacts of child
labor.
Interview 1- Issues Underlying Child Labour
From the Perspective of Teenagers

Interviewer- Ms.Shubhi Bhatnagar (S)

Interviewee- Ms.Venya Arya (V)

S- What according to you constitutes as Child Labour?

V- I think any child being forced to work against their own will
below age of 14 is a victim of child labour.

S- The current legal age for a child to be employed is 14. What do you think the legal age should be and how would it
impact the growth of these children?
V- 16 according to me is the appropriate age for a child to work legally. Since at this age they are mature enough to be in a work
place. It is also the legal age to get a learner’s permit for driving so they would not be dependent on their parents for commute.

S- There has been a debate about internships being misconstrued as child labour. What are your thoughts on that?
V- It honestly depends on the age group depends. Also like internships are just training programmes preparing you for the real
world work experiences. And since they are consensual it is not child labour

S- There has also been a discussion that families with the breadwinner earning minimum wage require or moreover
pressurize their children to work. Does this lack of economic resources validate child labour?
V- No, it does not validate child labour, takes away from their childhood. But it is also forced upon them by their circumstance as
a necessary means of livelihood. They would not want themselves and their families to starve.
S- We have multi-national brands like Nike and Reebok that value quality but at the stake of promoting child labour. Isn’t it better to
just boycott them?
V- Yes, there are always local companies to purchase from if you’re too brand conscious that provide the same quality. There are always more
options.

S-Do you think the lack of quality education plays a role in child labour?
V-Yes certainly, they lack access to opportunities. Some children tend to leave schools to work since no one really puts a mandate on
attendance.

S- Certain employers or establishments prefer to higher adoloscent workers. Why do you think that happens?
V-I think it is the longevity of their work hours. Teenagers are easier to control since they are just entering into adulthood. They are young and
have more energy hence providing more productivity. Although it is not valid to hire teenage worker, it is rather easier to silence the voices of
young people. They require validation since they are still forming opinions.

S-Since you are also a psychology student; how do you think the mental development of such children is impacted?
V- They are definitely more stressed and are bound to alot of family pressure. They have no sense of individuality. They can easily fall victim
to substance abuse. It is also easy for them to develop anxiety, ADHD etc ,MDD (major depressive disorder) compared to a child growing in a
rather safer and healthier environment.

S- Does the overpopulation of our country also impact this issue?

V-In our country the breadwinner ratio to the homemaker is less. Families with more than 2 children often lack the ability to provide them with
certain basic necessities like quality education, clothing or a safe environment to grow since they have many mouths to feed.

S- Do you think child labour would increase if our country develops more?
V- I don’t think that should be the case in India since more development creates employing opportunities for adults, ensuring a secure and
safe and healthy environment for children.
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Bar Graph: The interviewee suggested 16 as the appropriate legal age for children to work, in contrast to the current age of 14.
Pie Chart: The interviewee identified four main reasons behind child labour, each equally emphasized:
• Economic pressure
• Lack of quality education
• Adolescents being easier to control
• Overpopulation impacting resources
These visuals reflect the themes discussed and how various factors contribute to the prevalence of child labour.

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Interview 2-
From the Perspective of Teenagers

Interviewer- Raashi Sehgal

Interviewee- Tejasvi Dubey

R- Can you define what child labour means?

T- Yes. Child labour according to me is the employment of children in an industry or business, especially when illegal or
considered exploitative.
R-How would you differentiate between child labour and acceptable forms of work for children?
T-Child labour which is considered hazardous “is work that is performed by children in dangerous and unhealthy conditions “This
means that the work is unsafe by nature, and inappropriate for children under 18 years old regardless of the conditions or the
safety equipment
R-What are some of the major reasons why child labour persists globally?
T- Some major reasons according to me are poverty, lack of access to education, cultural attitudes and traditions, migration and
displacement etc.
R-What are the long-term consequences of child labour on a child's physical and mental health?
T-Long-term physical effects of child labour can include stunted growth, hunger, tiredness, and greater susceptibility to accidents
and infections. Aside from impeding childhood development, it can also result in mental health problems like anxiety and
depression.
R-How does child labour affect a child's access to education?
T-In many cases, the work demands so much time and energy that it becomes impossible for children to enter, persist and
succeed at school. In other instances, children work because they lack access to schools in their locality.
R-What measures can governments and organisations take to prevent child labour?
T-Governments and organisations can take several measures to prevent child labour effectively. They can enforce existing laws that
prohibit child labour and can also ensure access to education. Conducting awareness campaigns to educate communities about the
negative consequences of child labour and the benefits of education can also help.

R-How does education play a role in combating child labour?

T-I feel education addresses the root causes of child labour by empowering children and their families, promoting awareness of
children's rights, providing legal protection, creating alternative opportunities, fostering community development, and supporting policy
advocacy efforts. By investing in education, societies can significantly reduce child labour and ensure that all children have the
opportunity to fulfil their potential.

