LSS401D: MAN & HIS ENVIRONMENT

STUDY GUIDE FOR END OF SEM. EXAM

SECTION B

1. a. Name five (5) air pollutants and their sources. [5 marks]

AIR POLLUTANT SOURCE EFFECTS METHODS OF

CONTROL
Sulphur dioxide - Burning fossil - Causes acid - Remove
(SO2) fuels rain sulphur from
fuels before
burning.
- Remove
sulphur dioxide
from chimney
gases of power
stations.
Nitrogen oxides (NO, - Vehicle Helps cause acid - Fit catalytic
NO2, N2O) exhausts rain and converters to
- Burning of photochemical vehicle exhausts.
fuels smog. -Modify engines
to run on a
weaker mixture
of fuel and air
Carbon dioxide - Burning fuels -Causes - Burn fewer
(CO2) greenhouse fossil fuels.
effect, affecting
earth’s climate.
Carbon monoxide - Burning fuels, - Poisonous to - Ensure that
(CO) vehicle exhausts, animals, vehicle engines
cigarette smoke. including are well
animals. maintained.
- Prevent
cigarette
smoking.
Hydrocarbons -Vehicle - Help cause acid - Fit catalytic
exhausts rain and converters to
- Burning fuels photochemical vehicle exhausts.
smog. -Modify engines
to run on a
weaker mixture
of fuel and air
Smoke - Burning fuels - Damages lungs - Use smokeless
- Reduces fuels.
photosynthesis of - Make sure
plants. engine and
 burners have
plenty of air to
burn fuel
efficiently.
Lead compounds - Car exhausts - Damage - Use unleaded
nervous system petrol.
of humans
Chlorofluorocarbons - Aerosol - Destroy ozone - Use different
propellants layer which substances as
- Refrigerators protects earth aerosol
form ultra-violet propellants and
radiation. refrigerants.
- Contributes to
the greenhouse
effect.
page 161
The question only asked for the pollutants and their sources (highlighted
in red above) Pick any five. Candidates are however advised to study their
effects and methods of reduction as well, in anticipation of any twist.

b. i. Give the important role wetlands play in solving water pollution

problems. [2 marks]
Wetlands can improve water quality by removing pollutants
from surface waters. They trap sediments and help to filter
surface waters.

ii. What is Environmental Education? [3 marks]

Environmental education is a systematic process of developing
values, habits and clarifying concepts in order to develop skills
and attitudes that are necessary to understand the
interrelationship among man, his culture and his biophysical
surroundings.

OR

It may be defined as a permanent process in which individuals

gain awareness of their environment, acquire knowledge,
values, skills, experiences and also the determination that
enables them to act individually and collectively to solve
present and future environmental problems. [page 202]
 c. i. How many different atoms are present in the following
compounds?
a. CaCl2 [2.5 marks]
Two (Calcium and Chlorine)

b. Cu(OH)2 [2.5 marks]

Three (Copper, Oxygen and Hydrogen)

ii. Why is it that alcohol which provides a lot of energy is not

considered a nutrient? [5 marks]
Alcohol is an energy source but it is not considered a nutrient
because it has no required function. [page 83]

2. a. Explain the following:

i. Branches of chemistry; and osmosis [6 marks]
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that matter
undergoes. It has three main branches, namely; physical,
inorganic and organic chemistry. Apart from these three, there
is also analytical chemistry. [page 41]

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of

high concentration of water to a region of low concentration of
water across a semi-permeable membrane. [page 117]

ii. A molecule [2 marks]

A molecule may be defined as a group of two or more
atoms of the same element or of different elements held
together by chemical bonds. For example, O2, N2, H2O.
[page 63]

iii. The difference between soaps and detergents [6 marks]

The main difference between soap and detergent is the
ingredients. Soaps are made with biodegradable ingredients
such as oils, lye and fats. Detergents are made with synthetic
chemicals, such as surfactants, optical brighteners and
perfumes. Both clean clothes well, but detergents are more
effective on stains and with brightening clothes. However, soap
is kinder on the environment and skin.

b. Define the following:

i. Atom [2 marks]
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that always
keeps the properties of that element. They are made up of
particles called electrons, protons and neutrons.
[page 50]
 ii. Chemistry [2 marks]
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that matter
undergoes.

OR

Chemistry can be defined as the study of the composition and

structure of matter and the various changes that matter
undergoes when alone or when combined with substances
under different conditions of temperature and pressure.
[page 8]

iii. Matter [2 marks]

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

3. Explain the following:

a. i. A product on sale has a label “reduced cholesterol”
The product contains at least 25% less cholesterol and 2 grams
or less, of saturated fat per serving than reference food.
[See page 87 and 88 for other labels and their meanings]

ii. Health
Health may be defined as the state of physical, mental and
financial well-being of man. [page 105]

iii. Nutrition
Nutrition is the study of food and nutrients, their digestion,
absorption and metabolism, and their effect on health and
disease. [page 84]
[2 marks each]

b. i. State four (4) things that food additives must conform to before
their use. [4 marks]
i. It must be safe to use.
ii. It must be effective in its intended use.
iii. It must only be used in the minimum quantity required
for it to work.
iv. It must not mislead the consumer about the quality or
nature of a food.
v. It should, where possible, be of nutritional value to the
body. [page 98]

ii. What is an antacid? How does it affect man? [2 marks]

An antacid is the base that is used to neutralise the excess
hydrochloric acid in the stomach that causes acid indigestion
or heartburns.
 iii. Burning (fire) shares chemistry. Explain this assertion.
[2 marks]
***

c. Write the common names of the following chemical formulas.

i. Na2SO4 - Sodium sulphate
ii. H2SO4 - Sulphuric acid
iii. Na2CO3 - Sodium carbonate [page 58]
[6 marks]

4. a. i. What is the importance of environmental education?

