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 Chapter 8
Section 8.1 Practice Exercises 8. ∠w and ∠x are vertical angles. ∠w and ∠y
are corresponding angles, as are ∠x and ∠d .
1. Figure (a) is part of a line with one endpoint, so
→ So all of these angles have the same measure:
it is a ray. It is ray AB or AB . m∠x = m∠y = m∠d = m∠w = 45°.
Figure (b) has two endpoints, so it is a line ∠w and ∠a are adjacent angles, as are ∠w
segment. It is line segment RS or RS . and ∠b, so m∠a = m∠b = 180° − 45° = 135°.
Figure (c) extends indefinitely in two directions, ∠a and ∠c are corresponding angles so
↔ m∠c = m∠a = 135°. ∠c and ∠z are vertical
so it is a line. It is line EF or EF .
angles, so m∠z = m∠c = 135°.
Figure (d) has two rays with a common
endpoint, so it is an angle. It is ∠HVT or Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 8.1
∠TVH or ∠V .
1. A plane is a flat surface that extends indefinitely.
2. Two other ways to name ∠z are ∠RTS and
∠STR. 2. A point has no length, no width, and no height.

3. a. ∠R is an obtuse angle. It measures between 3. Space extends in all directions indefinitely.

90° and 180°.
4. A line is a set of points extending indefinitely in
b. ∠N is a straight angle. It measures 180°. two directions.

c. ∠M is an acute angle. It measures between 5. A ray is part of a line with one endpoint.
0° and 90°.
6. An angle is made up of two rays that share a
d. ∠Q is a right angle. It measures 90°. common endpoint. The common endpoint is
called the vertex.
4. The complement of a 29° angle is an angle that 7. A straight angle measures 180°.
measures 90° − 29° = 61°.
8. A right angle measures 90°.
5. The supplement of a 67° angle is an angle that
measures 180° − 67° = 113°. 9. An acute angle measures between 0° and 90°.
6. a. m∠y = m∠ADC − m∠BDC 10. An obtuse angle measures between 90° and
= 141° − 97° 180°.
= 44°
11. Parallel lines never meet and intersecting lines
b. m∠x = 79° − 51° = 28° meet at a point.
c. Since the measures of both ∠x and ∠y are 12. Two intersecting lines are perpendicular if they
between 0° and 90°, they are acute angles. form right angles when they intersect.

7. Since ∠a and the angle marked 109° are 13. An angle can be measured in degrees.
vertical angles, they have the same measure; so
m∠a = 109°. 14. A line that intersects two or more lines at
Since ∠a and ∠b are adjacent angles, their different points is called a transversal.
measures have a sum of 180°. So 15. When two lines intersect, four angles are formed,
m∠b = 180° − 109° = 71°. called vertical angles.
Since ∠b and ∠c are vertical angles, they have
the same measure; so m∠c = 71°. 16. Two angles that share a common side are called
adjacent angles.

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Chapter 8: Geometry and Measurement ISM: Prealgebra and Introductory Algebra

17. ∠WUV, ∠VUW, ∠U, ∠x 30. 20° + 70° = 90°, so ∠CAD and ∠DAE are
complementary. 63° + 27° = 90°, so ∠BAC and
18. straight angle; 180° ∠EAF are complementary.
19. 180° − 17° = 163° 32. 38° + 142° = 180°, so there are 4 pairs of
supplementary angles: ∠NMX and
20. intersect ∠NMY , ∠NMX and ∠XMZ , ∠YMZ and
Exercise Set 8.1 ∠NMY , ∠YMZ and ∠XMZ .

