Laboratory Manual

Course code: PHY 1202

Course title: Physics Laboratory

Department of Physics
Jashore University of Science and Technology

Prepared by:
Dr. Mohammad Abdur Rashid
List of Experiments:

1. To determine the modulus of rigidity of the material of a wire by the method of

oscillation (Dynamic method).

2. To determine the spring constant and effective mass of a given spiral spring.

3. To determine the surface tension of a liquid by capillary tube method.

4. To verify Stokes’ law and hence to determine the viscosity of glycerin.

5. To determine the value of acceleration due to gravity by means of a compound

pendulum.

6. To determine the moment of inertia of a flywheel about its axis of rotation.

7. To determine the Young’s modulus for the material of a wire by Searle’s apparatus.

8. To determine Young’s modulus, rigidity modulus and Poisson’s ratio of a short wire by
Searle’s dynamic method.

9. To study the B-H loop and magnetization curve for the given magnetic loop.

Reference Books:

1. Practical Physics by Dr. Giasuddin Ahmed and Md. Shahabuddin

2. Physics-I & II by R. Resnick, D. Halliday
3. Practical Physics by RK Shukla, Anchal Srivastava

1
Experiment no 1: Date:
Name of the Experiment: Determination of the modulus of rigidity of the material of a
wire by the method of oscillations (Dynamic Method).
Theory:
A cylindrical body is supported by a vertical wire of length l and radius r as shown in
Fig. 1.1. The axis of the wire passes through its center of gravity. If the body is twisted through
an angle and released, it will execute torsional oscillations about a vertical axis. Therefore, the
motion is simple harmonic. If at any instant the angle of twist is θ, the moment of the torsional
couple exerted by the wire will be
 π r4
θ = Cθ ,
2l
A
π r 4
where C = is a constant and η is the modulus of rigidity
2l
of the material of the wire.

Therefore, the time period for torsional oscillations is,

I l
T = 2π
C ,

where I is the moment of inertia of the cylindrical body which B

is given by I = 1 Ma 2 . Here M and a are the mass and radius C
2
of the cylinder respectively.
From above two equations, we get
4π 2 I 8 πI l
T2 = =
C r 4
Fig. 1.1: Torsional pendulum
8 πI l
or,  = 2 4 dynes/cm2
T r
Apparatus:
A uniform wire, A cylindrical bar, Suitable clamp, Stopwatch, Screw gauge, Slide
calipers, Meter scale, etc.

Brief Procedure:
1. Find out the value of one smallest division of the main scale and the total number of
divisions of the vernier scale of the slide calipers and calculate vernier constant (V.C).
2. Find out the value of one smallest division of the linear scale, value of pitch (the
distance along the linear scale traveled by circular scale when it completes one rotation)
and the total number of divisions of the circular scale of the screw gauge and calculate
least count (L.C).
3. Measure the radius, a of the cylinder by using the slide calipers.
4. Measure the mass, M of the cylinder. Calculate moment of inertia.
5. Measure the radius, r of the wire by using the screw gauge.
6. Measure the length, l of the wire between the point of suspension and the point at which
the wire is attached to the cylinder with a meter scale.

2
 7. Twist the cylinder from its equilibrium position through a small angle and release so
that it begins to oscillate. Measure the time for 30 complete oscillations with a stop
watch. Find out the time period of oscillation.
8. Calculate the value of the modulus of rigidity (η) of the material of the given wire.

Experimental Data:
Vernier Constant (V.C.) of the slide calipers,

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

V. C. = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

Table-1: Table for the radius of the cylinder

Vernier Vernier Vernier scale Mean Instru- Corrected Radius,

No. Main scale Diameter, D
scale constant, reading, diameter, mental diameter,
of reading, x x+y a=
division, VC y = Vc × d D error D 2
obs. (cm) (cm)
d (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)

3
 Least Count (L.C.) of the Screw Gauge
𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
L. C. =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

Table-2: Table for the radius of the wire

Linear Circular Least Circular scale Mean Instru- Radius,

No. Diameter, Corrected D
scale scale count, reading, diameter, mental
of x+y diameter, r=
reading, x division, Lc y = d × Lc D error 2
obs. (cm) D (cm)
(cm) d (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)

Length of the wire, l = cm

4
Table-3: Table for the time period

t
No. of obs. Time for 30 oscillations, t (sec) Time period, T = (sec) Mean T (sec)
30

Calculations:

Moment of Inertia of the cylinder, I = 1 Ma 2 g-cm2

2

8 πI l
Modulus of rigidity of the wire,  = 2 4
dynes/cm2
T r

Error Calculation:
Standard value of the modulus of rigidity of the material of the wire (steel) =
8.4 × 1011 dynes cm-2.