R-Do you see progress being made in reducing child labour globally? Why or why not?
T-Progress has indeed been made in reducing child labour globally over the past few decades, although challenges persist. Some
challenges that still persist are lack of quality education, poverty, weak enforcement of laws etc. R-What initiatives have successfully
encouraged children to stay in school rather than enter the workforce? T-Several successful initiatives have been implemented
worldwide to encourage children to stay in school instead of entering the workforce. These initiatives typically address multiple factors
contributing to child labour and emphasise the importance of education. Some initiatives are mid-day meal programme, scholarships
etc.

R-What changes are necessary in the coming years to further reduce child labour?
T-Education provides children with skills necessary for their future, expanding their employment opportunities and reducing
dependence on precarious jobs from an early age. Skill development contributes to creating a solid foundation for their future working
life
 Statistical Analysis

Causes Cause
25

20
15
20
15

Poverty 10
Lack of education
Culture
5
Migration

15
0
Poverty Lack of Cultural Migration
education attitude
20

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Interview 3- Issues Underlying Child Labour
From the Perspective of Teenagers

Interviewer- Ms. Mouli Gaur (M)

Interviewee- Ms. Taru Sharma (T)

M- What do you conclude ‘Child labour’ is? What may be the basic factors into forcing such small children into working?
T- Child Labour may be defines as exploiting children through any form of work that interferes with their ability to attend school, or is mentally,
physically, socially and morally harmful. Its causes are considered to very irrelevant such as poverty, lack of education, ineffective enforcement of
laws etc.

M- The working age of employment is 14. But in some sectors its 18. Can you simplify it for our audience?
T- The current legal age for a child to be employed is 14. But in occupations like mining which include a hazardous environment for health, the legal
is changed set to be 18. Though according to me, children should be able to complete their high school and should be allowed only to work if they
are 16.

M- I mirror your opinion, Taru. I would like to ask you if you have any estimate on how many children are engaged in child labour
worldwide?
T- Nearly 1 in 10 children are subjected to child labour worldwide, with some forced into hazardous work through trafficking. The number of children
in child labour has risen to 160 million worldwide with an increase of 8.4 million children in the last four years.

M- What are effect on children in child labour that you've encountered so far?
T- Child labour has profound and long-lasting impacts on the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of children. Workplaces sometimes
demand unforgiving circumstances can cause psychological discomfort in young labourers, leading to anxiety, sadness, and poor self-esteem,
negatively impacting their growth and future opportunities.
and pay them minimum wages.
M- How would you distinguish Child labour and internships?
S-T-We
See,have multi-national
internships brands
are directly like Nikea and
or indirectly way Reebok
to educatethat valueinquality
youths butfields
whatever at thethey
stake ofchosen.
have promoting
Theychild
do it
labour. Isn’t it better to just boycott them?
because they want to not because they have to. On the other hand, children in child labour do not experience such
V-privilege.
Yes, there
Theyareare
always
either local
forcedcompanies to purchase
by their elders from
or the living if you’rethey
conditions too are
brand conscious
facing that provide the same
every day.
quality. There are always more options.
M- The government has been taking actions against this issue. But has there been any significant change due
to them?
S-Do you think the lack of quality education plays a role in child labour?
T- Children
V-Yes in child
certainly, theylabour are constantly
lack access at risk of physical
to opportunities. Some and mental
children harm.
tend Despite
to leave the actions
schools taken
to work by the
since no one really
government, this pressing issue is still on a stagnant state. As I gave you the statistics earlier, nearly 8 million children
puts a mandate on attendance.
engaged in child labour in the last four years only. It’s heartbreaking.
M- Well, I agree with you. Anyways, we were honoured having you here. Thank you for the whatever you are doing for
S-the
Certain
society.employers or establishments prefer to. Why do you think that happens?
V-I
T- think
Thankityou
is the longevity
so much of theirme!
for having work hours. Teenagers are easier to control since they are just entering into
adulthood. They are young and have more energy hence providing more productivity. Although it is not valid to
hire teenage worker, it is rather easier to silence the voices of young people. They require validation since they
are still forming opinions.

S-Since you are also a psychology student; how do you think the mental development of such children is
impacted?
V- They are definitely more stressed and are bound S- Does the overpopulation of our country also impact this
issue?
V-In our country the breadwinner ratio to the homemaker is less. Families with more than 2 children often lack
the ability to provide them with certain basic necessities like quality education, clothing or a safe environment to
grow since they have many mouths to feed.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

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Martensson
Interview 4-
From the Perspective of Teenagers

Interviewer- Bhavya Narwat

Interviewee- Prisha

B- What is child labour according to you ?

P- child labour usually means work done by children under the age of 15 that is full-time, and therefore interferes with their education. Also, work
that is exploitative, and work which damages their physical, mental, social or psychological development.