Environmental education improves our everyday lives by:
i. protecting human health
ii. advancing quality education
iii. creating jobs in the environmental field
iv. promoting environmental protection along with economic
development.
v. encouraging stewardship of natural resources.
[page 201]

[3 marks]
ii. List four (4) ways by which charcoal has been useful to man?
i. As a source of fuel, for heating and cooking.
ii. For food preservation. (E.g., soup)
iii. For treating stomach ache.
iv. Used with the tip edge of unripe plantain to clean the
teeth.
v. Can be ground and mixed with eggshell and white clay to
obtain a good abrasive for cleaning kitchen utensils.
[page 17, 18]
[3 marks]

b. i. What are the characteristics and the importance of wetlands?

[3 marks]
Wetlands can improve water quality by removing pollutants
from surface waters. They trap sediments and help to filter
surface waters. [See Unit 5 Session 6 for its characteristics]

ii. Define the following:

a. Compound
A compound is a substance that is formed from the
chemical combination of two or more elements. E.g.,
sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) may react in a chemical
process to form the compound sodium chloride (NaCl)
 b. Anion
An anion is a negatively charged ion. It is formed when a
neutral atom gains an electron in order to become stable.
Examples include O2-, F-, OH-.
[Study about cations too]
[5 marks]

c. i. State and explain the branches of chemistry. [3 marks]

i. Physical chemistry: attempts to explain the way in which
matter behaves and develops theoretical concepts and tries to
prove them experimentally.

ii. Inorganic chemistry: the study of the behaviour and

characteristics of compounds of mineral origin. E.g., bauxite,
iron ore.

iii. Organic chemistry: the study of the behaviour and

characteristics of compounds that are composed entirely of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with occasional occurrences of
atoms of sulphur and nitrogen.
[page 41]

ii. What are the types of soap? [3 marks]

• Hard soap
• Liquid soap
• Medicated soap
• Toilet soap
• Transparent soap

The main difference between the various types of soap is the

presence of certain chemical additives. [page 118]

5. a. Explain the following:

i. Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of
high concentration of water to a region of low concentration of
water across a semi-permeable membrane. [page 117]
[2.5 marks]

ii. A molecule [2.5 marks]

A molecule may be defined as a group of two or more
atoms of the same element or of different elements held
together by chemical bonds. For example, O2, N2, H2O.
[page 63]
 iii. The difference between soaps and detergents. [3 marks]
The main difference between soap and detergent is the
ingredients. Soaps are made with biodegradable ingredients
such as oils, lye and fats. Detergents are made with synthetic
chemicals, such as surfactants, optical brighteners and
perfumes. Both clean clothes well, but detergents are more
effective on stains and with brightening clothes. However, soap
is kinder on the environment and skin.

b. Define the following:

i. Atom
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that always
keeps the properties of that element. They are made up of
particles called electrons, protons and neutrons.
[page 50]

ii. Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that matter
undergoes.

OR

Chemistry can be defined as the study of the composition and

structure of matter and the various changes that matter
undergoes when alone or when combined with substances
under different conditions of temperature and pressure.
[page 8]

iii. Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
[6 marks]

c. Write the chemical formula for the following compounds:

i. Hydrochloric acid - HCl

ii. Calcium hydrogen carbonate - Ca(HCO3)2

iii. Nitric acid - HNO3 (aq.)

iv. Copper sulphate - CuSO4 [page 58]

[6 marks]
6. a. i. Explain the cleansing action of soap. [3 marks]
Most of the dirt is oily in nature and oil does not dissolve in
water. The molecule of soap constitutes sodium or potassium
salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. In the case of soaps, the
carbon chain dissolves in oil and the ionic end dissolves in
water. Thus, the soap molecules form structures called
micelles. In micelles, one end is towards the oil droplet and the
other end which is the ionic faces outside. Therefore, it forms
an emulsion in water and helps in dissolving the dirt when we
wash our clothes. [You can end here.]
Soap is a kind of molecule in which both the ends have
different properties.
• Hydrophilic end
• Hydrophobic end
The first one is the hydrophilic end which dissolves water and
is attracted to it whereas the second one is the hydrophobic
end that is dissolved in hydrocarbons and is water repulsive in
nature. If on the surface of the water, soap is present then the
hydrophobic tail which is not soluble in water will align
along the water surface. [page 120]

ii. Fat in our diet is said to have a bad reputation. Why that
statement? [3 marks]
Consuming unhealthy amounts of the wrong kind of fats is
likely to result in diseases related to the heart and the human
circulatory system. [page 113]

b. i. Why does one need to have a meal pattern? [3 marks]

Having a meal pattern allows your body to prepare itself to
digest food at specific times and also allows you to plan how
you will obtain your daily servings from the five major food
groups.
[page 91]

ii. Why is breakfast so important in one’s daily life.

