An Industrial Oriented Mini Project Report

On
“Electronics Component Identification From Voice”
Submitted to

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
“Computer Science & Engineering”
By

MS Vasavi [21E31A0553]
E Rajeshwari [21E31A0527]
K Chintu [21E31A0542]

Under the guidance of

DR. R. Nakkeeran, M.E, Ph.D.

Hod & Professor
Department Of C.S.E

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

MAHAVEER INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE Accredited by NAAC with A Grade)

Vyasapuri , Bandlaguda, Post: Keshavgiri, Hyderabad-500005

2024-2025

i
 MAHAVEER INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE Accredited by NAAC with A Grade)

Vyasapuri, Bandlaguda, Post: Keshavgiri, Hyderabad-500005

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the industrial oriented mini project work report entitled
“ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS IDENTIFICATION FROM VOICE” which
is being submitted By MS Vasavi [21E31A0553] , E Rajeshwari [21E31A0527],K
Chintu [21E31A0542] in partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in COMPUTER SCIENCE &
ENGINEERING of JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSIT, is a record of the Bonafide work carried out by them under our
guidance and supervision.

Dr. R. Nakkeeran, M. E, Ph.D. Dr. R. Nakkeeran, M. E, Ph.D.

Professor & HOD Professor & HOD

External Examiner Dr. V. Usha Shree

principal

ii
 DECLARATION

We here by declare that the Major project work entitle “ELECTRONICS

COMPONENTS IDENTIFICATION FROM VOICE” submitted to the Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, is a record of original work done by us.
This project work is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
of the B.TECH in Computer Science and Engineering.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deepfelt appreciation gratitude to
DR. R. Nakkeeran Professor & HOD, Department of C.S.E, our project guide, for
his skilful guidance, constant supervision, timely suggestion, keen interest and
encouragement in completing the individual seminar within the stipulated time.

We wish to express our gratitude to Mr. M. Sreenivas Reddy, Project Co-

ordinator, who has shown keen interest and even rendered his valuable guidance is in
terms of suggestions and encouragement extended to me with an immense care and
zeal. .

We express our thanks to Dr. V. Usha Shree , Principal of our college and the
management of Mahaveer Institute of Science & Technology for providing
excellent academic environment in the college .

We wish to express our gratitude to the Members of staff and all others who
helped us in more than one way. We would also like to thank the Lab assistants and
Programmers for helping us through our project.

MS Vasavi [21E31A0553]

E Rajeshwari [21E31A0527]

K Chintu [21E31A0542]

ABSTRACT
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 This project describes the architecture of a door phone embedded system with
interactive voice response. Because speech technology is not 100% reliable, the
emphasis was on parts that have greater impact on overall performance (audio
capture, speech recognition and verification, and power consumption). Using an
embedded microphone array increases speech recognition effectiveness in very noisy
environments. To increase the speech recognition performance, a null grammar with
confidence measure support was used. The speaker verification module was also
optimized for nosy environments (using the cepstral mean normalization technique
and a universal background mode.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENT

NAME OF TOPICS PAGE NO

1. Introduction 1
1.1 Aim 1
1.2 Objective 1
2. Literature survey 2
3. System Analysis 3
3.1 Existing System 3
3.1.1 Existing System Disadvantages 3
3.2 Proposed System 3
3.2.1 Proposed System Disadvantages 4
3.3 Hardware Requirements & Software Requirements 4
3.1.1 Hard Requirements 4
3.1.2 Software Requirements 4
4. Algorithms 5

4.1 Speech Recognition Algorithm 5

4.2 Audio Feature Extraction Algorithm 5

4.3 Natural Language Processing (NLP) Algorithm 6

4.4 Database Matching Algorithm 7

4.5 Machine Learning for Classification 7

4.6 Text-to-Speech (TTS) Algorithms 8

4.7 Workflow and Integration Algorithm 8

5. Overview Of Concepts 9
5.1 What Is Python 9

5.2 Advantages Of Python 10

5.3 Advantages Of Python Over Other Languages 12

vi
 5.4 Disadvantages Of Python 12

5.5 History Of Python 14

5.6 What Is Machine Learning 14

5.7 Categories of Machine Learning 15

5.8 Applications Of Machine Learning 16

5.9 How To Start Machine Learning 17

5.10 Python Development Steps 19

6. System Design 25
6.1 Architecture 25
6.1 UML Diagrams 25
6.1.1 Use Case Diagrams 27
6.1.2 Class Case Diagrams 28
6.1.3 Sequential Diagrams 29
6.1.4 Collaboration Diagrams 30
7. Implementation 31