2. The figure has two rays with a common 34. m∠x = 150° − 48° = 102°
endpoint. It is an angle, which can be named
∠GHI, ∠IHG, or ∠H. 36. m∠x = 36° + 12° = 48°

4. The figure has one endpoint and extends 38. ∠x and the angle marked 165° are
indefinitely in one direction, so it is a ray. It is supplementary, so m∠x = 180° − 165° = 15°.
→
ray ST or ST . ∠y and the angle marked 165° are vertical
angles, so m∠y = 165°.
6. The figure extends indefinitely in two directions, ∠x and ∠z are vertical angles, so
↔ m∠z = m∠x = 15°.
so it is a line. It is line AB, line t, or AB .
40. ∠x and the angle marked 44° are
8. The figure has two endpoints, so it is a line
supplementary, so m∠x = 180° − 44° = 136°.
segment. It is line segment PQ or PQ
∠y and the angle marked 44° are vertical
angles, so m∠y = 44°.
10. Two other ways to name ∠w are ∠APC and
∠CPA. ∠x and ∠z are vertical angles, so
m∠z = m∠x = 136°.
12. Two other ways to name ∠y are ∠MPQ and
∠QPM . 42. ∠x and the angle marked 110° are vertical
angles, so m∠x = 110°.
∠x and ∠y are corresponding angles, so
14. ∠H is an acute angle. It measures between 0°
and 90°. m∠y = m∠x = 110°.
∠y and ∠z are vertical angles, so
16. ∠T is an obtuse angle. It measures between 90° m∠z = m∠y = 110°.
and 180°.
44. ∠x and the angle marked 39° are
18. ∠M is a straight angle. It measures 180°. supplementary, so m∠x = 180° − 39° = 141°.
20. ∠N is a right angle. It measures 90°. ∠y and the angle marked 39° are corresponding
angles, so m∠y = 39°.
22. The complement of an angle that measures 77° is ∠y and ∠z are supplementary, so
an angle that measures 90° − 77° = 13°. m∠z = 180° − m∠y = 180° − 39° = 141°.
24. The supplement of an angle that measures 77° is
46. ∠y can also be named ∠CBD or ∠DBC.
an angle that measures 180° − 77° = 103°.

26. The complement of an angle that measures 22° is 48. ∠ABE can also be named ∠EBA.
an angle that measures 90° − 22° = 68°.
50. m∠EBD = 45°
28. The supplement of an angle that measures 130°
52. m∠CBA = 15°
is an angle that measures 180° − 130° = 50°.

274 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Prealgebra and Introductory Algebra Chapter 8: Geometry and Measurement

54. m∠EBC = m∠EBD + m∠DBC Section 8.2 Practice Exercises

= 45° + 50°
= 95° 1. a. Perimeter = 10 m + 10 m + 18 m + 18 m
= 56 meters
56. m∠ABE = m∠ABC + m∠CBD + m∠DBE The perimeter is 56 meters.
= 15° + 50° + 45°
= 110° b. Perimeter = 125 ft + 125 ft + 50 ft + 50 ft
= 350 ft
7 1 7 1⋅ 2 7 2 5 The perimeter is 350 feet.
58. − = − = − =
8 4 8 4⋅2 8 8 8 2. P = 2 ⋅ l + 2 ⋅ w
= 2 ⋅ 32 cm + 2 ⋅15 cm
7 1 7 4 7⋅4 7 1
60. ÷ = ⋅ = = or 3 = 64 cm + 30 cm
8 4 8 1 2⋅4 2 2 = 94 centimeters
The perimeter is 94 centimeters.
1 1 10 5
62. 3 + 2 = +
3 2 3 2 3. P = 4 ⋅ s = 4 ⋅ 4 ft = 16 feet
10 ⋅ 2 5 ⋅ 3 The perimeter is 16 feet.
= +
3⋅ 2 2 ⋅3
20 15 4. P = a + b + c
= + = 6 cm + 10 cm + 8 cm
6 6
35 5 = 24 centimeters
= or 5 The perimeter is 24 centimeters.
6 6