[3 marks]
After having gone through the night without food (your supper
is digested and you wake up on an empty stomach), your body
needs fuel to get started. Breakfast provides this energy that
the body needs when you take in food. Failure to take
breakfast leaves your body very low on energy supply since the
nutrient that will be broken down and used by the body as fuel
will be absent. [page 91]
 c. i. What is the purpose of using food additives? [3 marks]
i. To prolong the shelf life of the food.
ii. To make the food more attractive by adding colour or
flavour.
iii. To modify the nutritive value of the food.
[page 101]

ii. What are spices? List five examples of spices. [5 marks]

Spices may be defined as aromatic substances that are derived
from the parts of a plant, such as roots, seeds or barks, and
are often used to flavour or season food. Examples include:
• Chillies
• Cayenne pepper
• Curry powder
• Ginger
• Nutmeg
[page 100]

7. a. i. Why has chemistry been declared as an essential part of most

curriculums? [3 marks]
This is because many subjects share an essential tie to
chemistry. Subjects such as; Agriculture, Medicine,
Engineering, Geology, Biology and their related areas of study
share the knowledge of chemistry. [page 3]

ii. Did the black man use science before the whites arrived?
Explain your answer. [3 marks]
Prior to the arrival of the whites on the shores of Africa, the
black man had his own indigenous scientific practices that
were being used to meet his daily needs and solve problems.
These indigenous scientific practices include:

▪ The use of charcoal in many ways such as treating stomach

ache, for fuel and dental practices.
▪ The preparation of local soap with the use of plantain peels,
cocoa pods and edible oil.
▪ The use of indigenous ways to obtain alcohol through the
distillation process.
▪ Indigenous acid-base reactions such as the use of “kanwu” and
“hyire” (kaolin clay).
[See page 17]
b. i. What are the effects of eutrophication? [3 marks]
i. Anoxia (no oxygen present) in water bodies, which kills
fish and invertebrates and also leads to release of
unpleasant and injurious gases.

ii. Production of toxic substances by some species of blue-

green algae.

iii. Deterioration of recreational value of a lake or reservoir

due to decreased water transparency.

iv. Decreased fish yields caused by significant oxygen

depletion in the water column and bottom water layers of
lakes and reservoirs.

v. Decreased number of species and diversity of plants and

animals (biodiversity). [page 187]

ii. What are the branches of chemistry? Describe briefly?

[3 marks]
i. Physical chemistry: attempts to explain the way in which
matter behaves and develops theoretical concepts and tries to
prove them experimentally.

ii. Inorganic chemistry: the study of the behaviour and

characteristics of compounds of mineral origin. E.g., bauxite,
iron ore.

iii. Organic chemistry: the study of the behaviour and

characteristics of compounds that are composed entirely of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with occasional occurrences of
atoms of sulphur and nitrogen.
[page 41]

c. i. What is fire? State and briefly explain the classes of fire.

Fire is a chemical action that is accompanied by the evolution
of light and heat. Fires occur as a result of the combination of
three factors; fuel, oxygen and heat.
Generally, fires are classified into four types:

▪ Class A: involves solid materials normally of an organic nature

(compounds of carbon). They are the most common; and the
most effective extinguishing agent is generally water in the
form of a jet spray.
 ▪ Class B: involves liquids or liquefiable solids. The extinguishing
agents include water spray, foam, light water, vaporising
liquids, carbon dioxide and dry chemical powder.

▪ Class C: involves gases or liquefiable gases in the form of a

liquid or gas leak, such as methane, propane and butane. It
can be extinguished by foam or chemical powder.

▪ Class M: involves metals. Can be put out with the use of

special fusing powders especially when the metals are
radioactive in nature. [page 133]
[3 marks]

ii. How does heart burn occur? How is it controlled?

[5 marks]
When too much food is eaten, the stomach often responds with
an excessive outpouring of acid to digest the food. This lowers
the pH of the stomach to a point where it results in
heartburns.
To control heartburns, antacids, which are bases, are
consumed to neutralise the excess hydrochloric acid in the
stomach and reduce the discomfort. [page 105]

8. a. i. What are the importance of environmental education?

[3 marks]
Environmental education improves our everyday lives by:
i. protecting human health
ii. advancing quality education
iii. creating jobs in the environmental field
iv. promoting environmental protection along with economic
development.
v. encouraging stewardship of natural resources.
[page 201]

ii. What is eutrophication? [4 marks]

Eutrophication is the process by which an entire body of water,
or parts of it, becomes progressively enriched with minerals
and nutrients, frequently due to run-off from the land, which
causes a dense growth of plant life. [page 185]

b. i. Explain what is meant by the term “technology”

[3 marks]
Technology may be defined as the application of scientific
knowledge to improve the context of our society, our economic
system and solve our daily problems. [page 29]
 ii. Define the following
a. Compound
A compound is a substance that is formed from the
chemical combination of two or more elements. E.g.,
sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) may react in a chemical
process to form the compound sodium chloride (NaCl)

b. Inorganic chemistry
It is the study of the behaviour and characteristics of
compounds of mineral origin. E.g., bauxite, iron ore.
[page 43]
[5 marks]

c. i. Which part of herbs are very useful and what do they contain?
[3 marks]
The leaves of herbs are crushed to give aromatic oils used in
food preparation. The oils release flavours and scents.
[page 99]
***Inadequate information. See how best you can add to it.

ii. Write the chemical formula for:

a. Hydrochloric acid - HCl
b. Calcium hydrogen carbonate - Ca(HCO3)2
[2 marks]

9. a. i. People have used chemical reactions to make their lives easier.

What was the first reaction to be used in this way?
Fire [page 11]
[3 marks]

ii. State two importance why it is important to study chemistry.

i. In the health sector, the study of chemistry aids in the
production of drugs and pharmaceuticals that help in the
fight against diseases.

ii. Helps in food production by producing fertilisers, weed

killers and pesticides. (Agriculture).

iii. Chemical concepts are used in the production of fabrics

and also in developing plastics which are cheaper and
easier to acquire.
[page 46]
[4 marks]
10. a. i. Is there any evidence to show that matter is made up of
particles. [3 marks]
Particles of substances are able to spread uniformly into any
available space by a process called diffusion. This can only
occur when the matter (substance) is made up of small
separate particles and is not continuous. The particles are also
able to move between the particles of other substances.

