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PHYSICS 9702/41
Paper 4 A Level Structured Questions October/November 2024

2 hours

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 100.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 24 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (DE) 345927
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Data

acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2

speed of light in free space c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1

elementary charge e = 1.60 × 10–19 C

unified atomic mass unit 1 u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg

rest mass of proton mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg

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rest mass of electron me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg

Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1

gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2

permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10–12 F m–1

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1
( = 8.99 × 109 m F–1)
4rf0

Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s

Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4

Formulae

uniformly accelerated motion s = ut + 12 at 2

v 2 = u 2 + 2as

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hydrostatic pressure ∆p = ρg∆h

upthrust F = ρgV

fs v
Doppler effect for sound waves fo = v ! v
s

electric current I = Anvq

resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + ...

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1 1 1
resistors in parallel = + + ...
R R1 R2

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GM
gravitational potential ϕ =– r

GMm
gravitational potential energy EP = – r

1 Nm
pressure of an ideal gas p = 3 V 〈c2〉

simple harmonic motion a = – ω 2x

velocity of particle in s.h.m. v = v0 cos ωt

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v = !ω (x 02 - x 2)

Q
electric potential V =
4rf0 r

Qq
electrical potential energy EP =
4rf0 r

1 1 1
capacitors in series = + + ...
C C1 C2

capacitors in parallel C = C1 + C2 + ...

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t
discharge of a capacitor x = x 0 e - RC

BI
Hall voltage VH =
ntq

alternating current/voltage x = x0 sin ωt

radioactive decay x = x0e–λt

0.693
decay constant λ =
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t1
2

IR (Z - Z 2) 2
intensity reflection coefficient = 1
I0 (Z 1 + Z 2) 2

Stefan–Boltzmann law L = 4πσr 2T 4

∆λ Df v
Doppler redshift á ác
λ f
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1 (a) State Newton’s law of gravitation.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A planet may be considered as a uniform sphere.

A satellite is in circular orbit of period T around the planet at a height h above the surface.

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The height of the orbit can be adjusted by use of the satellite’s rocket engines.
2
Fig. 1.1 shows the variation with h of T 3 .

1600

1200
2 2
T 3 / s3

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800

400

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
h / 106 m

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Fig. 1.1

(i) By reference to forces, explain why the orbit of the satellite is circular.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(ii) Use Newton’s law of gravitation to show that h and T are related by
GA 2
(h + B)3 = T
4π2
where G is the gravitational constant and A and B are constants that depend on the
properties of the planet.
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[3]

(iii) Use the gradient and intercept of the line in Fig. 1.1 to determine values for A and B.
Give units with your answers.
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A = ....................................... unit ..................

B = ....................................... unit ..................

[5]

[Total: 12]
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2 (a) Define specific heat capacity.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Two solid blocks X and Y are made from different metals. The blocks have different initial
temperatures. Block Y is initially at room temperature.

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The blocks are placed in direct thermal contact with each other at time t = 0. Fig. 2.1 shows
the variation with t of the temperatures of the two blocks.

100

75 X

temperature / °C

50

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25 Y

0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
t / min

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Fig. 2.1

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(i) State three conclusions that may be drawn from Fig. 2.1. The conclusions may be
qualitative or quantitative.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) The ratio mass of block Y is equal to 1.3.

mass of block X
The metal in block Y has a specific heat capacity of 901 J kg–1 K–1.

Determine the specific heat capacity of the metal in block X.

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specific heat capacity = .......................................... J kg–1 K–1 [3]

[Total: 8]
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3 (a) (i) State what is meant by the Avogadro constant.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the relationship between the Avogadro constant NA, the molar gas constant R and
the Boltzmann constant k.

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[1]

(b) Two samples X and Y of ideal gases are both at thermodynamic temperature T.

Sample X has volume V and consists of N molecules, each of mass m.

Sample Y has volume 2V and consists of 2N molecules, each of mass 2m.

(i) Complete Table 3.1 by giving expressions, in terms of some or all of N, m, T, V and the

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constants in (a)(ii), for the quantities indicated.

Table 3.1

sample X sample Y

pressure

amount of
substance

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mean-square speed
of molecules

internal energy

[4]
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(ii) The temperature of sample X is now varied.

On Fig. 3.1, sketch the variation with thermodynamic temperature of the root-mean-
square (r.m.s.) speed of the molecules of the gas.

r.m.s. speed
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0
0
thermodynamic temperature

Fig. 3.1

[2]

[Total: 8]
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4 (a) State what is meant by simple harmonic motion.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A block is suspended from a spring, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

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spring

block

floor

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Fig. 4.1

The block is pulled down and released at time t = 0. It then oscillates vertically with simple
harmonic motion.

Fig. 4.2 shows the variation of the velocity v of the block with height h of the base of the block
above the floor.

10

v / cm s–1

0 DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
h / cm

–5
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–10

Fig. 4.2

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(i) Determine the amplitude, in cm, of the oscillations.

amplitude = .................................................... cm [1]

(ii) Show that the angular frequency of the oscillations is 3.2 rad s–1.
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[2]

(iii) Calculate the period T of the oscillations.

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T = ....................................................... s [2]

(iv) On Fig. 4.3, sketch the variation of h with time t from t = 0 to t = 6.0 s.

10.0

h / cm

7.5
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5.0

2.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/s
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Fig. 4.3

[4]

[Total: 11]

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5 (a) State the relationship between electric field and electric potential.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Two charged isolated insulating spheres X and Y are near to each other, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

X Y

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P

Fig. 5.1

P is a point on the line joining the centres of the spheres.

