Communication Systems Part 1

Page 1-1

1. Analog Communication Systems

Solutions to Exercises
More solved and supplementary problems for 4 of the following book:

self-practice can be found in Chapters 3 and

Hwei Hsu, Schaum's Outline of Signals and Systems, McGraw Hill

http://www.4shared.com/get/H_oNIkCG/analog_and_digital_communicati.html
You may purchase a copy or download a free copy from the above link.

Communication Systems Part 1

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Ex 1
A message signal Am cos (100 t ) modulates a carrier wave Ac cos ( 2000 t ) to form the DSBAM signal

s (t ) = Ac Am 1 + cos (100 t ) cos ( 2000 t ) . What is the value of if the spectrum of s (t ) has the
25

form shown in Fig.1? Fig. 1

S (f

25 10 950 1000 10 1050

10 -1000 -950

Solutions
s (t ) = Ac Am cos ( 2000 t ) + Ac Am cos (100 t ) cos ( 2000 t )
= Ac Am cos ( 2 (1000 ) t ) +

Ac Am
2

cos ( 2 (1050 ) t ) + cos ( 2 ( 950 ) t )

S (f
Ac Am
4

)
Ac Am
4
950

Ac Am
2

Spectrum of s (t ) (by inspection):

Ac Am
4
-1050

Ac Am
4

-1000

-950

1000

1050

A A A A Hence, c m = 25 and c m = 10 yields = 0.8 2 4

Communication Systems Part 1

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Ex 2
Fig.2 shows a circuit that employs two identical DSBAM modulators. The modulation index of each DSBAM modulator is .
DSBAM Modulator

x (t )

Ac cos ( 2 f c t )
-1

y (t )

DSBAM Modulator

Unity gain inverting amplifier

Fig. 2

Derive an expression for y (t ) in terms of x (t ) , Ac , f c and . Hence, specify the type of modulation the circuit implements.

Solutions

y (t ) = Ac max x (t ) + x (t ) cos ( 2 f c t ) Ac max x (t ) x (t ) cos ( 2 f c t ) = 2Ac x (t ) cos ( 2 f c t )

Communication Systems Part 1

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Ex 3
Fig.3a shows the block diagram of a frequency converter. The magnitude spectrum of the USSB signal x (t ) is shown in Fig.3b. Specify the frequency of the oscillator (osc), and the center frequency and bandwidth of the ideal bandpass filter (BPF) so as to achieve the following: (a) Up-conversion of x (t ) from 4 to 16 (MHz ) (i.e. from Fig.3b to Fig.3c). (b) Down-conversion of x (t ) from 4 to 1 (MHz ) (i.e. from Fig.3b to Fig.3d). Fig. 3b
-5 -4

x (t )
osc

Ideal BPF

out

Fig. 3a

X (f
0

)
4 5

(MHz) f

Fig. 3c
-17 -16 0 16 17

Fig. 3d
-2 -1 0 1 2

PgDn

Communication Systems Part 1

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Solutions
(a) Let fO be the oscillator frequency. Up-conversion from 4 to 16 MHz : 4 + fO = 16 BPF DSBSC
-17 -16 -12 -8 -7 0 7 8 12

fO = 12 MHz

f c = 16.5 BPF: MHz 1 < BW < 17

-5 -4

4 5

f
f = 1.5 BPF: c MHz 1 < BW < 3

(b) Let fO be the oscillator frequency.

Down-conversion from 4 to 1 (MHz ) : 4 fO = 1 fO = 3 (MHz ) BPF

f f

-5 -4

4 5

PgDn

Communication Systems Part 1

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Ex 4
Fig.4 shows the generation of a bandpass pulse, pB (t ) , from a lowpass pulse, pL (t ) . Sketch the spectra this? of pL (t ) and pB (t ) , and find the total energy and bandwidth of each pulse. What modulation scheme is

pL (t ) = sinc ( 2t )

pB (t ) = sinc ( 2t ) cos ( 20 t )

Fig. 4

c (t ) = cos ( 20 t )