Another piece of evidence for the existence of particles in

matter is the process of crystallisation. During crystallisation,
millions of particles of a substance (matter) come together from
its solution to form crystals. This crystal grows bigger as more
particles leave the solution to form the solid. [page 51]

ii. How does cholesterol affect man? [4 marks]

Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in your blood. Your
body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells, but high levels of
cholesterol can increase your risk of heart disease.
With high cholesterol, you can develop fatty deposits in your
blood vessels. Eventually, these deposits grow, making it
difficult for enough blood to flow through your arteries.
Sometimes, those deposits can break suddenly and form a clot
that causes a heart attack or stroke.
High cholesterol can be inherited, but it's often the result of
unhealthy lifestyle choices, which make it preventable and
treatable. A healthy diet, regular exercise and sometimes
medication can help reduce high cholesterol.

b. The eating of “hyire” by some pregnant women is condemned in

medical circles. Is it always bad? Explain. [3 marks]
The use of “hyire” is not always bad. It is alkaline in nature and is
used to neutralise excessive outpouring of acid in the stomach. This
helps to reduce the discomfort that arises from heartburns and acid
indigestion. [page 19]

c. What is a neutral atom? [3 marks]

A neutral atom may be defined as an atom whose number of positive
charges (protons) is the same as the number of its negative charges
(electrons), such that the sum of its electrical charge is zero.

11. a. What is the meaning of DNA? [2 marks]

Deoxyribonucleic acid (a vital chemical component that is present in
the chromosomes of our body cells). [page 128]
 b. What is electrolysis? [2 marks]
Electrolysis is a chemical reaction that occurs when a compound is
split up by means of electricity. E.g., electrolysing water (H2O) to
obtain hydrogen and oxygen. [page 64]

c. A product on sale has a label “reduced sugar”. What does this

statement mean? [2 marks]
The product contains at least 25% less sugar per serving than
reference food. [page 87]

12. Explain the following as applied to fire prevention:

a. Starvation
Starvation involves limitation/elimination of fuel supply to the fire.
Here, the fire is starved of the fuel supply that is feeding it, in order
for the fire to burn out and die down.
[page 131]

b. Smothering
This involves limitation of oxygen supply to the fire. A wet blanket
can be used to cover the naked flame; depriving the flame of oxygen
in the process, and causing the fire to die down. [page 132]

c. Cooling
Cooling involves limitation of temperature. The heat factor of the fire
triangle is removed in order to stop the fire. [page 132]
[6 marks]

13. a. List three (3) greenhouse gases and state how they are emitted into
the environment. [4 marks]
o Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - fossil fuel combustion
o Chlorofluorocarbon - refrigerants
o Nitrous Oxide - fertilizer application; fossil fuel and
biomass combustion.

b. What is meant by osmosis? State two (2) uses of osmosis.

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of
high concentration of water to a region of low concentration of
water across a semi-permeable membrane. [page 117]
The principle of osmosis is applied in:
▪ Food preservation (using salt to preserve fish).
▪ The application of fertiliser to crops by farmers.
▪ The use of soaps and detergents. [page 117]
[4 marks]
14. a. i. State one (1) outcome from environmental education from the
natural context. [3 marks]
An environmentally educated person who understands the
scientific concepts and facts that underlie environmental
issues and the interrelationships that shape nature.

NB: There are other contexts as well. [In case there’s a twist]
The social context: An environmentally educated person who
understands how human society is influencing the
environment, as well as the economic legal and political
mechanisms that provide avenues for addressing issues and
situations.

The valuing context: An environmentally educated person who

explores his or her values in relation to environmental issues;
from an understanding of the natural and social contexts, the
person decides whether to keep or change those values.

The action context: An environmentally educated person who

becomes involved in activities to improve, maintain or restore
natural resources and environmental quality for all.
[page 208]

ii. “Hangover” is referred to as what? [3 marks]

Hangover is a severe headache or other after-effects caused by
drinking an excess of alcohol. [page 106]

b. i. What are the branches of Chemistry? [3 marks]

• Physical chemistry
• Inorganic chemistry
• Organic chemistry
[page 41]

ii. Briefly describe the various branches of chemistry.

i. Physical chemistry: attempts to explain the way in which
matter behaves and develops theoretical concepts and tries to
prove them experimentally.

ii. Inorganic chemistry: the study of the behaviour and

characteristics of compounds of mineral origin. E.g., bauxite,
iron ore.

iii. Organic chemistry: the study of the behaviour and

characteristics of compounds that are composed entirely of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with occasional occurrences of
atoms of sulphur and nitrogen. [page 41]
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS.
CHARACTERISTIC METALLIC ELEMENTS NON-METALLIC
Physical state Are usually solid, except Usually solids and
mercury which is liquid gases, except bromine
at room temperature. which is liquid.
Density Hard and dense Usually softer than
metals and are less
dense.
Lustre Have shiny surfaces (are Have dull surfaces.
lustrous)
Malleability Can be beaten or Are not malleable.
hammered into any
shape (are malleable).
Conductivity Are good conductors of Are poor conductors of
heat and electricity. heat and electricity.
Ductility Are ductile (can be Are brittle.
passed through wires).
Sound quality Make a sonorous sound Are not sonorous.
when struck.
[Table on PAGE 53]

THE CHEMICAL FORMULAS OF SOME COMMON COMPOUNDS.