7.1 How To Install Python On Windows 31

7.2 Installation Of Python 34

7.3 Code Snippets 37

8. Testing 42

8.1 System Testing 42

8.2 Types Of Testing 42

8.2.1 Black Box Testing 42

8.2.2 White Box Testing 42

8.2.3 Unit Testing 42

8.2.4 Integration Testing 43

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 8.2.5 Functional Test 43

8.2.6 System Testing 43

8.3 Test Strategy & Approach 43

9. Output Screen 45

10. Conclusion 48

References 49

LIST OF FIGURES

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Figure Number Page No
6.1 System Architecture 25

6.2.1 Use Case Diagrams 27

6.2.2 Class Diagrams 28

6.2.3 Sequential Diagrams 29

6.2.4 Collaboration Diagram 30

9.1 Output Screen 1 45

9.2 Output Screen 2 46

9.3 Output Screen 3 46

9.4 Output Screen 4 47

ix
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aim
To achieve electronic component identification from voice input we would
need to build a system capable of processing audio commands and recognizing spoken
descriptions of various components. This would be especially helpful for helping
technicians or engineers identify and retrieve information about components hands-free.

1.2 Objective

Household electrical appliance control systems allow someone to control the

devices in the room of the house. Most of the control systems for household electrical
appliances still use conventional switches that require the awareness of the user to turn
off or turn on electrical appliances used in households. In this paper, a device is
developed to control household appliances through voice commands. Voice signal
processing has been developed for this, where the human voice is processed to be
converted to be understood by a respondent so that spoken commands can be responded
to by controlled equipment. Voice recognition is a method of processing voice signals.
With this method, a system that can control household electrical appliances by voice
commands can be developed. Household electrical appliances such as lights, fans, and
water pumps are the essential appliances and are most often used by everyday
households. With the development on this system

1
 2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Housing Security System using Red Laser Pointer, Red Laser Pointer, Light
Dependent Resistor, and Digital Came

AUTHOR:

Nurkholis et a

ABSTRACT:

This project deals with a model of laser security alarm system design. Laser
security systems used to be difficult to install and rarely available to anyone other than
the super-rich. Now, there are dozens of different security systems on the market that
utilize lasers and can effectively protect everything from small apartments and businesses
to large areas of property. Most home laser security systems consist of two parts: a basic
alarm unit and an infrared motion detector. Laser based security system is a type of
security and alarm system that uses laser light and a light sensor. Why a laser to be used?
It is known that a laser light goes through long distance without any scattering effect
(disturbing) and it is only visible at source and the destination point so it can be used as
mediator between source and destination but to analyze the source a sensor is need, here
the use of LDR is applicable. Just analysis is not enough alerting should be done in
general alerting is sound effect so here buzzer act as alerting. Making use of this, a laser
security system is designed. Its working: There is a laser diode that generates the laser
beam which continuously strikes over the Light dependent resister sensors. When any
person crosses the path, it inhibits laser to reach LDR and the sensor generate a low
which is read by controller to power on the buzzer.

2
 3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 Existing System

Electronic component identification from voice involves recognizing spoken
words or commands related to electronic components and mapping them to a database of
components for retrieval or further processing. Electronic component identification from
voice involves recognizing spoken words or commands related to electronic components
and mapping them to a database of components for retrieval or further processing

3.1.1 Existing System Disadvantages

1. Less accuracy

2. Low efficiency

3. Incomplete data, fuzzy matching errors, and API limitations.

3.2 Proposed System

The system can be broken down into key components and subsystems, ensuring
modularity and scalability.

 Capture voice commands or queries related to electronic components by Using

a microphone or voice-capturing device connected to the system.

 Convert spoken words into text for further processing. Google Speech-to-Text
API, OpenAI Whisper, or Microsoft Azure Speech Services for real-time, high-accuracy
transcription.

 Parse the transcribed text to extract relevant keywords and component details.
NLP Parsing Framework Use spaCy or Hugging Face Transformers to identify
Component type (e.g., resistor, capacitor, IC).