1 1 10 5 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 25 1 5. Perimeter = 6 km + 4 km + 9 km + 4 km
64. 3 ⋅ 2 = ⋅ = = or 8 = 23 kilometers
3 2 3 2 3⋅ 2 3 3 The perimeter is 23 kilometers.
66. The three red dots divide the circle into three 6. The unmarked horizontal side has length
parts. If the three dots are about the same 20 m − 15 m = 5 m. The unmarked vertical side
number of degrees apart, they divide the 360° of has length 31 m − 6 m = 25 m.
the circle into three parts.
P = 15 m + 31 m + 20 m + 6 m + 5 m + 25 m
360°
= 120° = 102 meters
3 The perimeter is 102 meters.
The red dots are 120° degrees apart.
7. P = 2 ⋅ l + 2 ⋅ w
68. The complement of an angle that measures = 2 ⋅120 feet + 2 ⋅ 60 feet
53.13° is an angle that measures = 240 feet + 120 feet
90° − 53.13° = 36.87°. = 360 feet
cost = $1.90 per foot ⋅ 360 feet = $684
70. False; answers may vary
The cost of the fencing is $684.
72. True, since 5° + 175° = 180°.
8. C = π ⋅ d = π ⋅ 20 yd = 20π yd ≈ 62.8 yd
The exact circumference of the watered region is
74. The sides of a rectangle are parallel. Thus, AB 20π yards, which is approximately 62.8 yards.
and CD, as well as AC and BD are parallel.
Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 8.2
76. answers may vary
1. The perimeter of a polygon is the sum of the
78. no; answers may vary lengths of its sides.

2. The distance around a circle is called the

circumference.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 275

Chapter 8: Geometry and Measurement ISM: Prealgebra and Introductory Algebra

3. The exact ratio of circumference to diameter is 16. P = 4 ⋅ s = 4 ⋅ 90 ft = 360 ft

π. The player will run 360 feet.

4. The diameter of a circle is double its radius. 18. P = 8 ⋅ 12 in. = 96 in.

The perimeter is 96 inches.
22 ⎛ 22 ⎞
5. Both (or 3.14) and 3.14 ⎜ or ⎟ are 20. P = 2 ⋅ l + 2 ⋅ w
7 ⎝ 7 ⎠
= 2 ⋅ 70 ft + 2 ⋅ 21 ft
approximations for π.
= 140 ft + 42 ft
6. The radius of a circle is half its diameter. = 182 ft
182 feet of fencing is needed.
7. Opposite sides of a rectangle have the same
measure, so we can just find the sum of the 22. The amount of fencing needed is 182 feet.
measures of all four sides. 182 feet ⋅ $2 per foot = $364
The total cost of the fencing is $364.
8. the perimeter of a circle
24. a. A pentagon has five sides.
Exercise Set 8.2
b. P = 5 ⋅ 14 m = 70 m
2. P = 2 ⋅ l + 2 ⋅ w The perimeter is 70 meters.
= 2 ⋅14 m + 2 ⋅ 5 m
= 28 m + 10 m 26. P = 4 ⋅ s = 4 ⋅ 3 in. = 12 in.
The perimeter is 12 inches.
= 38 m
The perimeter is 38 meters. 28. P = 2 ⋅ l + 2 ⋅ w
4. P = 2 yd + 3 yd + 2 yd + 3 yd = 10 yd = 2 ⋅ 85 ft + 2 ⋅ 70 ft
The perimeter is 10 yards. = 170 ft + 140 ft
= 310 ft
6. P = a + b + c 310 ft ⋅ $2.36 per foot = $731.60
= 5 units + 10 units + 11 units The cost is $731.60.
= 26 units
The perimeter is 26 units. 30. The unmarked vertical side has length
13 in. − 6 in. = 7 in.
8. Sum the lengths of the sides. The unmarked horizontal side has length
P = 10 m + 4 m + 10 m + 9 m + 20 m + 13 m 30 in. − 13 in. = 17 in.
= 66 m P = 13 in. + 13 in. + 30 in. + 7 in. + 17 in. + 6 in.
The perimeter is 66 meters. = 86 in.
The perimeter is 86 inches.
10. All sides of a regular polygon have the same
length, so the perimeter is the number of sides 32. The unmarked vertical side has length
multiplied by the length of a side. (2 + 4 + 3) cm = 9 cm.
P = 4 ⋅ 50 m = 200 m The width of the figure in the vertical section of
The perimeter is 200 meters. height 4 cm is 16 − 11 = 5 cm. So the unmarked
horizontal side has length (9 − 5) cm = 4 cm.
12. All sides of a regular polygon have the same P = (16 + 2 + 11 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 9 + 9) cm = 58 cm
length, so the perimeter is the number of sides The perimeter is 58 centimeters.
multiplied by the length of a side.
P = 6 ⋅ 15 yd = 90 yd 34. The unmarked vertical side has length
The perimeter is 90 yards. (22 + 5) km = 27 km.
The unmarked horizontal side has length
14. P = a + b + c (12 + 6) km = 18 km
= 8 in. + 12 in. + 10 in. P = (18 + 27 + 6 + 5 + 12 + 22) km = 90 km
= 30 in. The perimeter is 90 kilometers.
The perimeter is 30 inches.