FORMULA COMPOUND
H2O Water
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
SO2 Sulphur dioxide
HCl Hydrogen chloride
HCl(aq.) Hydrochloric acid
H2SO4(aq.) Sulphuric acid
HNO3(aq.) Nitric acid
NaOH Sodium hydroxide
NaCl Sodium chloride
Na2SO4 Sodium sulphate
NaNO3 Sodium nitrate
Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate
NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogen carbonate
CaO Calcium oxide
Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide
CaCl2 Calcium chloride
CaSO4 Calcium sulphate
CaCO3 Calcium carbonate
Ca(HCO3)2 Calcium hydrogen carbonate
CuO Copper (II) oxide
CuSO4 Copper (II) sulpate
AlCl3 Aluminium chloride
Al2O3 Aluminium oxide
NH3 Ammonia
NH4Cl Ammonium chloride
(NH4)2SO4 Ammonium sulphate
[page 58]

NOTE: This guide is only intended to direct your study efforts and should not be used
as a substitute for your module. Take note of questions that have been repeated over the
years and be sure to cover areas that have not been treated in the questions above. All
the best!!!
 LSS401D: MAN & HIS ENVIRONMENT
SAMPLED PAST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
QUIZ ONE
1. All the following are elements except ___________.
A. Cu
B. Ca
C. CO
D. Co

2. The smallest particle of an element that always keeps the properties of that
element is referred to as __________.
A. iron
B. ion
C. atom page 50
D. anion

3. There are two basic changes in chemistry, “physical and chemical”. Which
one forms a compound and why?
A. Chemical change; because it can be reversed easily
B. Chemical change; because it cannot be reversed easily
C. Physical change; because it cannot be reversed easily
D. Physical change; because it can be reversed easily

4. A compound formed as a result of one atom donating an electron and

shared is known as _________.
A. ionic bond
B. covalent bond
C. metallic bond
D. coordinate covalent bond

5. What is the daily requirement of vegetable oil for a person?

A. 1 tablespoon page 80
B. 1 teaspoon
C. 1 cup
D. 1 ladle

6. The 4-9-4 concept regarding the caloric yield in food has been accepted by
nutritionists as a good concept. What does the “9” represent?
A. Carbohydrates (Carbohydrates - 39grams x 4 = 156 kcal)
B. Protein (Fat - 32grams x 9 = 288 kcal)
C. Water (Protein - 30grams x 4 = 120 kcal)
D. Fat (Total - = 564 kcal)
page 84
7. A product on sale has a label, “SUGAR FREE”. What does this statement
mean?
A. No sugar at all
B. Less than 0.5g of sugar per serving page 87
C. More than 0.5g of sugar per serving
D. Exactly 0.5g of sugar per serving

(see other labels and their meanings on page 87 as well)

8. Why is it that alcohol, which provides a lot of energy, is not considered a

nutrient? Alcohol __________
A. has no nitrogen in its makeup
B. has no required function page 83
C. has high cholesterol level
D. has no cholesterol

9. What are the two things that adults should do to reduce their blood
cholesterol?
A. Physical exercise and alcohol intake
B. Limit intake of unsaturated fat and no exercise
C. Limit intake of saturated fat and physical exercise
D. Taking of saturated fat and exercise

10. Which of the following is not considered as an energy-giving food?

A. Carbohydrates
B. Vitamins page 83
C. Fat
D. Oils

11. How does osmosis help in preservation of food products?

A. Causes hydration of water
B. Causes dehydration of water page 117
C. Causes water to added
C. None of the above

12. The following are the importance of garlic and onions except
______________.
A. prevents clotting of blood
B. allow the clotting of blood page 102
C. have medicinal value
D. have antifungal effect

13. How many litres of water are required daily by a person?

A. 20
B. 200
C. 0.2
D. 2 page 82
14. It is important for breakfast to be taken every morning otherwise
___________.
A. carbohydrates would be burnt as fuel
B. protein would be burnt as fuel
C. lipids would be burnt as fuel
D. water would be burnt as fuel

15. Charcoal has several uses. Which of the following are some of the uses of
charcoal?
I. Disinfectant
II. Fuel
III. Food preservation
IV. Odour removal

A. I, III only
B. II, III, IV only page 17-18
C. I, III, IV, V only
D. III, IV, V only

16. Chemistry is the study of the ___________.

A. composition of matter and not the structure of matter and the various
changes that matter undergoes
B. composition of matter and the various changes that matter undergoes
C. structure of matter and the various changes that matter undergoes
D. composition and structure of matter and the various changes that matter
undergoes (page 8)

17. The early scientists who were involved with chemistry were called ________.
A. Al-chemists page 13
B. All-chemists
C. Alt-chemists
D. Ali-chemists

18. Which is the correct order of steps involved in a scientific method?

I. Observation1
II. Prediction3
III. Conclusion4
IV. Investigation2

A. I, II, IV, III

B. I, IV, II, III page 8
C. II, I, III, IV
D. I, II, III, IV
19. State the characteristics of the composition of atoms.

I. Protons – positively charged

II. Neutrons – neutral
III. Electrons – negatively charged
IV. Protons – negatively charged
V. Neutrons – positively charged

A. I, III and V
B. I, III and IV
C. I, II and III page 51
D. I, II, III, IV and V

20. If an atom loses an electron, how is it called?

A. Anion
B. Ion
C. Iron
D. Cation

21. How does osmosis help in the preservation of fish products?

A. Causes hydration of water
B. Causes dehydration of water page 117
C. Causes water to added
D. Neither A, B nor C

22. During reproduction, the two opposite cells fuse together to form _______.
A. gametes
B. zygote ***Quiz 2
C. mitosis
D. meiosis

23. One can get all the following nutrients; proteins, fat, minerals,
carbohydrates, vitamins and water from eating “koko” and “koose”.
A. True
B. False