 Map the extracted information to a database of electronic components by

Using APIs from existing databases

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 Speech/non-speech segmentation is also used to limit likelihood calculation to speech
frames with speaker-important information. This enhances the speaker verification
accuracy and calculation performance

3.2.1 Proposed System Advantages

1. High accuracy

2. High efficiency

3. Simplifies searching for electronic components

3.3 Hardware & Software Requirements

3.3.1 Hardware Requirements

 System : i5 or above.
 Ram : 4 GB.
 Hard Disk : 40 GB

3.3.2 Software Requirements

 Operating system : Windows 11 or Above.

 Coding Language : python

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 4. ALGORITHMS

4.1 Speech Recognition Algorithm

Objective: Convert spoken language into text.

 Hidden Markov Models (HMMs):

o Used in traditional speech recognition systems to model sequences of

speech sounds.

o Probabilistically maps audio features to text.

o Example: CMU Sphinx, Kaldi.

 Deep Neural Networks (DNNs):

o Modern systems use DNNs to improve the accuracy of speech-to-text

conversion.

o Works well with large datasets to handle variability in speech.

o Example: Google Speech-to-Text, Whisper.

 Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs):

o Specifically Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) or Gated Recurrent Units

(GRUs) to model temporal dependencies in audio data.

4.2 Audio Feature Extraction Algorithm

Objective: Extract meaningful features from audio signals.

 Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs):

o A standard technique for converting audio signals into a compact feature

representation.

o Widely used in traditional ASR systems.

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  Spectrogram Analysis:

o Converts audio signals into visual representations for feature extraction.

o Example: Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) or Mel-Spectrogram.

 Log-Mel Features:

o Used in modern neural networks for efficient audio processing.

4.3 Natural Language Processing (NLP) Algorithm

Objective: Process the transcribed text to identify relevant information about

components.

 Named Entity Recognition (NER):

o Extracts specific entities from text, such as component names, values, and
package types.

o Example: Pre-trained NER models in spaCy or Hugging Face

Transformers.

 Intent Recognition:

o Identifies the user’s intent, e.g., searching for a component, asking for
specifications, or finding equivalents.

o Algorithms: Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Random Forests, or

Transformer-based classifiers.

 Dependency Parsing:

o Analyses the structure of the text to identify relationships between words.

o Example: Parsing "Find a 10kΩ resistor in an SMD package" to extract the

component type, value, and package.

 Word Embeddings and Contextual Representations:

6
 o Techniques like Word2Vec, GloVe, or BERT provide semantic
understanding of component-related terms.

4.4 Database Matching Algorithm

Objective: Match extracted information with a database of electronic components.

 Exact String Matching:

o Used for direct lookups based on part numbers or exact specifications.

 Fuzzy Matching:

o Algorithms like Lowenstein Distance or Fuzzy Wuzzy handle approximate

matches for misspelled or incomplete inputs.

 Similarity Metrics:

o Cosine Similarity or Jaccard Similarity to compare text descriptions with

database entries.

 Search Indexing:

o Algorithms like Elasticsearch or Lucene to enable efficient searching

across large component databases.

4.5 Machine Learning for Classification and Recommendation

Objective: Recommend or classify components based on input queries.

 Supervised Learning:

o Algorithms like Random Forests, Gradient Boosted Trees, or Neural

Networks can classify components into categories (e.g., resistors,
capacitors, ICs).

 Unsupervised Learning:

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 o Clustering algorithms (e.g., K-Means, DBSCAN) to group similar
components or values.

 Recommender Systems:

o Collaborative filtering or content-based filtering to suggest similar or

compatible components.

4.6 Text-to-Speech (TTS) Algorithm

Objective: Provide verbal feedback to the user.

 Concatenative TTS:

o Combines pre-recorded audio snippets for generating speech.

o Simple but lacks naturalness.

 Parametric TTS:

o Uses mathematical models to generate speech, offering more flexibility.

o Example: Hidden Markov Models for TTS.

 Neural TTS:

o Modern systems like Tacotron or Wave Net generate high-quality, natural-

sounding speech.

4.7 Workflow and Integration Algorithm

Objective: Coordinate between system components.

 Decision Trees:

o Used in simple systems to guide workflow decisions (e.g., whether to

refine the query or display results).

 Task Scheduling:

8
 o Algorithms like Priority Queues or Round Robin to manage multiple
simultaneous voice inputs or database queries.

5. OVERVIEW OF CONCEPTS

5.1 What is Python

Below are some facts about Python.

Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming

language.

Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms.

Python programs generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.

Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the

language, makes them readable all the time.

Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google,
Amazon, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.