276 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Prealgebra and Introductory Algebra Chapter 8: Geometry and Measurement

36. C = 2 ⋅ π ⋅ r = 2 ⋅ π ⋅ 2.5 in. = 5π in. ≈ 15.7 in. 62. a. The first age category that 12-year-old
The circumference is exactly 5π inches or children fit into is “Under 13,” so the
approximately 15.7 inches. maximum width is 60 yards and the
maximum length is 110 yards.
38. C = π ⋅ d = π ⋅ 50 ft = 50π ft ≈ 157 ft
The circumference is exactly 50π feet or b. P = 2⋅l + 2⋅ w
approximately 157 feet. = 2 ⋅110 yd + 2 ⋅ 60 yd
= 220 yd + 120 yd
40. C = 2 ⋅ π ⋅ r = 2 ⋅ π ⋅ 10 yd = 20π yd ≈ 62.8 yd = 340 yd
The circumference is exactly 20π yards or The perimeter of the field is 340 yards.
approximately 62.8 yards.
64. The circle’s circumference is π ⋅ 7 in. ≈ 21.98 in.
42. C = π ⋅ d = π ⋅ 150 ft = 150π ft ≈ 471 feet The square’s perimeter is 4 ⋅ 7 in. = 28 in.
The circumference of the barn is 150π feet, or So the square has the greater distance around; b.
about 471 feet.
66. a. Smaller circle:
44. C = π ⋅ d C = π ⋅ d = π ⋅ 16 m = 16π m ≈ 50.24 m
⎛ 1⎞ Larger circle:
= π ⋅ ⎜ 5 ⎟ in.
⎝ 2⎠ C = π ⋅ d = π ⋅ 32 m = 32π m ≈ 100.48 m
11
= π in. b. Yes, when the diameter of a circle is
2
11 22 2 doubled, the circumference is also doubled.
≈ ⋅ in. = 17 in.
2 7 7 68. answers may vary
2
The distance around is about 17 inches or 70. The length of the curved section at the top is half
7
17.29 inches. of the circumference of a circle of diameter
6 meters.
46. P = (4.5 + 7 + 9) yd = 20.5 yd 1 1 1
⋅ C = ⋅ π ⋅ d = ⋅ π ⋅ 6 m = 3π m ≈ 9.4 meters
The perimeter is 20.5 yards. 2 2 2
The total length of the straight sides is
48. C = π ⋅ d = π ⋅ 11 m = 11π m ≈ 34.54 m 3 ⋅ 6 m = 18 m.
The circumference is 11π meters ≈ 34.54 meters. The perimeter is the sum of these.
9.4 m + 18 m = 27.4 m
50. P = 4 ⋅ 19 km = 76 km The perimeter of the figure is 27.4 meters.
The perimeter is 76 kilometers.
72. The three linear sides have lengths of 7 feet, 5
52. The unmarked vertical side has length feet, and 7 feet. The length of the curved side is
(40 − 9) mi = 31 mi. half of the circumference of a circle with
The unmarked horizontal side has length diameter 5 feet, or
(44 − 9) mi = 35 mi. 1 1
P = (44 + 31 + 9 + 9 + 35 + 40) mi = 168 mi π ⋅ d = π ⋅ 5 = 2.5π ≈ 7.9 feet
2 2
The perimeter is 168 miles. 7 ft + 5 ft + 7 ft + 7.9 ft = 26.9 ft
The perimeter of the window is 26.9 feet.
54. 25 − 3 ⋅ 7 = 25 − 21 = 4