24. Which of the following is a chemical process?

A. Dissolving common salt in water
B. Burning a piece of paper page 65
C. Grinding a cube of sugar
D. Neither A, B nor C

25. An ion is an atom that has lost or gained electron(s). If an atom loses an
electron, how is it called?
A. Anion = if it gains an electron
B. Ion
C. Iron
D. Cation = if it loses an electron

26. Which of the following has nothing to do with the so-called central science?
A. Petrol chemistry
B. Agriculture
C. Mathematics
D. Geology

27. Which of the following is a food additive?

A. Calcium propionate page 101
B. Hydrogen cyanide
C. Leucine
D. Fluoride

28. Which of the following is not a food additive?

A. Alcohol
B. Garlic
C. Iodine page 98
D. Ginger

29. Heartburn is also referred to as ____________.

A. Hangover
B. Antacid
C. Acid digestion page 105
D. Basic digestion

30. Which of the following are all saturated fats? Fats in _______.
A. meat and conola
B. dairy product and olive
C. fish and soyabeans
D. dairy products and coconut page 113

31. Which type of fat brings about coronary heart disease?

A. Saturated fat page 113
B. Unsaturated fat
C. Polyunsaturated fat
D. Monounsaturated fat

32. Which fat is worse than saturated fat?

A. Fat from dairy product
B. Soyabean fat
C. Trans fat page 114
D. Corn fat
33. Which chemical is used for disinfection?
A. NaOH
B. NaHClO
C. NH3 ***Quiz 2
D. NaCl

34. Anything that occupies space and has mass is known as ____________.
A. atoms
B. materials
C. matter page 49
D. molecules

35. Which of the following discovered vaccination?

A. Edward Jenner page 22
B. Edward Faber
C. Edward Ninson
D. Edward Aikins

36. Which of the ancient scientists kept their methods and discoveries secret?
A. Philosophers
B. Astrologers
C. Alchemists page 14
D. Chemists

37. The first reaction to be performed to make life easier was __________.
A. air
B. earth
C. water
D. fire page 11

38. Who actually cleared the confusion and discovered oxygen?

A. Hales
B. Black
C. Priestley
D. Lavoisier page 23

39. Which of the following practices were being performed by Ghanaians before
the arrival of the whites?
A. Soap making, alcohol making, antibiotics, charcoal
B. Soap making, alcohol making, charcoal, herbal medicine (page 17-20)
C. Soap making, alcohol making, deodorant, charcoal, herbal medicine
D. Soap making, alcohol making, nylon, charcoal

40. Which of the following is not destroyed during the cooking process?
A. Protein
B. Carbohydrates
C. Minerals
D. None of the above ***

41. A product on sale has a label, “Cholesterol Free”. What does this statement
mean? Less than ____________.
A. 2mg of cholesterol and 2g or less of saturated fat per serving page 88
B. 20mg of cholesterol and 2g or less of saturated fat per serving
C. 2mg of cholesterol and 20g or less of saturated fat per serving
D. 20mg of cholesterol and 20g or less of saturated fat per serving

42. Which of the following is regarded as a central science?

A. Biochemistry
B. Chemistry page 45
C. Physics
D. Geology

43. All the following are compounds except _____________.

A. Zn
B. CaCO3
C. CO
D. CO2

44. All the following result in compound formation except __________.

A. ionic bond
B. covalent bond
C. metallic bond
D. None of the above ***

45. Which of the following is a chemical formula?

A. Na
B. Cu
C. H2O H2 + O2 → H2O
D. Hg

46. Minerals such as Na+ and K+ function as _____________ in the body.

A. regulators
B. osmo-regulators page 82
C. general regulators
D. alcohol regulators

47. Which of the following is a non-fat-soluble vitamin?

A. B-12 page 81
B. K
C. E
D. D NB: Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble. The rest are water-soluble.
48. Which of the following is considered as an amino acid?
A. Histidine page 78; first row of the table, far right section
B. Glucose
C. Sodium chloride
D. Saccharine

49. Which of the following is a common food additive used in Ghana?

A. Sodium chloride page 98
B. Hydrogen cyanide
C. Leucine
D. Fluoride

50. Which of the following nutrients is responsible for temperature regulation

in the body?
A. Proteins
B. Fats and oils
C. H2O page 82
D. None of the above

51. Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in the blood to form __________.

A. carbon dioxide
B. carbon monoxide
C. anti-haemoglobin
D. oxyhaemoglobin page 10

52. The first four basic elements identified by Empedocles include all the
following except __________.
A. air
B. oxygen page 12
C. earth
D. water

53. Aristotle also maintained that ___________ was the most perfect metal.
A. iron
B. diamond
C. gold page 13
D. bronze

54. According to a Babylonian myth, the universe was believed to have been
created from ___________.
A. water page 12
B. air
C. fire
D. earth
55. Indicate against what the ancient Greeks associated them with.

The sun controlled Gold

The moon controlled Silver
Mars was associated with Iron
Venus was associated with Copper
(page 12)

56. “Affliction of affluence” refers to taking too much of ____________.