Explain why it is not possible for the total electric potential and the resultant electric field to
simultaneously be zero at point P.

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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) The magnitudes of the charges on spheres X and Y in Fig. 5.1 are Q and 2Q respectively.
The spheres may be considered as point charges at their centres.

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Point P is a distance x from the centre of sphere X.

The electric potential at point P is zero.

(i) Show that the distance y of point P from the centre of sphere Y is equal to 2x.

[2]
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(ii) State an expression, in terms of Q, x and the permittivity of free space ε0, for the electric
field strength EX at P due to sphere X.

EX = ......................................................... [1]

(iii) Determine an expression, in terms of Q, x and ε0, for the resultant electric field strength
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E at point P due to the two spheres.

E = ......................................................... [2]
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[Total: 10]
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6 (a) (i) State what is meant by rectification of an alternating voltage.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the difference between half-wave rectification and full-wave rectification.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) (i) Complete Fig. 6.1 to show a circuit that produces half-wave rectification of an alternating
input voltage VIN to produce output voltage VOUT across the resistor R.

VIN C R VOUT

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Fig. 6.1

[2]

(ii) State the purpose of the capacitor C in the circuit of Fig. 6.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) The input voltage VIN in Fig. 6.1 is a square wave. Fig. 6.2 shows the variation of VIN with
time t.

+12

VIN / V

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
t/s
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–12

Fig. 6.2

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Fig. 6.3 shows the variation of VOUT with t.

12

VOUT / V

8
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0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
t/s

Fig. 6.3

The maximum energy stored in the capacitor is 0.041 J.

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(i) Show that the capacitance of C is 570 μF.

[2]

(ii) Determine the resistance of R.

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resistance = ..................................................... Ω [3]

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[Total: 11]

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7 (a) Define magnetic flux density.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A long, straight wire carries a current into the page, as shown in Fig. 7.1.

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Fig. 7.1

On Fig. 7.1, draw four field lines to represent the magnetic field around the wire due to the
current in it. [3]

(c) Two identical wires X and Y are placed parallel to each other. The wires both carry current
into the page, as shown in Fig. 7.2.

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X Y

Fig. 7.2
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(i) Explain why the two wires exert a magnetic force on each other.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) On Fig. 7.2, draw an arrow to show the direction of the magnetic force exerted on wire X.
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Label your arrow F. [1]

(iii) The current in X is double the current in Y.

State how the magnetic force exerted on wire Y compares with the magnetic force
exerted on wire X.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(iv) The direction of the current in both wires is now reversed.

State, with a reason, the effect of this change on the direction of the force on wire X.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 11]
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8 A polished sheet of magnesium in a vacuum emits electrons when it is illuminated by ultraviolet

radiation.

(a) State the name of this phenomenon.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) For emission of electrons to occur, the frequency of the ultraviolet radiation must be at least
8.8 × 1014 Hz.

(i) Calculate the work function energy of magnesium.

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work function energy = ...................................................... J [2]

(ii) For ultraviolet radiation with a frequency of 11 × 1014 Hz, calculate the maximum speed
of the emitted electrons.

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maximum speed = ................................................ m s–1 [3]

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 ,

(c) The frequency f of the ultraviolet radiation incident on the magnesium sheet is varied between
8.0 × 1014 Hz and 11 × 1014 Hz.

On Fig. 8.1, sketch the variation with f of the maximum kinetic energy EMAX of the emitted
electrons. Use the space below for any working that you need.
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2.0

1.5
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EMAX / 10–19 J

1.0

0.5

0
8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0
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f / 1014 Hz

Fig. 8.1

[3]

[Total: 9]
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9 Fluorine-18 ( 189F) decays by beta-plus (β+) emission with a half-life of 110 minutes.

(a) (i) State the name of the beta-plus particle.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Show that the decay constant of fluorine-18 is 1.05 × 10–4 s–1.
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[1]

(iii) Determine the activity of 2.1 × 10–12 kg of fluorine-18.

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activity = .................................................... Bq [3]

(b) A small sample of fluorine-18 injected into the body acts as a tracer for use in medical imaging.

(i) Describe how the interaction of a β+ particle with an electron in the body enables the
formation of an image.

...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Suggest why 110 minutes is a suitable half-life for a nuclide used as a tracer in medical
diagnosis.

...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

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10 (a) Explain how redshift leads to the idea that the Universe is expanding.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

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(b) Stars in a distant galaxy emit radiation. The total luminosity of the stars in the galaxy is
1.90 × 1036 W.
The emission spectrum of the radiation contains a line X at a wavelength of 658 nm.

Radiation from the galaxy is observed on the Earth. The observed radiation has a radiant flux
intensity of 8.42 × 10–16 W m–2. In the observed emission spectrum, line X is at a wavelength
of 726 nm.

Determine:

(i) the distance d of the galaxy from the Earth

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d = ..................................................... m [2]

(ii) the speed v of the galaxy relative to the Earth.

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v = ................................................ m s–1 [2]

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(c) Observations of many galaxies, such as the one in (b), lead to many pairs of values of d and
v. Plotting these values reveals a trend.

(i) On Fig. 10.1, sketch the variation of v with d.

v
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0
0
d

Fig. 10.1

[2]

(ii) State the name of the quantity represented by the gradient of the line in Fig. 10.1.
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