56. 6 ⋅ (8 + 2) = 6 ⋅ 10 = 60

58. (72 ÷ 2) ⋅ 6 = 36 ⋅ 6 = 216

60. 41 ⋅ (23 − 8) = 41 ⋅ (8 − 8) = 41 ⋅ 0 = 4 ⋅ 0 = 0

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 277

Chapter 8: Geometry and Measurement ISM: Prealgebra and Introductory Algebra

Section 8.3 Practice Exercises 4 3 4 ⎛1

3
⎞
6. V = πr = π ⋅ ⎜ cm ⎟
1 3 3 ⎝2 ⎠
1. A = bh 4 1
2 = π ⋅ cu cm
1 1 3 8
= ⋅12 in. ⋅ 8 in. 1
2 4 = π cu cm
1 33 6
= ⋅12 in. ⋅ in. 1 22
2 4 ≈ ⋅ cu cm
4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 33 6 7
= sq in. 11
2⋅4 = cu cm
1 21
= 49 sq in. 1
2 The volume is π cubic centimeter, which is
1 6
The area is 49 square inches.
2 11
approximately cubic centimeter.
21
1 2
2. A = (b + B)h ⎛1 ⎞
2 SA = 4πr 2 = 4π ⋅ ⎜ cm ⎟
1 ⎝2 ⎠
= (5 yd + 11 yd)(6.1 yd) 1
2 = 4π ⋅ sq cm
= 48.8 sq yd 4
= π sq cm
The area is 48.8 square yards.
22 1
≈ sq cm or 3 sq cm
3. Split the rectangle into two pieces, a top 7 7
rectangle with dimensions 12 m by 24 m, and a The surface area is π square centimeters, which
bottom rectangle with dimensions 6 m by 18 m. 1
The area of the figure is the sum of the areas of is approximately 3 square centimeters.
7
these.
A = 12 m ⋅ 24 m + 6 m ⋅18 m
= 288 sq m + 108 sq m 7. V = πr 2 h = π ⋅ (5 in.)2 ⋅ 9 in.
= 396 sq m = π ⋅ 25 sq in. ⋅ 9 in.
= 225π cu in.
The area is 396 square meters.
≈ 706.5 cu in.
4. A = πr 2 The volume is 225π cubic inches, which is
approximately 706.5 cubic inches.
= π ⋅ (7 cm)2
= 49π sq cm 1 1
≈ 153.86 sq cm 8. V = s 2 h = ⋅ (3 m) 2 ⋅ 5.1 m
3 3
The area is 49π square centimeters, which is 1
= ⋅ 9 sq m ⋅ 5.1 m
approximately 153.86 square centimeters. 3
= 15.3 cu m
5. V = lwh = 7 ft ⋅ 3 ft ⋅ 4 ft = 84 cu ft
The volume is 15.3 cubic meters.
The volume of the box is 84 cubic feet.
SA = 2lh + 2 wh + 2lw Vocabulary, Readiness & Vocabulary Check 8.3
= 2(7 ft)(4 ft) + 2(3 ft)(4 ft) + 2(7 ft)(3 ft)
= 56 sq ft + 24 sq ft + 42 sq ft 1. The surface area of a polyhedron is the sum of
= 122 sq ft the areas of its faces.
The surface area of the box is 122 square feet.
2. The measure of the amount of space inside a
solid is its volume.

3. Area measures the amount of surface enclosed

by a region.

278 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Prealgebra and Introductory Algebra Chapter 8: Geometry and Measurement