The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard libraries which can
be used for the following –

 Machine Learning
 GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )
 Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
 Image processing (like OpenCV, Pillow)
 Web scraping (like Scrapy, Beautiful Soup, Selenium)
 Test frameworks
 Multimedia

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5.2 Advantages of Python
Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

1. Extensive Libraries
Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes
like regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers,
threading, databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have
to write the complete code for that manually.

2. Extensible
As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write
some of your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in
projects.

3. Embeddable
Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your
Python code in your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us
add scripting capabilities to our code in the other language.

4. Improved Productivity
The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more
productive than languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to
write less and get more things done.

5. IOT Opportunities
Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future
bright for the Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real
world.

When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’.
But in Python, just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to

10
 learn, understand, and code. This is why when people pick up Python, they have a
hard time adjusting to other more verbose languages like Java.

7. Readable
Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading
English. This is the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It also
does not need curly braces to define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This
further aids the readability of the code.

8. Object-Oriented
This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming
paradigms. While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us
model the real world. A class allows the encapsulation of data and functions into
one.

9. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download
Python for free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and
even distribute it. It downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to help you
with your tasks.

10. Portable
When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some
changes to it if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with
Python. Here, you need to code only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is
called Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA). However, you need to be careful
enough not to include any system-dependent features.

11. Interpreted
Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed
one by one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.

11
5.3 Advantages of Python Over Other Languages

1. Less Coding
Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task is
done in other languages. Python also has an awesome standard library support, so
you don’t have to search for any third-party libraries to get your job done. This is the
reason that many people suggest learning Python to beginners.

2. Affordable
Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can
leverage the free available resources to build applications. Python is popular and
widely used so it gives you better community support.

3.Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows.
Programmers need to learn different languages for different jobs but with Python,
you can professionally build web apps, perform data analysis and machine learning,
automate things, do web scraping and also build games and powerful visualizations.
It is an all-rounder programming language.

5.4 Disadvantages of Python

So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it,
you should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of
choosing Python over another language.

1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is
interpreted, it often results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless
speed is a focal point for the project. In other words, unless high speed is a

12
requirement, the benefits offered by Python are enough to distract us from its speed
limitations.

2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on

the client-side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based
applications. One such application is called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that
secure.

3. Design Restrictions

As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to
declare the type of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait,
what’s that? Well, it just means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While
this is easy on the programmers during coding, it can raise run-time errors.

4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase

Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database
access layers are a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in huge
enterprises.

5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my
example. I don’t do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple
that the verbosity of Java code seems unnecessary.

This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python Programming
Language.

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5.5 History of Python

If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that the programming
language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming language and
programming environment, which had been developed in the Netherlands, Amsterdam,
at the CWI (Centrum Wiskunde &Informatica). The greatest achievement of ABC was
to influence the design of Python. Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s. Guido
van Rossum worked that time in a project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed
operating system. In an interview with Bill Venners 1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the
early 1980s, I worked as an implementer on a team building a language called ABC at
Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI). I don't know how well people know ABC's
influence on Python. I try to mention ABC's influence because I'm indebted to
everything I learned during that project and to the people who worked on it. "Later on
in the same Interview, Guido van Rossum continued: "I remembered all my experience
and some of my frustration with ABC. I decided to try to design a simple scripting
language that possessed some of ABC's better properties, but without its problems. So I
started typing. I created a simple virtual machine, a simple parser, and a simple
runtime. I made my own version of the various ABC parts that I liked. I created a basic
syntax, used indentation for statement grouping instead of curly braces or begin-end
blocks, and developed a small number of powerful data types: a hash table (or
dictionary, as we call it), a list, strings, and numbers."

5.6 What is Machine Learning

Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods, let's start by
looking at what machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine learning is often
categorized as a subfield of artificial intelligence, but I find that categorization can often
be misleading at first brush. The study of machine learning certainly arose from research
in this context, but in the data science application of machine learning methods, it's more
helpful to think of machine learning as a means of building models of data.

14
 Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to help
understand data. "Learning" enters the fray when we give these models tunable
parameters that can be adapted to observed data; in this way the program can be
considered to be "learning" from the data. Once these models have been fit to previously
seen data, they can be used to predict and understand aspects of newly observed data. I'll
leave to the reader the more philosophical digression regarding the extent to which this
type of mathematical, model-based "learning" is similar to the "learning" exhibited by the
human brain. Understanding the problem setting in machine learning is essential to using
these tools effectively, and so we will start with some broad categorizations of the types
of approaches we'll discuss here.