B- Why do children work?

P- There are many reasons why children have to work. An increase in the supply of child labour is caused by poverty. We can't look at child labour
just at the level of the individual family - we need to look at the economic structures which create poverty for the vast majority of people in the world,
and so force children into work.

B- Why do employers prefer to employ children

P- Children are often employed because they are more easily controlled than an adult, and are unlikely to demand higher wages or better working
conditions. Many children are forced to work for 12 to 16 hours a day.

B- How We Can Stop Child Labour in India?

P- 1. Educate & Spread Awareness .
2. Stop people to employ children in homes, shops, factories, etc. ...
3.Send more children to school.

B- Is there child labour in developed countries?

P- child labour exploitation is a long-standing issue that affects both developed and developing nations
and pay them minimum wages.
B - why do parents send their children to work
S-
P- We
Thehave multi-national
parents brands
of the working likeassume
children Nike and
thatReebok that
there will be value quality
sufficient but to
income atmeet
the stake of promoting
the basic child of their
essential needs
labour.
family, ifIsn’t it betterwork.
the children to just boycott
Hence, theythem?
send their children to work.
V- Yes, there are always local companies to purchase from if you’re too brand conscious that provide the same
quality.
B- How There are always
and where is childmore options.
labour used
P- They work in fields, in factories, down mines, as servants or maids, or selling goods in the street or at markets.
S-Do you think the lack of quality education plays a role in child labour?
B- why does child labour exist
V-Yes certainly, they lack access to opportunities. Some children tend to leave schools to work since no one really
P- child labour occurs when families face financial challenges
puts a mandate on attendance.
B- when does children work become child labour
S-
P- Certain
work thatemployers or establishments
deprives children prefertheir
of their childhood, to. Why do you
potential andthink
theirthat happens?
dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental
V-I think it is the longevity of their work hours. Teenagers are easier to control since they are just entering into
development.
adulthood. They are young and have more energy hence providing more productivity. Although it is not valid to
hire teenage worker, it is rather easier to silence the voices of young people. They require validation since they
are still forming opinions.

S-Since you are also a psychology student; how do you think the mental development of such children is
impacted?
V- They are definitely more stressed and are bound S- Does the overpopulation of our country also impact this
issue?
V-In our country the breadwinner ratio to the homemaker is less. Families with more than 2 children often lack
the ability to provide them with certain basic necessities like quality education, clothing or a safe environment to
grow since they have many mouths to feed.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

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Martensson
Interview 5-
From the Perspective of Teenagers

Interviewer- Bhagya Narwat

Interviewee- Mahika Jain

B- What according to you is exactly meant by child labour ?

M- I think it is the work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and that is harmful to their physical and mental
development.

B-What according to you are the major reasons for this problem ?
M- There are multiple reasons for child labour, the most important being extreme poverty. Child labour is at once the cause and the
consequence of poverty. I think other reasons can be Low incomes, limited access to education and social security, discrimination and
inequality .

B-Which set of solutions will be effective against child labour?

M- According to me if a specific amount is given to certain families , which are below poverty line in order to send their children to school
instead of to work in the fields can be a solution, which is already implemented in some states and proven to be effective .

B-Ban child labour or protect working children? Which is the best way?
M-Child labour is a reality in many low-income countries that cannot be dismissed or overlooked. A strict ban on any kind of child labour
could worsen the conditions. While laws to protect children are vitally important, they must also be consistently implemented and
accompanied by measures that address the underlying causes of child labour.
and pay them minimum wages.
B-Do you think overpopulation affect child labour?
S- M-Yes,
We have multi-national
because brands like Nike
due to overpopulation manyand Reebok
people that value
are forced quality
to live underbut
pooratconditions
the stakeand
of promoting
low level ofchild
income
labour.
due toIsn’t it better
fewer to just boycott
job opportunities, so itthem?
increase child labour .
V- Yes, there are always local companies to purchase from if you’re too brand conscious that provide the same
B-WillThere
quality. childare
labour decrease
always if poor countries develop ?
more options.
M-Not necessarily, because for many countries development just means economical development, whereas real
development occurs when adults are at work and children are at school .
S-Do you think the lack of quality education plays a role in child labour?
V-Yes certainly,
B-Why they lackprefer
do employers accesstotoemploy
opportunities.
childrenSome children
instead tend How
of adults? to leave
are schools to work
adult labours since no
affected byone really
child
puts a mandate
labour ? on attendance.
M-Because children can be employed at lower wages and can be easily controlled and supervised as compared to
S- adults
Certain employers
which makes or establishments
it difficult prefer
for the adults to. work
to find Why at
doproper
you think that happens?
wages.
V-I think it is the longevity of their work hours. Teenagers are easier to control since they are just entering into
B-How is They
adulthood. a child
areaffected by child
young and have labour ?
more energy hence providing more productivity. Although it is not valid to
M-The child can be mentally disturbed , their freedom is affected , their physical as well as mental conditions can
hire teenage worker, it is rather easier to silence the voices of young people. They require validation since they
worsen .
are still forming opinions.
B-How does child labour affect the child's freedom ?
S-Since
M-Theyou are also
children a psychology
working student;
in factories, howare
shops etc, doworking
you think the somebody's
under mental development
command of such
, so theychildren is freedom
loose their
impacted?
and no more master of their own .
V- They are definitely more stressed and are bound S- Does the overpopulation of our country also impact this
B-On a personal level, what can each of us do against child labour?
issue?
M-As
V-In our consumers,
country thewe also bear responsibility.
breadwinner Ultimately, ourispurchasing
ratio to the homemaker decisions
less. Families boost than
with more the demand for certain
2 children often lack
products that foster child labour. Some seals and certificates guarantee that goods have been produced under fair
the ability to provide them with certain basic necessities like quality education, clothing or a safe environment to
conditions and without the involvement of any child labour.
grow
Wesince
shouldthey
buyhave
such many
goodsmouths tochild
to reduce feed.labour
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