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ~ 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Percentage error= × 100 %
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Result:

Discussions:

5
 Date:
Experiment no 2:
Name of the Experiment: Determination of the spring constant and effective mass of a
given spiral spring.

Theory:
When a spiral spring clamped vertically at upper end P (Fig. 9.1) and subjected to
applied load, mo at its lower end, then the extension 𝑙 becomes proportional to the applied force
i.e.
F=k l
mo g = k 𝑙
or,
𝑚 𝑔
k = 𝑜 ………….. (1),
𝑙
where k is a constant of proportionality called spring constant.
-2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
2
0

y
v
20

L
dm 40

60

80

data1 v0
l 100

m0

Fig.2.1: Spring-mass system

The theoretical period of a system composed of a mass M oscillating at the end of a mass less
spring of force constant k is given by,
𝑀
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑘
Since no spring is mass less, it would be more correct to use the equation
𝑚0 +𝑚𝑠
𝑇 = 2𝜋√ ,
𝑘
where m0 is the load and ms is the mass of the spring.

For a spring of length L oscillating vertically (as shown in Fig. 2.1), the value of ms can be
derived from kinetic energy (Ek) consideration as
𝐿
1
𝐸𝑘 = ∫ 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑚,
0 2
where v is the velocity of the infinitesimal mass dm.
𝑚
Now, assuming homogeneous stretching and uniform mass distribution, 𝑑𝑚 = 𝐿𝑠 𝑑𝑦.
Let m0 and dm are moving with velocities v0 and v, respectively, where v<v0.

6
Considering the velocity as the linear function of the position y measured from a fixed point P, v
can be represented by
𝑣
𝑣 = 𝐿0 𝑦.
From the above equations,
𝐿1 𝑣 𝑚𝑠 1 𝑣2 𝐿
𝐸𝑘 = ∫0 2 ( 𝐿0)2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝐿03 𝑚𝑠 ∫0 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝐿

1 𝑚𝑠 1
𝐸𝑘 = 2 𝑣02 = 2 𝑚′ 𝑣02 ,
3

1
where m/ = 3 𝑚𝑠 , is the effective mass of the spring.

Apparatus:
A spiral spring, Load, Electronic balance, Stopwatch and meter scale, etc.

Brief Procedure:

1. Measure the mass (ms) of the spring with a balance.

2. Clamp the spring vertically by a hook attached to a rigid frame.
3. Measure the length of the spring with a meter scale.
4. Add 100 gm load (𝑚0 ) to the free end of the spring. Measure the length of the spring
with load. Calculate the extension of the spring.
5. Oscillate the spring with 100 gm load along the vertical axis and record the time for 20
complete oscillations. Then calculate the time period.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for 8 to 10 sets of loads.
7. Draw a best fit straight line through origin with load as abscissa and extension as
ordinate (Graph 1). Determine the slope of the line and calculate the spring constant k.
8. Plot another graph with T2 (ordinate) against m0 (abscissa) as shown in Graph 2. Find
out the effective mass (m´) by taking the point of intercept of the resulting lines on m0
axis.

7
Experimental Data:
Table-1: Table for determining extensions and time periods

Length Length

Extension,
of the of the Mean Time

l = L2- L1
No. Time for 20
T2

(cm)
Loads, Spring Spring Time, Period,
of vibrations
m0 (gm) without with t T=t/20 (sec2)
obs. (sec)
load, L1 load, L2 (sec) (sec)
(cm) (cm)

1 100

2 200

3 300

4 400

5 500

6 600

7 700

8 800

9 900

10 1000

8
 Extension vs Load Square of the time period vs Load
Extension l (cm)

T2 (sec2)
dl

dmo
0 0
0 Load m0 (g) 𝑚′ 0 Load m0 (g)

Graph-1 Graph-2

Calculations:
𝑑𝑙 𝑙
From graph-1, Slope = 𝑑𝑚 = 𝑚 = cm/g
𝑜 𝑜

mo 1
Spring constant, k = g = 981 dynes/cm
l Slope

From graph-2, the effective mass of the spring, m = g

Error Calculation:
𝑚𝑠
Standard value of the effective mass of the spring = = g
3
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ~ 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Percentage error = × 100 %
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Results:

Discussions:

9
Experiment no 3: Date:

Name of the Experiment: Determination of the Surface tension of water by capillary

tube method.