Solutions
PL (f ) = 1 rect f 2 2

C (f ) = 1 (f + 10 ) + (f 10 )
2

PL ( f

)
0 -1 1

12

PB (f ) = PL (f

C (f ) = 1 rect f + 10 + 1 rect f 10
4 2 4 2
14
2

Energy of pL (t ) =

Bandwidth of pL (t ) = 1

PL (f )

f
14

df = 0.52 2 = 0.5

PB ( f

)
0 -1 1

Energy of pB (t ) =

Bandwidth of pB (t ) = 2

PB (f

df = 2 0.252 2 = 0.25

-10 -11 -9

10 9 11

Modulation scheme = DSBSC

Communication Systems Part 1

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Ex 5
A message signal m (t ) = Am cos ( 2 f m t ) modulates a carrier c (t ) = Ac cos ( 2 f c t ) to form the vestigial sideband (VSB) signal

where 0 1 is a constant.

x (t ) = Am Ac cos 2 (f c + f m ) t + (1 ) Am Ac cos 2 (f c f m ) t

(a) Sketch the spectrum of x (t ) . (b) Using the results from part-(a) or otherwise, find the value of for which x (t ) reduces to: (i) a DSBSC signal; (ii) a USSB signal; (iii) a LSSB signal.

Solutions
(a) s (t ) = Am Ac cos 2 (f c + f m ) t + (1 ) Am Ac cos 2 (f c f m ) t

Spectrum of s (t ) (by inspection):

Ac Am
2

(1 )
f c

Ac Am
2

S (f

(1 )

Ac Am
2

Ac Am
2

(b) (i)

(ii)

(iii) = 0 : s (t ) is a LSSB signal.

= 1 : s (t ) is a DSBSC signal. 2 = 1 : s (t ) is a USSB signal.

f c f m

f c + f m

fc f m

fc

fc + f m f

Communication Systems Part 1

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Ex 6
A message signal m (t ) modulates a carrier wave to produce a FM signal that has an instantaneous of 10 ( kHz ) , and K f = 4 ( kHz V ) , determine the bandwidth of the FM signal using Carson's rule. frequency given by f I = 1000 + K f m (t ) ( kHz ) . If m (t ) has a dynamic range of 5 (V

) and a bandwidth

Solutions
f i = 1000 + K f m (t ) ( kHz )
f = max K f m (t ) = 4 5 = 20 ( kHz )

f m = 10 ( kHz )
Bandwidth of FM signal (using Carson's rule) = 2 ( f + f m ) = 2 ( 20 + 10 ) = 60 ( kHz )

PgDn

Communication Systems Part 1

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Ex 7
frequency 100 ( kHz ) . The frequency sensitivity (or frequency deviation constant) of the modulator is
25 ( kHz V ) .

A carrier wave of frequency 100 (MHz ) is frequency modulated by a sine wave of amplitude 20 (V

and

(a) Determine the approximate bandwidth of the FM wave, using Carson's rule. (b) Double the amplitude of the modulating wave and repeat part-(a) (c) Double the frequency of the modulating wave and repeat part-(a).

Solutions
(a)

k f = 25 ( kHz V

Am = 20 (V ) , f m = 100 ( kHz )

Bandwidth : f = k f Am = 500 ( kHz ) B = 2 (f m + f

) = 1200 (kHz ) ) = 2200 (kHz )

(b)

k f = 25 ( kHz V

Am = 40 (V ) , f m = 100 ( kHz )

) )

Bandwidth : f = k f Am = 1000 ( kHz ) B = 2 (f m + f Bandwidth : f = k f Am = 500 ( kHz ) B = 2 (f m + f

(c)

k f = 25 ( kHz V

Am = 20 ( V ) , f m = 200 ( kHz )

) = 1400 (kHz )

Communication Systems Part 1

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Ex 8

A simple FDM system combines 4 audio inputs into a basic group. Each audio input has a bandwidth of 10kHz. In the multiplexing process, the n th audio input modulates a carrier at frequency f n = (100 + 12n ) ( kHz ) , where n = 1, 2, 3, 4 . The upper sidebands of the 4 modulated carriers are then

combined to form the basic group. (a) Sketch the FDM spectrum and hence determine the frequency band occupied by the FDM signal and the frequency gap of the guard band used. (b) If a 5 (MHz ) carrier wave is DSBSC modulated by the FDM signal, what is the bandwidth of the resulting DSBSC signal?

Solutions
(a) Frequency band occupied by the FDM signal = 112 ( kHz ) to 158 ( kHz )
Spectrum of Audio Signal

Frequency gap of guard band = 2 ( kHz )

Spectrum of FDM Signal

-10

10 (kHz)
(kHz)

-158

-148 -146 -136 -134 -124 -122

-112

112

122 124 134 136 146 148

158

(b)

DSBSC signal bandwidth = 158 2 = 316 ( kHz )