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Martensson
 CONCLUSIVE REPORT
Child Labor: A Global Challenge and Its Impact

Child labor remains one of the most pressing global challenges of our time, affecting millions of children worldwide and depriving them of their fundamental
rights to education, safety, and childhood development. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), approximately 160 million children worldwide
are engaged in child labor as of 2020. Nearly half of these children, around 79 million, work in hazardous conditions that directly threaten their health, safety,
and moral development. The majority of child labor occurs in agriculture, followed by services and industry sectors.
The persistence of child labor can be attributed to several interconnected factors. Poverty stands as the primary driver, forcing families to rely on children's
income for survival.
When basic necessities are scarce, education becomes a luxury many families cannot afford. Limited access to education further compounds the problem, with
insufficient school infrastructure in rural areas and high costs associated with schooling, including expenses for uniforms, books, and transportation.
Traditional attitudes towards children's roles, gender discrimination, and cultural acceptance of child labor in some communities also contribute to its
continuation.
The impact of child labor on young lives is severe and far-reaching. Children working in hazardous conditions face immediate risks of injury and occupational
diseases, while their physical development often becomes stunted, leading to long-term health problems. Their education suffers significantly, with reduced
school attendance and high dropout rates limiting their skill development and future employment opportunities. This creates a vicious cycle of poverty that
becomes difficult to break. The psychological impact is equally devastating, with many child laborers experiencing trauma from abuse and exploitation,
developing low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety, while their social development becomes impaired.
The global response to child labor has involved various stakeholders and approaches. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and ILO
Conventions 138 and 182 provide the international legal framework for protecting children's rights. Many countries have strengthened their national laws and
regulations, though enforcement remains a challenge in many regions.
Prevention strategies focus on poverty reduction through cash transfer programs, microfinance initiatives, and family support services. Education initiatives,
including free primary education, school feeding programs, and vocational training, have proven effective in many contexts.

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Several success stories demonstrate the potential for positive change. Brazil's Bolsa Família program has successfully combined cash transfers with education
requirements, significantly reducing child labor rates. India's Mid-Day Meal Scheme has increased school attendance and helped keep children out of work.
Ghana's cooperative efforts with the cocoa industry have made progress in eliminating child labor in cocoa production. Vietnam's comprehensive poverty
reduction strategy has also shown promising results in reducing child labor incidents.

However, significant challenges persist. Economic disparities continue to widen in many regions, and law enforcement remains weak in numerous countries.
Limited resources for monitoring and enforcement hamper progress, while the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated poverty and disrupted education, potentially
pushing more children into labor. The global community needs to strengthen legal frameworks and their enforcement, increase funding for education and
poverty reduction programs, improve data collection and monitoring systems, enhance international cooperation, and promote sustainable business practices.

The private sector also has a crucial role to play through responsible business practices, supply chain monitoring, and support for community development
programs. Companies must ensure their operations and supply chains are free from child labor while actively contributing to solutions through education and
community support initiatives.

Looking ahead, eliminating child labor requires a coordinated, multi-stakeholder approach that addresses root causes while providing immediate protection for
vulnerable children. Success depends on sustained commitment from governments, international organizations, businesses, and communities. While progress
has been made, continued effort and resources are needed to ensure all children can enjoy their right to a safe and nurturing childhood.

The path to eliminating child labor is complex and challenging, but the cost of inaction is far greater. Each child pushed into labor represents lost potential and a
perpetuation of poverty cycles that affect entire communities and nations. Only through collective action and sustained commitment can we hope to create a
world where every child has the opportunity to learn, play, and develop to their full potential.

Jens
Martensson