Theory:
The surface tension of a liquid is the force acting perpendicular to each centimeter of
the imaginary line in the plane of the surface. If one end of a clean fine capillary tube is dipped
into a liquid, the liquid rises up the tube through a height h (Fig. 3).

The surface tension, T acts upwards along θ

the tangent to the meniscus. The component of T
acting vertically upwards is Tcosθ and the total
force acting upwards is Tcosθ×2πr, where r is the
internal radius of the capillary tube. This is the θ
upward force due to surface tension of the liquid. h
The weight of the liquid column acting r
downwards is equal to V×ρ×g, where ρ is the
density of the liquid and g is the acceleration due
Fig. 3: Rise of water through the capillary tube.
to gravity.

The volume V = πr2h + volume of the

meniscus for a tube of uniform bore.
If the radius r is small, the meniscus = (volume of a cylinder of radius r and height h) – (volume
of hemisphere of radius r). This can be written as
2 1
Volume of meniscus = πr3 – πr3 = πr3
3 3
1 1
Therefore, V = πr2h + πr3 = πr2(h + r)
3 3
1
Hence, weight of the liquid column = πr2(h + r)ρg
3
Since the column is in equilibrium, the upward force due to surface tension must
support the weight of the liquid column. Hence, for equilibrium,
1
Tcosθ×2πr = πr2(h + r)ρg
3
For water, θ = 0 and hence cosθ = 1. So the above relation gives,
1 1
T = ρgr(h + r) dynes/cm.
2 3

Apparatus:
Capillary tube with fine bore, Traveling microscope, Needle, Beaker, Clamp, Stand,
etc.

10
Brief Procedure:

1. Find out the Vernier constant (V. C.) of the two scales of the travelling microscope
using the formula as provided in experiment no. 1.
2. Take some water in a clean beaker. Hold a glass plate G in a clamp and attach the
capillary tube A to it with wax. Place the glass plate in such a position that the capillary
tube is vertical and its end dip well in the water. Water will rise in the tube.
3. Place the needle N, horizontally on the base of the travelling microscope and take the
readings at its two ends from the horizontal scale. The difference of these two readings
will give the length l, of the needle.
4. Place the needle by the side of the capillary tube and adjust its position in such a way
that its lower tip is just above the water surface of the beaker.
5. Focus the microscope on the needle and adjust it such that the horizontal cross-wire
coincides with the top of the needle. Read the vertical scale of the microscope and
record the data.
6. Adjust the height of the microscope such that its horizontal cross-wire just touches the
lower meniscus in the tube A. It will appear as an inverted image in the eye piece of the
microscope. Read the scale of the microscope. Take the difference of this reading and
the reading in step 5. If the top of the needle stands above the water meniscus in the
tube, subtract this difference from the length of the needle to get the height of the water
column in the tube, h. If the top of the needle stands below the meniscus add this
difference to the length of the needle to get h.
7. Now break the capillary tube very carefully at the level of the meniscus with a file and
hold it horizontally. By moving the microscope horizontally, make the vertical cross-
wire tangential to the inner left side of the bore. Record the data from the horizontal
scale of the microscope. Move the microscope horizontally until the vertical cross-wire
is tangential to the inner right side of the bore and record the data at this position.
Difference of these two readings gives the diameter of the bore. Similarly, by the
vertical movement of the microscope, determine the diameter of the bore in the
perpendicular position. Take the mean of these diameters found from the horizontal and
vertical scale and then calculate the radius of the capillary tube.

11
Experimental Data:

Table-1: Data for measuring the length of the needle

Main Vernier
Vernier Vernier
Scale Scale Total Length,
Scale Constant, Mean
Reading at No. of obs. Reading, Reading, x+y l = b-a
Division, Vc (cm)
x y = Vc × d (cm) (cm)
d (cm)
(cm) (cm)

Left End,
3
a

Right End,
3
b

12
Table-2: Data for the reading of the needle head
Vernier Vernier Vernier Scale
Main Scale Total, Mean,
Scale Constant, Reading,
No. of obs. Reading, x R1= x + y R1
Division, Vc y = Vc × d
(cm) (cm) (cm)
d (cm) (cm)

Table-3: Data for the readings of water meniscus in the tube and height of water meniscus

Vernier Height of
Vernier Vernier
Main Scale Scale Height, Mean X=R1~R2 water
No. of

Scale Constant,
obs.

