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Assignment 2 F24 Solutions

The document outlines an assignment for a Materials Science course, focusing on unit cells, atomic packing factors, and the differences between isotropic and anisotropic behavior. It includes questions on alloytropy, crystal structures, and the mechanical properties of metals and ceramics, along with calculations related to iridium's crystal structure. Additionally, it discusses defects in crystalline materials and their influence on mechanical properties.

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4 views13 pages

Assignment 2 F24 Solutions

The document outlines an assignment for a Materials Science course, focusing on unit cells, atomic packing factors, and the differences between isotropic and anisotropic behavior. It includes questions on alloytropy, crystal structures, and the mechanical properties of metals and ceramics, along with calculations related to iridium's crystal structure. Additionally, it discusses defects in crystalline materials and their influence on mechanical properties.

Uploaded by

ishakhasan365
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENGG*2120 – Materials Science

Assignment #2

Chapter 3:
1. Draw the three most common unit cells for metals. In each case, give:
a. The coordination number
b. The number of atoms/unit cell
c. The atomic packing factor

2. Prove that the atomic packing factor for BCC is 0.68?


3. What is the difference between isotropic and anisotropic behaviour?

Anisotropic behaviour results when properties (such as stiffness) are dependant on the
crystallographic direction. For isotropic behaviour, properties are identical in all
directions. Polycrystalline materials tend to show isotropic behaviour since many grains
are randomly oriented while single crystal materials tend to show more anisotropic
behaviour since crystals are oriented in one direction only.

4. What is alloytropy/polymorphism?

A material that can appear with more than one crystal structure is
allotropic/polymorphic.

Allotropy refers to elements that show this behaviour and polymorphic refers to
compounds with this same behaviour.

5. Vanadium has an atomic radius of 1.32 Angstroms (1 angstrom = 1x10-8 cm) and a
density of 6.1 g/cm3. Determine whether it has an FCC or BCC crystal structure.
Questions from Askeland & Wright (7th ed.): Chapter 3-15, -17, -27, -96
The metal iridium has an FCC crystal structure. If the angle of diffraction for the (220) set of
planes occurs at 69.22 (first-order reflection) when monochromatic x-radiation having a
wavelength of 0.1542 nm is used, compute (a) the interplanar spacing for this set of planes, and
(b) the atomic radius for an iridium atom.

(a) From the data given in the problem, and realizing that 69.22° = 2θ, the interplanar spacing for
the (220) set of planes for iridium may be computed using

n (1)(0.1542 nm)
d220 = = = 0.1357 nm
2 sin   69.22 
(2) sin 
 2 

(b) In order to compute the atomic radius we must first determine the lattice parameter, a,

and then R. Since Ir has an FCC crystal structure. Therefore,

a = d220 (2) 2 + (2) 2 + (0) 2 = (0.1357 nm) ( 8 ) = 0.3838 nm

And

a 0.3838 nm
R = = = 0.1357 nm
2 2 2 2


Chapter 4:

1. With the aid of sketches, briefly explain:


a) Frenkel versus Schottky defects
b) The influence of dislocation density on mechanical properties of a metal.
c) The influence of substitutional atoms on mechanical properties.
d) The effect of grain size on mechanical properties.
2. Explain what role point, line and surface defects in crystalline materials play in
determining the mechanical properties of a metal.
3. Why are ceramic materials brittle?

Ceramic materials are usually ionic or covalently bonded. Materials held together with
either bond tend to be resistant to slip and fracture occurs before plastic deformation.

4. Why is the theoretical strength of metals much higher than the experimentally
observed strength?

The movement of dislocations within a metallic materials, known as slip, can greatly
reduce the strength from the theoretical values. If slip occurs then only the metallic
bonds occurring along the interface need to be broken. This reduces the theoretical
strength of materials.

5. Our discussion of Schmid’s law dealt with single crystals of a metal. Discuss slip and
Schmid’s law in a polycrystalline material. What might happen as the grain size gets
smaller and smaller?

With smaller grains, the movement of the dislocations in impeded by frequent


intersections with the grain boundaries. The strength of metals is not nearly as low as
might be predicted from the critical resolved shear stress as a consequence of these
interactions.

6. Why is cross-slip in BCC and FCC metals easier than in HCP metals? How does this
influence the ductility of BCC, FCC, and HCP metals?
An HCP materials only possesses 3 slip systems at room temperature while FCC and
BCC have 12 and 48 respectively. The more slip systems results in high ductility for
FCC and BCC materials compared to the more brittle HCP material.

Questions from Askeland & Wright (7th ed.): Chapter 4-5, -51

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