5.7 Categories Of Machine Leaning

At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into two main
types: supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship between

measured features of data and some label associated with the data; once this model is
determined, it can be used to apply labels to new, unknown data. This is further
subdivided into classification tasks and regression tasks: in classification, the labels
are discrete categories, while in regression, the labels are continuous quantities.

We will see examples of both types of supervised learning in the following section.

Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without reference

to any label, and is often described as "letting the dataset speak for itself." These
models include tasks such as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering
algorithms identify distinct groups of data, while dimensionality reduction algorithms
search for more succinct representations of the data. We will see examples of both
types of unsupervised learning in the following section.

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Need for Machine Learning
Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced species on
earth because they can think, evaluate and solve complex problems. On the other side, AI
is still in its initial stage and haven’t surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then
the question is that what is the need to make machine learn? The most suitable reason for
doing this is, “to make decisions, based on data, with efficiency and scale”.

Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like Artificial

Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the key information from data
to perform several real-world tasks and solve problems. We can call it data-driven
decisions taken by machines, particularly to automate the process. These data-driven
decisions can be used, instead of using programing logic, in the problems that cannot be
programmed inherently. The fact is that we can’t do without human intelligence, but
other aspect is that we all need to solve real-world problems with efficiency at a huge
scale. That is why the need for machine learning arises.

5.8 Applications of Machines Learning

Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to

researchers we are in the golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-
world complex problems which cannot be solved with traditional approach. Following
are some real-world applications of ML –

 Emotion analysis
 Sentiment analysis
 Error detection and prevention
 Weather forecasting and prediction
 Stock market analysis and forecasting
 Speech synthesis
 Speech recognition
 Customer segmentation

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  Object recognition
 Fraud detection
 Fraud prevention
 Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

5.9 How to Start Learning Machine Learning?

Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and defined it as
a “Field of study that gives computers the capability to learn without being
explicitly programmed”.
And that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times, Machin Learning
is one of the most popular (if not the most!) career choices. According to Indeed,
Machine Learning Engineer Is The Best Job of 2019 with a 344% growth and an
average base salary of $146,085 per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine Learning and how to
start learning it? So this article deals with the Basics of Machine Learning and also the
path you can follow to eventually become a full-fledged Machine Learning Engineer.
Now let’s get started!!!

How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an insanely
talented Machine Learning Engineer. Of course, you can always modify the steps
according to your needs to reach your desired end-goal.

Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites

In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are some
prerequisites that you need to know which include Linear Algebra, Multivariate
Calculus, Statistics, and Python. And if you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t
need a Ph.D. degree in these topics to get started but you do need a basic
understanding.

17
(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus

Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine

Learning. However, the extent to which you need them depends on your role as a data
scientist. If you are more focused on application heavy machine learning, then you
will not be that heavily focused on maths as there are many common libraries
available. But if you want to focus on R&D in Machine Learning, then mastery of
Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus is very important as you will have to
implement many ML algorithms from scratch.

(b) Learn Statistics

Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your time as an
ML expert will be spent collecting and cleaning data. And statistics is a field that
handles the collection, analysis, and presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you
need to it
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical Significance,
Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian
Thinking is also a very important part of ML which deals with various concepts like
Conditional Probability, Priors, and Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.

(c) Learn Python

Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and Statistics
and learn them as they go along with trial and error. But the one thing that you
absolutely
cannot skip is Python! While there are other languages you can use for Machine
Learning like R, Scala, etc. Python is currently the most popular language for ML. In
fact, there are many Python libraries that are specifically useful for Artificial
Intelligence and Machine Learning such as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc.

18
Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts

Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually
learning ML (Which is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and then move
on to the more complicated stuff. Some of the basic concepts in ML are:

(b) Types of Machine Learning

Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training dataset with labeled
data using classification and regression models. This learning process continues until
the required level of performance is achieved.
Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and then finding the
underlying structure in the data in order to learn more and more about the data itself
using factor and cluster analysis models.
Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised
Learning with a small amount of labeled data. Using labeled data vastly increases the
learning accuracy and is also more cost-effective than Supervised Learning.
Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions through trial and
error. So the next action is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current
state and that will maximize the reward in the future.
5.10 Advantages of Machine learning

1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends
and patterns that would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce
website like Amazon, it serves to understand the browsing behaviors and purchase
histories of its users to help cater to the right products, deals, and reminders relevant to
them. It uses the results to reveal relevant advertisements to them.

