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Advanced PLC 2

The document discusses output units in PLCs, explaining sourcing and sinking configurations, and the types of output units such as Relay, Transistor, and Triac. It covers analog output signals, digital-to-analog converters (DAC), and the importance of signal conditioning for interfacing sensors with PLC input units. Additionally, it describes methods for changing voltage levels using voltage dividers and amplifiers, particularly in the context of analog signals from sensors.

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Sherif Said
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15 views22 pages

Advanced PLC 2

The document discusses output units in PLCs, explaining sourcing and sinking configurations, and the types of output units such as Relay, Transistor, and Triac. It covers analog output signals, digital-to-analog converters (DAC), and the importance of signal conditioning for interfacing sensors with PLC input units. Additionally, it describes methods for changing voltage levels using voltage dividers and amplifiers, particularly in the context of analog signals from sensors.

Uploaded by

Sherif Said
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ADVANCED PLC

Dr. Tamer Fetouh


OUTPUT UNITS

• With a PLC output unit, when it provides the current for the output device
(Figure 4.6a) it is said to be sourcing, and when the output device
provides the current to the output unit, it is said to be sinking (Figure 4.6b).
• Sinking input units are used for interfacing with electronic equipment
• Sourcing output units are used for interfacing with solenoids.
OUTPUT UNITS

• Output units can be Relay, Transistor, or Triac.


OUTPUT UNITS
OUTPUT UNITS
ANALOG OUTPUT SIGNAL
• Analog outputs are frequently required and can be provided by
digital-to-analog converters (DAC) at the output channel.
• The input to the converter is a sequence of bits with each bit along a
parallel line.
• Figure 4.10 shows the basic function of the converter.
DIGITAL -TO- ANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
DIGITAL -TO- ANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
• Analog output modules are usually provided in a number of outputs,
such as:
4 to 20 mA,
0 to 5 V DC,
0 to 10 V DC
• The appropriate output is selected by switches on the module.
• Modules generally have outputs in two forms:
➢All the outputs have a common voltage supply
➢Each output has its own individual voltage supply
• Figure 4.11 shows the basic principles of these two forms of output.
Example 1
For a 12-bits DAC with a full-scale output voltage varies
between 0 ~ 10 V, find:
1. The DAC resolution
2. The output voltage equivalent to input signal of
(111000111011).
3. Find the digital input required to produce (4.7 v) at the
output
Example 1
- The DAC resolution
n = 12 bits

𝒇𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒏
= 𝟏𝟐 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟐
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟓
- The digital input required to produce (4.7 v) at the output.
Y = 4.7 * 4095/10 = 1,924.65 ≈ 1924
Digital input = (0111 1000 0100)2
- The output voltage equivalent to input signal of (111000111011).
(111000111011)2 = (3643)10
Input voltage = 3643 * 10/4095 = 8.896 volt
Real
10
𝑿 𝑽

Analog Voltage
𝒏
=
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏𝟎

V
𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏
𝑿= ∗𝑽
𝟏𝟎

Integer Decimal
0
𝟏𝟎 0 X 2n-1
𝑽= 𝒏 ∗𝑿
𝟐 −𝟏
Convert to binary
Analog ⇄
Digital
Conversion

𝑽 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏 … . . 𝟎𝟏 𝟐

𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍


𝑿 = 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒓( ∗ 𝑽)
𝟏𝟎 𝑿𝟏𝟎 ⇐ 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏 … . . 𝟎𝟏 𝟐

𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝟏𝟎


𝑽= 𝒏 ∗𝑿
𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏 … . . 𝟎𝟏 𝟐 ⇐ 𝑿𝟏𝟎 𝟐 −𝟏

ADC DAC
SIGNAL CONDITIONING

• When connecting sensors that generate digital or discrete signals to an


input unit, care has to be taken to ensure that voltage levels match.

• However, many sensors generate analog signals.

• To avoid having a multiplicity of analog input channels to cope with the


wide diversity of analog signals that can be generated by sensors,
external signal conditioning is often used to bring analog signals to a
common range and so allow a standard form of analog input channel to
be used.
SIGNAL CONDITIONING

• A common standard that is used (Figure 4.12) is to convert analog signals


to a current in the range 4 to 20 mA by passing it through a 250 Ω
resistance to give a 1 to 5 V input signal.
• Thus, for example, a sensor used to monitor liquid level in the height
range 0 to 1 m would have the 0 level represented by 4 mA and the 1 m
represented by 20 mA.
• The use of 4 mA to represent the low end of the analog range serves the
purpose of distinguishing between when the sensor is indicating zero and
when the sensor is not working and giving zero response for that reason.
• The 4 mA also is often a suitable current to operate a sensor and so
eliminate the need for a separate power supply.
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
CHANGING VOLTAGE LEVELS
1. Voltage Divider
• It can be used to reduce a voltage from a sensor to the required level;
the output voltage level is:
CHANGING VOLTAGE LEVELS

2. Amplifiers
• It can be used to increase the voltage level.
• Figure 4.14 shows the basic form of the circuits that might be used with a
741 operational amplifier with:
(a) Inverting amplifier

(b) Noninverting amplifier


CHANGING VOLTAGE LEVELS
CHANGING VOLTAGE LEVELS
• Often a differential amplifier is needed to amplify the difference
between two input voltages.
• Such is the case when a sensor - for example, a strain gauge - is
connected in a Wheatstone bridge and the output is the difference
between two voltages or with a thermocouple where the voltage
difference between the hot and cold junctions is required.

 Figure 4.15 shows the basic form of an


operational amplifier circuit for this
purpose.
 The output voltage Vout is:
CHANGING VOLTAGE LEVELS

• As an illustration of the use of signal conditioning, Figure 4.16 shows


the arrangement that might be used for a strain gauge sensor.
• The sensor is connected in a Wheatstone bridge and the out-of-
balance potential difference amplified by a differential amplifier
before being fed via an analog-to-digital converter unit, which is
part of the analog input port of the PLC.
CHANGING VOLTAGE LEVELS

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