Reading, x Reading, R2 = x + y height, meniscus

Division, Vc
(cm) y = Vc × d (cm.) R2 (cm.) (cm) h=l±X
d (cm)
(cm) (cm)

13
 Vertical (b) Horizontal (a) Direction

Main Scale Reading, x (cm)

Vernier Scale Division,

d

Vernier Constant,
Vc (cm)
Left or lower end

Vernier Scale Reading,

y=d× Vc (cm)

Total, y2=x+y (cm)

Table-4: Data for the radius of the tubes

Main Scale
Reading, x (cm)

14
Vernier Scale Division, d

Vernier Constant, Vc (cm)

Vernier Scale Reading,

Right or upper end

y=d× Vc (cm)

Total , y1 =x+y (cm)

Diameter, D = y2 ~ y1 (cm)

Mean diameter D (cm)

Radius, r =D/2 (cm)

Calculation:

Room temperature, θ˚C =

Density of water at θ˚C =

1 1
Surface Tension, T = ρgr(h + r)
2 3

Percentage of error:

Standard value of the Surface tension of water at 25℃ is 72 dynes cm-1.

Standard value ~ Experimental value

Error in the experiment = ×100%
Standard value

Result:

Discussions:

15
Experiment no 4: Date:

Name of the Experiment: Verification of Stokes’ law and hence determination of the
viscosity of a liquid (Glycerin).

Theory:
When a small metal ball is left gently on the surface of a long vertical column of a
viscous liquid, the ball moves vertically downwards. As the ball falls, it is accelerated initially
due to gravity. However, its motion is opposed by the viscous drag of the liquid and the upward
thrust due to buoyancy of the liquid until the resultant forces acting on the ball is zero. Then
the body is in equilibrium and moves with a constant velocity called the terminal velocity vt.

Stokes’ showed that the opposing force F, acting on the ball, due to viscosity of the
liquid is given by
𝐹 = 6𝜋𝑣𝑡 𝑟𝜂,

where r is the radius of the ball, η is the co-efficient of viscosity of the liquid and vt is the
terminal velocity of the ball. This expression is referred to as Stokes’ law.

If the density of the material of the ball is 𝜌, then its weight is given by
Mass × acceleration due to gravity = volume × 𝜌 × 𝑔
4
= 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜌𝑔
3

The upward thrust due to buoyancy of the liquid is the weight of the liquid displaced
by the ball.

If σ is the density of the liquid, then this up thrust on the ball is

4
= 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜎
3

Then the sum of the forces acting on the ball (considering upward forces to be positive),
is

4 4
6𝜋𝑣𝑡 𝑟𝜂 + 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜌𝑔 − 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜎 = 0
3 3
or,
2 𝑟2
𝜂= × 𝑔(𝜌 − 𝜎)
9 𝑣𝑡

Stokes' law holds well only if the liquid is infinite both in extent and depth. Further the
velocity of the ball should be less than a certain value, called the critical velocity.

Apparatus:
A measuring cylinder, Meter scale, Glycerin, Screw gauge, Stop watch, Powerful bar
magnet, Small steel ball bearings of different sizes, etc.

Brief Procedure:

16
1. Calculate the least count (L.C.) of the screw gauge as explained in experiment no. 1.
2. Complete Table-1 for the radius of the ball.
3. Take one of the balls and drop it to the measuring cylinder and wait until the ball
reaches well below the surface of the glycerin (say 500 ml mark). When the ball
reaches to the desired mark, start the stop watch. Stop the stop watch after the ball
reaches 2nd mark (say 100 ml mark). Record the time in Table-2 and the distance
between the two marks in centimeter.
4. Repeat step 3 for other balls.
5. Calculate the value of the viscosity for all the balls and take the mean.
6. Plot a graph of vt against r2. Draw a best fit line through origin and determine the
slope of the line. Using the given formula, calculate the viscosity of the glycerin.

17
Experimental Data:

Table-1: Data for the radius of the balls:

Circular scale
No. Linear scale Circular Least count, Diameter, Mean Radius,
Ball reading,
of reading, x scale Lc Di = x + y diameter, ri = Di/2
No. y = d × Lc
obs. (cm) division, d (cm) (cm) Di (cm) (cm)
(cm)

01 2

02 2

03 2

04 2

18
Table-2: Data for terminal velocity (vt) and r2
Mean
Square of the Terminal Viscosity, η
Distance, Time taken, η
Ball radius of the velocity, vt=d/t (dynes-
d (cm) t (sec) (dynes-
ball, r2(cm2) (cm/sec) sec/cm2)
sec/cm2)

01

02

03

04

Density of steel, ρ = 7.8 g/cm3 and density of glycerin, σ = 1.26 g/cm3

vt vs. r2 graph
B
vt (cm/sec)

dvt 𝑑𝑣𝑡 BC
slope = =
𝑑𝑟 2 AC
A C

dr2
0
0 r2 (cm2)