A. carbohydrates
B. cholesterol
C. alcohol page 77 ***
D. salt

57. Which of the following is not considered as an amino acid?

A. Valine
B. Lysine
C. Linoleic acid refer to table on p. 78 (Linoleic acid is a fat)
D. Histidine

58. Regular exercise prevents all the following except ____________.

A. liver diseases page 86; Table D
B. obesity
C. major diabetes
D. some adult bone loss

DISCOVERIES IN SCIENCE

DISCOVERY NAME OF SCIENTIST

Penicillin Alexander Fleming
Radioactivity Henri Becquerel
Vaccination Edward Jenner
Pasteurisation Louis Pasteur
Teflon Roy J. Plunkett
 LSS401D: MAN & HIS ENVIRONMENT
SAMPLED PAST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
QUIZ TWO

1. During reproduction, the two opposite cells fuse together to form

___________.
A. gametes
B. zygote p. 127
C. mitosis
D. meiosis

2. Which fire type can be put off by using water in the form of jet spray?
A. Class A p. 132
B. Class B
C. Class M
D. Class C

3. Which chemical is used for disinfection?

A. NaOH
B. NaHClO
C. NH3 p. 136
D. NaCl

4. How does one dispose off hazardous waste such as weed killer?
A. Recycling
B. Flushed with water p. 141 - 142
C. Burn
D. Bury in the soil
In the table on page 141 – 142; under the column WASTES THAT NEED TO
BE FLUSHED.

5. What is usually bad about plastics?

A. Does not stay long in the environment
B. Do stay long in the environment p. 147
C. Easily break down
D. Does not have any effect on the environment
6. It is possible to get all impurities present in water out before use.
A. True
B. False p. 167

7. Which of the following is a tool for bringing about sustainable

development?
A. University education
B. Campaigning for indiscipline
C. Good education
D. Environmental education p. 202

8. The burning of PVC results in the production of __________.

A. Hydrochloric acid
B. Hydrogen gas
C. Chlorine gas
D. Hydrogen chloride gas p. 151

9. One strategy of restoring a lake is to remove as much phosphorus as

possible from water.
A. True p. 190
B. False

10. What is the meaning of the three R’s in waste management?

I. Release
II. Recycle
III. Reuse
IV. Reduce

A. I, III, IV
B. II, III, IV p. 229
C. IV
D. III

11. The following are all good ways of reducing waste EXCEPT ___________.
A. no packaging
B. minimal packaging
C. plastic packaging p. 235
D. reusable packaging
12. Which of the following does not cause eutrophication?
I. Sewage
II. Agricultural run-off
III. Solid waste disposal
IV. Incinerator

A. I only
B. II only
C. IV only
D. I, II, III, IV

13. Which of the following gas(es) is/are not produced by automobiles?

I. Carbon dioxide
II. Carbon monoxide
III. Oxides of nitrogen
IV. Oxygen

A. I, III, IV
B. I, II, III, IV
C. IV only
D. III only

14. Carbon monoxide is an inert gas and yet it is very dangerous. What
accounts for that?
A. It combines with water in human beings to create problems for them.
B. It combines with blood in human beings to create problems for them.
C. It combines with haemoglobin of blood in human beings to create problems
for them. p. 158
D. It does not combine with any of the above.

15. How do hydrocarbons affect human beings?

A. They form acid rain.
B. They combine with the blood.
C. Cause damage to the kidney and liver by their ability to dissolve fat. p. 159
D. They are also referred to as laughing gas.
16. “Greenhouse” can best be explained as ___________.
A. It brings about flooding of coastal cities.
B. It captures and keeps heat within its glass roof and walls. p. 172
C. Warming of our farmland leading to desertification.
D. Global warming

17. Which form of sulphur causes acidity of water which attacks and destroys
synthetic fibres?
A. Sulphur oxide
B. Sulphur dioxide ***
C. Sulphur trioxide p. 159
D. Sulphur

18. Waste water is treated for all the following except ____________.
A. suspended matter
B. carbon p. 168
C. organic material
D. bacteria

19. What single source removes most carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
A. Animals
B. Bacteria
C. Water
D. Plants p. 175

20. Sulphur is present in the atmosphere as ____________.

A. Carbon dioxide
B. Hydrogen sulphide p. 159
C. Carbon monoxide
D. Hydrogen

21. Which of the following is NOT important as far as environmental

education is concerned?
A. Protecting human health
B. Advancing quality education
C. Encouraging littering p. 201
D. Creating jobs in the environmental field
22. One of the general objectives of environmental education is to change
learners’ attitude towards the environment and nature from __________.
A. indifferent to indifferent
B. very concerned to concerned
C. very concerned to indifferent
D. indifferent to very concerned p. 203
(Indifferent means not interested/not concerned)

23. Blue babies in infants is caused by ___________.

A. Sulphur dioxide
B. Sodium citrate
C. Hydrogen sulphide
D. Nitrate ion (in sodium nitrate) p. 164, 165

24. Why are oxides of nitrogen and sulphur a threat to the environment? This
is because they form ___________.
A. fertilisers
B. ammonium
C. complete salt
D. none of the above ***

25. Regular exercise prevents all the following except __________.

A. liver disease p. 86; table D.
B. obesity
C. major diabetes
D. some adult bone loss

26. One of the newest scientific methods in studying climate change has been
the _________.
A. general circulation models p. 172
B. global warming models
C. twentieth century models
D. geographical models

27. Environmental education is the tool needed for sustainable development.

A. True p. 202. ***
B. False
28. The atmosphere is contaminated with tremendous quantities of unwanted
materials by man’s many actions. Which of the following is not a problem
among them?
I. Plastics
II. Carbon monoxide
III. Carbon dioxide
IV. Chlorofluorocarbons