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2. No human intervention needed (automation)

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it
means giving machines the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also
improve the algorithms on their own. A common example of this is anti-virus softwares;
they learn to filter new threats as they are recognized. ML is also good at recognizing
spam.

3. Continuous Improvement

As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and

efficiency. This lets them make better decisions. Say you need to make a weather
forecast model. As the amount of data you have keeps growing, your algorithms learn to
make more accurate predictions faster.

4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-
dimensional and multi-variety, and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain
environments.

5. Wide Applications

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you.
Where it does apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal
experience to customers while also targeting the right customers.

5.11 Disadvantages of Machine Learning

1. Data Acquisition

Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be
inclusive/unbiased, and of good quality. There can also be times where they must wait
for new data to be generated.

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2. Time and Resources

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill
their purpose with a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs
massive resources to function. This can mean additional requirements of computer
power for you.

3. Interpretation of Results

Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by

the algorithms. You must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.

4. High error-susceptibility

Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you

train an algorithm with data sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with
biased predictions coming from a biased training set. This leads to irrelevant
advertisements being displayed to customers. In the case of ML, such blunders can set
off a chain of errors that can go undetected for long periods of time. And when they do
get noticed, it takes quite some time to recognize the source of the issue, and even
longer to correct it.

Python 3 had been on the removal of duplicate programming constructs and

modules, thus fulfilling or coming close to fulfilling the 13th law of the Zen of Python:
"There should be one -- and preferably only one -- obvious way to do it."Some changes
in Python 7.3:

Print is now a function

Views and iterators instead of lists

The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a heterogeneous list
cannot be sorted, because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each other.

21
There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.

The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to
have the "old" behavior.

Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose

We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-retinal

layers—even with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and
different intensity ranges throughout—with the assistance of the ANIS feature.

Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a

Modules Used

TensorFlow

TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable
programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also used
for machine learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both
research and production at Google.‍

TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was
released under the Apache 2.0 open-source license on November 9, 2015.

NumPy

NumPy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-

performance multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.

22
It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains
various features including these important ones:

A powerful N-dimensional array object

Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multi-
dimensional container of generic data.

Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data

manipulation and analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python was majorly
used for data munging and preparation. It had very little contribution towards data
analysis. Pandas solved this problem. Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical
steps in the processing and analysis of data, regardless of the origin of data load,
prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze. Python with Pandas is used in a wide range
of fields including academic and commercial domains including finance, economics,
Statistics, analytics, etc.

Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures

in a variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms.
Matplotlib can be used in Python scripts, the Python and IPython shells,
the Jupyter Notebook, web application servers, and four graphical user interface
toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make easy things easy and hard things possible. You can
generate plots, histograms, power spectra, bar charts, error charts, scatter plots, etc.,
with just a few lines of code. For examples, see the sample plots and thumbnail
gallery.

23
For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface,
particularly when combined with IPython. For the power user, you have full control
of line styles, font properties, axes properties, etc, via an object oriented interface or
via a set of functions familiar to MATLAB users.

Scikit – learn

Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via

a consistent interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD
license and is distributed under many Linux distributions, encouraging academic and
commercial use. Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a
design philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant
whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It

supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative,
functional and procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

24
 6. SYSTEM DESIGN
6.1 Architecture

Architecture For System

6.2 UML Diagrams

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized general-

purpose modeling language in the field of object-oriented software engineering. The
standard is managed, and was created by, the Object Management Group.
The goal is for UML to become a common language for creating models of object
oriented computer software. In its current form UML is comprised of two major
components: a Meta-model and a notation. In the future, some form of method or process
may also be added to; or associated with, UML.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying,
Visualization, Constructing and documenting the artifacts of software system, as well as
for business modeling and other non-software systems.
25
 The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have proven
successful in the modeling of large and complex systems.
The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented software and
the software development process. The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express
the design of software projects.

GOALS

The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:

1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language so that they
can develop and exchange meaningful models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core concepts.
3. Be independent of particular programming languages and development process.
4. Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.
5. Encourage the growth of OO tools market.
6. Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations, frameworks,
patterns and components.
7. Integrate best practices

26
6.2.1 USE CASE DIAGRAM

A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a

type of behavioral diagram defined by and created from a Use-case analysis.
Its purpose is to present a graphical overview of the functionality provided
by a system in terms of actors, their goals (represented as use cases), and any
dependencies between those use cases. The main purpose of a use case
diagram is to show what system functions are performed for which actor.
Roles of the actors in the system can be depicted.