Graph 1
Calculation:
2 𝑟2 2𝑔 1
𝜂= × 𝑔 (𝜌 − 𝜎 ) = [ (𝜌 − 𝜎) × ] dynes-sec/cm2
9 𝑣𝑡 9 slope

Result:

Discussions:
19
Experiment no 5: Date:

Name of the Experiment: Determination of the value of the acceleration due to gravity (g) by
means of a compound pendulum.
Theory:
A compound pendulum is a rigid body of arbitrary shape which is capable of oscillating
about a horizontal axis passing through it. For small angles of swinging, its motion is simple
harmonic with a period given by
I
T = 2
mgh
where I is the pendulum’s rotational inertia about the pivot, m is the pendulum’s mass, and h
is the distance between the pivot and the pendulum’s centre of gravity as shown in Fig. 5.1.

m
g O

B
Fig. 5.1: Compound Pendulum

A compound pendulum that oscillates from a suspension point (S) with period T (as
shown in Fig. 5.1) can be compared with a simple pendulum of length L with the same period
T. L is called the equivalent length of the compound pendulum. The point along the compound
pendulum at a distance L from the suspension point is called the oscillation point (Fig. 5.1). In
a compound pendulum these two points are interchangeable.
Now using the time period expression of a simple pendulum,
L
T = 2
g
L
or, g = 4 2 2
T
The acceleration due to gravity (g) at the place of the experiment can be measured by finding
L and T graphically.

Apparatus:
A bar pendulum, Stop watch, Meter Scale, Metal wedge, etc

20
Brief Procedure:
1. Label the ends of the compound pendulum bar as A and B.
2. Locate the centre of gravity (G) of the bar.
3. Measure the distance of holes (1, 2, 3,… and 9) from G for both sides.
4. Insert a metal wedge in the 1st hole at end A and place the wedge on the clamp so that
the bar can oscillate freely.
5. Oscillate the bar horizontally. Be careful not to make the amplitude of oscillation too
large. (Should be less than 5°). Note the time for 20 complete oscillations. Calculate
the time period.
6. Do this process at different holes (2, 3, …..and 9).
7. Repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 for end B.
8. Draw a graph with distance as abscissa and time period as ordinate with the origin at
the centre of gravity which is put at the middle of the graph paper along the abscissa.
Put the length measured towards the end A to the left and that measured toward the end
B to the right of the origin (see Graph 1). Draw a line parallel to the abscissa in such a
way that it intersects at four points of the two curves as shown in Graph 1. Label these
points as P, Q, R and S, respectively.
9. Find out the equivalent length of the pendulum, L and time period, T (value of the period
at point O) from the graph.
10. Calculate the value of acceleration due to gravity using the given equation.

21
Experimental Data:
Table-1: Table for the time period for end-A
Distance of the hole Time period
Hole Time for 20 oscillations, Mean time, t 𝑡
from center of 𝑇 = 20
no. (sec.) (sec.)
gravity (cm.) (sec.)

4
End-A

22
Table-2: Table for the time period for end-B

Distance of the hole Time period

Hole Time for 20 oscillations, Mean time, t 𝑡
from center of 𝑇 = 20
no. (sec.) (sec.)
gravity (cm.) (sec.)

4
End-B

23
 Time period vs distance curves

Time period, T (sec)

End - A End - B

O
P Q R S

0
Distance of holes from center of gravity (cm)

Graph I

Calculations:

From graph 1: Length, PR = (PO+OR) = cm

Length, QS = (QO+OS) = cm

PR + QS
Equivalent length to the Simple Pendulum, L = = cm
2

Time period, T = sec

L
The value of acceleration due to gravity, g = 4 2 = cm/s2
T2

Error Calculation:

Standard value of the acceleration due to gravity = 981 cm/s2

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ~ 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Percentage error = × 100 %
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Result:

Discussions:
24
Experiment no 6: Date:

Name of the experiment: To determine the moment of inertia of a flywheel about its axis
of rotation.

25
Experiment no 7: Date:

Name of the experiment: To determine the Young’s modulus for the material of a wire
by Searle’s apparatus.

26
Experiment no 8: Date:

Name of the experiment: To determine Young’s modulus, rigidity modulus and Poisson’s
ratio of a short wire by Searle’s dynamic method.

27
Experiment no 9: Date:

Name of the experiment: To study the B-H loop and magnetization curve for the given
magnetic loop.

28