4. Volume is measured in cubic units. 8. A = πr 2

5. Area is measured in square units. = π(5 cm)2
= 25π sq cm
6. Surface area is measured in square units. 25 22
= ⋅ sq cm
1 7
7. We don’t have a formula for an L-shaped figure, 550 4
so we divide it into two rectangles, use the ≈ sq cm = 78 sq cm
formula to find the area of each, and then add 7 7
these two areas. The area is
25π square centimeters
8. For each example, an exact volume is found and 4
≈ 78 square centimeters.
an approximate volume is found. Exact answers 7
are in terms of π and approximate answers use
an approximation for π. 10. A = b ⋅ h = 3 cm ⋅ 4.25 cm = 12.75 sq cm
The area is 12.75 square centimeters.
Exercise Set 8.3
1
2. A = l ⋅ w = 3.5 ft ⋅ 1.2 ft = 4.2 sq ft 12. A = (b + B) ⋅ h
2
The area is 4.2 square feet.
1⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜ 5 in. + 8 in. ⎟ ⋅ 6 in.
1 2⎝ 2 ⎠
4. A = ⋅b ⋅ h 1 27
2 = ⋅ in. ⋅ 6 in.
1 1 2 2
= ⋅ 4 ft ⋅ 5 ft 81
2 2 = sq in.
1 9 2
= ⋅ ft ⋅ 5 ft 1
2 2 = 40 sq in.
45 2
= sq ft
4 1
The area is 40 square inches.
1 2
= 11 sq ft
4
1 1
The area is 11 square feet. 14. A = (b + B) ⋅ h
4 2
1
= (10 ft + 5 ft) ⋅ 3 ft
1 2
6. A = ⋅b ⋅ h 1
2 = ⋅15 ft ⋅ 3 ft
1 2
= ⋅ 7 ft ⋅ 5 ft = 22.5 sq ft
2
35 The area is 22.5 square feet.
= sq ft
2
1 16. A = b ⋅ h
= 17 sq ft 1
2 = 3 cm ⋅ 4 cm
1 4
The area is 17 square feet. 17
2 = 3 cm ⋅ cm
4
51
= sq cm
4
3
= 12 sq cm
4
3
The area is 12 square centimeters.
4

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 279

Chapter 8: Geometry and Measurement ISM: Prealgebra and Introductory Algebra

18. A = b ⋅ h = 6 m ⋅ 4 m = 24 sq m 30. V = s 3 = (11 mi)3 = 1331 cu mi

The area is 24 square meters.
The volume is 1331 cubic meters.
20. The area of the trapezoid that forms the top of SA = 6s 2 = 6(11 mi)2 = 6 ⋅121 sq mi = 726 sq mi
the figure is The surface area is 726 square miles.
1 1
(b + B ) ⋅ h = (6 km + 10 km) ⋅ 4 km 1
2 2 32. V = π ⋅ r 2 ⋅ h
= 32 sq km. 3
2
The area of the rectangle that forms the bottom 1 ⎛ 3 ⎞
of the figure is l ⋅ w = 10 km ⋅ 5 km = 50 sq km. = π ⋅ ⎜1 in. ⎟ ⋅ 9 in.
3 ⎝ 4 ⎠
The area of the figure is the sum of these. 147
A = 32 sq km + 50 sq km = 82 sq km = π cu in.
The total area is 82 square kilometers. 16
147 22 7
≈ ⋅ cu in. = 28 cu in.
22. The figure can be divided into two rectangles, 16 7 8
one measuring 25 cm by 12 cm and one The volume is
measuring 20 cm by 3 cm. The area of the figure 147 7
is the sum of the areas of the two rectangles. π cubic inches ≈ 28 cubic inches.
16 8
A = 25 cm ⋅12 cm + 20 cm ⋅ 3 cm
= 300 sq cm + 60 sq cm SA = π ⋅ r r 2 + h2 + πr 2
= 360 sq cm 2 2
7 ⎛7 ⎞ ⎛7 ⎞
The total area is 360 square centimeters. = π⋅ in. ⎜ in. ⎟ + (9 in.)2 + π ⎜ in. ⎟
4 ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
24. The top of the figure is a square with sides of 7 49
= π 1345 sq in. + π sq in.
length 5 in., so its area is 16 16
s 2 = (5 in.) 2 = 25 sq in. ⎛7 49 ⎞
= ⎜ π 1345 + π ⎟ sq in.
The bottom of the figure is a parallelogram with ⎝ 16 16 ⎠
area b ⋅ h = 5 in. ⋅ 4 in. = 20 sq in. ≈ 60.00 sq in.
The area of the figure is the sum of these. The surface area is
A = 25 sq in. + 20 sq in. = 45 sq in. ⎛7 49 ⎞
The total area is 45 square inches. ⎜ 16 π 1345 + 16 π ⎟ square inches
⎝ ⎠
≈ 60.00 square inches.
26. r = d ÷ 2 = 5 m ÷ 2 = 2.5 m
A = πr 2 4
34. V = π ⋅ r3
= π ⋅ (2.5 m)2 3
= 6.25π sq m 4
= π ⋅ (3 mi)3
≈ 19.625 sq m 3
The area is 6.25π square meters ≈ 19.625 square = 36π cu mi
meters. 22 1
≈ 36 ⋅ cu mi = 113 cu mi
7 7
28. V = l ⋅ w ⋅ h = 8 cm ⋅ 4 cm ⋅ 4 cm = 128 cu cm The volume is
The volume is 128 cubic centimeters. 1
SA 36π cubic miles ≈ 113 cubic miles.
7
= 2lh + 2wh + 2lw
= 2 ⋅ 8 cm ⋅ 4 cm + 2 ⋅ 4 cm ⋅ 4 cm + 2 ⋅ 8 cm ⋅ 4 cm SA = 4πr 2
= 64 sq cm + 32 sq cm + 64 sq cm = 4π(3 mi)2
= 160 sq cm = 36π sq mi
The surface area is 160 square centimeters. 22 1
≈ 36 ⋅ sq mi = 113 sq mi
7 7
The surface area is
1
36π square miles ≈ 113 square miles.
7