A. I, IV only ***
B. I only
C. I, II and III
D. II, III and IV

29. Which of the following is not emitted by automobiles?

I. Chlorofluorocarbons
II. Oxides of sulphur
III. Oxides of nitrogen
IV. Carbon monoxide

A. I only p. 158
B. I and II
C. II, III and IV only
D. I, II, III, IV

30. Hydrocarbons are produced from the following sources EXCEPT

___________.
A. decaying of vegetation
B. automobile
C. construction p. 159
D. none of the above

31. A hydrocarbon gas is an inert gas and yet it is very dangerous. What
accounts for that?
A. They can cause blood pressure by blocking blood streams
B. They are poisonous to human health
C. They are unreactive
D. They have the ability to dissolve fat p. 159
32. Which of the following are tools for bringing about (environmental)
sustainable development?
I. Indiscriminate disposal of waste
II. Campaigning for environmental discipline
III. The use of the mass communication
IV. Environmental education
V. Encouraging stewardship of natural resources

A. I only
B. II only
C. I, II, III, V
D. II, III, IV, V ***

33. The use of salt in treating fish has been used over ages. What is its scientific
implication? The process is called osmosis which causes water molecules to
be ___________.
A. taken from the fish thereby preserving it
B. added to the fish thereby preserving it
C. boiling the fish thereby preserving it
D. heating the fish thereby preserving it

34. DNA is the short form of _____________.

A. Dioxy-ribonucleic acid
B. Deoxy-ribonucleic acid p. 128
C. Diexy-ribonucleic acid
D. Deixy-ribonucleic acid

35. Two most common methods of solid waste treatment by Ghanaian

households are _____________.
A. burning and incineration
B. burying and incineration
C. landfilling and incineration
D. burning and burying ***

36. How do hydrocarbons affect human beings?

A. They form acid rain
B. They combine with blood
C. They have the ability to dissolve fat, hence causes damage to the kidney
and liver
D. They are also referred to as laughing gas

37. Photochemical reactions in polluted air result in the formation of smog.

Which of the following is associated with this reaction?
A. Absorption of ultra-violet light by carbon dioxide
B. Absorption of ultra-violet light by carbon monoxide
C. Absorption of ultra-violet light by smoke
D. Absorption of ultra-violet light by nitrogen dioxide p. 159

38. Which form of sulphur causes acidity of water, which attacks and destroys
synthetic fibres?
A. Sulphur oxide
B. Sulphur dioxide *** p. 159
C. Sulphur trioxide
D. Sulphur

39. What single source contributes about 60% of carbon monoxide into the
atmosphere?
A. Trains
B. Automobiles p. 158
C. Motorcycles
D. Bicycles

40. Salt spray seeks to encourage which of the following?

A. Electroplating
B. Galvanising
C. Welding
D. Corrosion p. 160

41. Sulphur is present in the atmosphere as _______________.

A. Carbon dioxide
B. Hydrogen sulphide p. 159
C. Carbon monoxide
D. Hydrosulphur
42. What removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
A. Corrosion
B. Water vapour
C. Photosynthesis p. 175
D. Rust

43. Environmental education does not seem to be well integrated into the
Ghanaian educational system.
A. True p. 207
B. False

44. Which group of people should be targeted for environmental education?

A. Old women
B. Old men
C. Retirees
D. Children

45. The best environmental management strategy for water bodies is to

remove ______________ as possible.
A. sulphate
B. nitrate
C. carbonate
D. phosphate p. 190

46. What are the two differences between soaps and detergents?
I. Detergents are formulated from salt of fatty acid
II. Detergents are formulated from crude oil derivatives
III. Soaps are formulated from crude oil derivatives
IV. Soap is a salt of fatty acid

A. I and III
B. II and IV p. 117, 116.
C. I and IV
D. II and III

47. Select three proper methods of solid waste treatment.

I. Incineration
II. Chemical treatment
 III. Biological treatment
IV. Dumping

A. I, III and IV
B. II, III and IV
C. I, II and III p. 152, 153.
D. II, III and IV

48. What is the composition of sludge?

A. Solid material left after sewage treatment p. 168
B. Solid material before sewage treatment
C. Liquid material left after sewage treatment
D. Liquid material before sewage treatment

49. The systematic study of our environment and our place in it is known as
____________.
A. Environmental Physics
B. Environmental Science p. 36 *Quiz 1
C. Environmental Chemistry
D. Environmental Biology

50. Criteria for environmental literacy have been suggested by the National
Environmental Education Advancement Project in Wisconsin. These criteria
include:
I. Awareness
II. Appreciation
III. Natural
IV. Built environment

A. I, II, III
B. I, III, IV
C. II, III, IV
D. I, II, III, IV p. 36

51. Which class of fire can ONLY be put off by special fusing powders?
A. M p. 133
B. C
C. A
D. B

52. Which of the following has something to do with oxygen?

A. Starvation
B. Smothering p. 132
C. Cooling
D. Warming

53. Which of the following is used as flavouring chemical?

A. KNO3
B. NaHCO3
C. NaHClO3
D. NaCl the table on page 136

54. “There are many chemical products that support human life” Which of the
following is TRUE about this statement?
I. Drugs
II. Plastics
III. Fertilisers
IV. Insecticide

A. III only
B. I, II, III and IV p. 8
C. I, III and IV only
D. II and IV only

55. Salt is good but too much of it is bad. This is because it can cause ______.
A. cancer
B. high blood pressure p. 85 (column 7 of the table)
C. low blood pressure
D. dental carries

56. The proliferation of nuclear reactors has given rise to ________.

A. incineration of solid waste
B. atmospheric pollution
C. water pollution
D. accumulation of stockpile nuclear waste p. 168
 DISCLAIMER!!!
UCC, as a top-notch educational institution, has loads of questions in its bank and is
well versed in the setting of examination questions. The likelihood of shying away
from past questions and setting totally new questions from the modules is very high,
and candidates are hereby cautioned not to rely ENTIRELY on past questions;
neglecting their modules in the process. Thank you.

SEPTEMBER 2021.