Use Case Diagram For User

27
6.2.2 CLASS DIAGRAM

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling

Language (UML) is a type of static structure diagram that describes the
structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes,
operations (or methods), and the relationships among the classes. It explains
which class contains information.

Class Diagram For User

28
 6.2.3 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind

of interaction diagram that shows how processes operate with one another
and in what order. It is a construct of a Message Sequence Chart. Sequence
diagrams are sometimes called event diagrams, event scenarios, and timing
diagrams.

Sequence Diagram For User and System

29
6.2.4 COLLABRATION DIAGRAM

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise

activities and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In
the Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams can be used to describe
the business and operational step-by-step workflows of components in a
system. An activity diagram shows the overall flow of control.

Collaboration Diagram For User And System

30
 7. IMPLEMENTATION

7.1 How to Install Python on Windows

There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The
question is how to install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is willing
to start learning Python but this tutorial will solve your query. The latest or the newest
version of Python is version 3.7.4 or in other words, it is Python 3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.

Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know about
your System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e. operating system and
based processor, you must download the python version. My system type is a Windows
64-bit operating system. So the steps below are to install python version 3.7.4 on
Windows 7 device or to install Python 3. Download the Python Cheat sheet here . The
steps on how to install Python on Windows 10, 8 and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help
understand better.

Download the Correct version into the system

Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or
any other web browser. OR Click on the following link: https://www.python.org

31
Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.

Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in Yellow
Color or you can scroll further down and click on download with respective to their
32
version. Here, we are downloading the most recent python version for windows 3.7.4

Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.

Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.

33
• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three options:
Windows x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer or Windows x86
web-based installer.

•To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three options:
Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable installer or
Windows x86-64 web-based installer.
7.2 Installation of Python
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the
installation process.

Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to
PATH.
Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.

With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and correctly

installed Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.

Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.

34
Verify the Python Installation
Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.

Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.

Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and press
Enter
Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4
Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must first
uninstall the earlier version and then install the new one.

Check how the Python IDLE works

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.

35
Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on File >
Click on Save

Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here I
have named the files as Hey World.

36
7.3 Code Snippets

from tkinter import messagebox

from tkinter import *

from tkinter import simpledialog

import tkinter

from tkinter import filedialog

from tkinter.filedialog import askopenfilename

import numpy as np

from scipy.io import wavfile

import sounddevice as sd

import subprocess

import speech_recognition as sr

import os

import cv2

r = sr.Recognizer()

main = tkinter.Tk()

37
main.title("Electronics Component Identification")

main.geometry("1300x1200")

def extract_loudest_section(audio, length):

audio = audio[:, 0].astype(np.float) # to avoid integer overflow when squaring

audio_pw = audio**2 # power

window = np.ones((length, ))

conv = np.convolve(audio_pw, window, mode="valid")

begin_index = conv.argmax()

return audio[begin_index:begin_index+length]

def startRecording():

global recorded_feature

text.delete('1.0', END)

samplerate = 16000

text.insert(END,"Please start recording\n\n")

text.update_idletasks()

recording = sd.rec(int(3 * samplerate), samplerate=samplerate, channels=1, dtype=np.float,

blocking=True)

recording = extract_loudest_section(recording, int(1*samplerate))

sd.play(recording, blocking=True)

if os.path.exists('record.wav'):

38
os.remove('record.wav')

wavfile.write("record.wav", samplerate, recording)

if os.path.exists('record1.wav'):

os.remove('record1.wav')

res = subprocess.check_output(os.getcwd()+'/model/ffmpeg.exe -i
'+os.getcwd()+'/record.wav -acodec pcm_s16le -ac 1 -ar 16000
'+os.getcwd()+'/record1.wav', shell=False)

print(recording.shape)

text.insert(END,"Recording completed")

text.update_idletasks()

def recognize():

global

text.delete('1.0', END)

with sr.AudioFile("record1.wav") as source:

audio = r.record(source)

try:

output = r.recognize_google(audio)

text.insert(END, "Your speech recognized as : " + output+"\n\n")

except sr.UnknownValueError:

text.insert(END, "Unable to recognized said word\n")

except sr.RequestError as e:

text.insert(END,"Audio Devices are not working\n")

39
output = output.lower().strip()

text.update_idletasks()

if os.path.exists("images/"+output+".jpg"):

img = cv2.imread("images/"+output+".jpg")

img = cv2.resize(img,(600,400))

cv2.putText(img, 'Electronic Identified as : '+output, (10, 25),

cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX,0.7, (0, 255, 0), 2)

cv2.imshow('Electronic Identified as : '+output, img)

cv2.waitKey(0)

else:

text.insert(END,"Said word not found in database\n")

text.update_idletasks()

font = ('times', 16, 'bold')

title = Label(main, text='Electronics Component Identification')

title.config(bg='light cyan', fg='pale violet red')

title.config(font=font)

title.config(height=3, width=120)

title.place(x=0,y=5)

40
font1 = ('times', 14, 'bold')

startButton = Button(main, text="Start Recording", command=startRecording)

startButton.place(x=50,y=150)

startButton.config(font=font1)

recognizeButton = Button(main, text="Recognize Speech", command=recognize)

recognizeButton.place(x=250,y=150)

recognizeButton.config(font=font1)

font1 = ('times', 12, 'bold')

text=Text(main,height=20,width=150)

scroll=Scrollbar(text)

text.configure(yscrollcommand=scroll.set)

text.place(x=10,y=250)

41
text.config(font=font1)

main.config(bg='snow3')

main.mainloop

8. TESTING

8.1 SYSTEM TEST

The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover
every conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the
functionality of components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is
the process of exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system
meets its requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner.

8.2 TYPES OF TESTS

8.2.1 Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the
inner workings, structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most
other kinds of tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as
specification or requirements document, such as specification or requirements document.
It is a testing in which the software under test is treated.

8.2.2 White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has
knowledge of the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its
purpose. It is purpose. It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box
level.

8.2.3 Unit testing

42
 Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal
program logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All
decision branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of
individual software units of the application .it is done after the completion of an
individual unit before integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of
its construction and is

8.2.4 Integration testing

Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components
to determine if they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more
concerned with the basic outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that
although the components were individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit
testing, the combination of components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is
specifically aimed at exposing the problems that arise from the combination of
components.

8.2.5 Functional test

Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are
available as specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation,
and user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be

exercised.

8.2.6 System Test

System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets
requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An

43
example of system testing is the configuration oriented system integration test. System
testing is based on process descriptions and flows

8.3 Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be

written in detail.
Test objectives
 All field entries must work properly.
 Pages must be activated from the identified link.
 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.

Features to be tested
 Verify that the entries are of the correct format
 No duplicate entries should be allowed
 All links should take the user to the correct page.

44
 9. OUTPUT SCREENS

To run project double click on ‘run.bat’ file to get below screen

Figure 9.1

In above screen click on ‘Start Recording’ button and then speak any name
of electronic component such as ‘ic, resistor, register, diode, switch, relay

45
motor, led, fuse, capacitor and battery. After recording voice then you will
get message as ‘Recording Completed’ and after getting message click on
‘Recognize Speech’ button to identify component.

Figure 9.2

In above screen recording is started and after 3 second will get message as
‘Recording Completed’ and then you will click on ‘Recognize Speech’
button to get below output

46
 Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4
In above screen if word not found in database then it will display error message

47
Note: while execution if application hang then re-execute code

10. CONCLUSION
Identifying electronic components through voice recognition is an innovative
solution that simplifies the search and retrieval process, making it especially useful for
engineers, hobbyists, and technicians. By integrating cutting-edge technologies like
speech-to-text, natural language processing (NLP), and robust component databases, such
a system can transform how electronic components are identified and accessed. It
represents a promising step toward modernizing how electronic components are searched
and utilized in the industry

48
 10. REFERENCES
[1] Nurkholis et al. “Housing Security System using Red Laser Pointer, Red Laser
Pointer, Light Dependent Resistor, and Digital Camera .2015., Sunan Kalijaga Islamic
State University

[2] Rabiner. L.R.; Juang. B.H.,2006; Speech Recognition: Statistical Methods, America,
Elsevier Ltd.

[3] Juang. B.H.; Rabiner. L.R.,1991; Hidden Markov Models for Speech Recognition,
Amerika, Technimetrics.

[4] Natural Language Processing with Python by Steven Bird, Ewan Klein, and Edward
Loper.

[5] Speech and Language Processing by Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin.

[6] Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing by Palash Goyal, Sumit Pandey, and
Karan Jain.

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