280 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Prealgebra and Introductory Algebra Chapter 8: Geometry and Measurement

1 1 50. Including the house, the land is in the shape of a

36. r = ⋅ d = ⋅10 ft = 5 ft trapezoid, whose area is
2 2
1 1
V = π ⋅ r2 ⋅ h (b + B ) ⋅ h = (96 ft + 132 ft) ⋅ 48 ft
2 2
= π ⋅ (5 ft)2 ⋅ 6 ft 1
= 150π cu ft = ⋅ 228 ft ⋅ 48 ft
2
22 3 = 5472 sq ft.
≈ 150 ⋅ cu ft = 471 cu ft
7 7 The house is a rectangle, with area
The volume is l ⋅ w = 48 ft ⋅ 24 ft = 1152 sq ft.
3 The area of the yard is the difference between
150π cubic feet ≈ 471 cubic feet.
7 these.
A = 5472 sq ft − 1152 sq ft = 4320 sq ft
1 1 The area of the yard is 4320 square feet.
38. V = ⋅ s 2 ⋅ h = ⋅ (7 m)2 ⋅15 m = 245 cu m
3 3
The volume is 245 cubic meters. 52. V = π ⋅ r 2 ⋅ h = π ⋅ (3 ft)2 ⋅ 8 ft = 72π cu ft
The volume is 72π cubic feet.
1 SA = 2πr ⋅ h + 2π ⋅ r 2
40. V = π ⋅ r 2 ⋅ h
3 = 2π(3 ft)(8 ft) + 2π(3 ft)2
1
= π ⋅ (14 ft)2 ⋅15 ft = 66π sq ft
3
= 980π cu ft The surface area is 66π square feet.
22
≈ 980 ⋅ cu ft = 3080 cu ft 54. a. The top part of the wall is a triangle, with
7 1 1
The volume is 980π cubic feet ≈ 3080 cubic feet. area ⋅ b ⋅ h = ⋅ 24 ft ⋅ 4 ft = 48 sq ft.
2 2
The bottom part is a rectangle, with area
42. V = s 3 = (5 ft)3 = 125 cu ft l ⋅ w = 24 ft ⋅ 8 ft = 192 sq ft.
The volume is 125 cubic feet. The area of the wall is the sum of these.
SA = 6s 2 = 6(5 ft)2 = 6 ⋅ 25 sq ft = 150 sq ft A = 48 sq ft + 192 sq ft = 240 sq ft
The total area is 240 square feet.
The surface area is 150 square feet.
b. Divide the area of the wall by the side area
44. A = l ⋅ w = 28 m ⋅ 6.2 m = 173.6 sq m of each brick.
The area of the sign is 173.6 square meters.
1 6
240 ÷ = 240 ⋅ = 1440
46. A = l ⋅ w = 27.6 cm ⋅ 21.5 cm = 593.4 sq cm 6 1
The area of a page is 593.4 square centimeters. The number of bricks needed to brick the
end of the building is 1440.
1 4
48. V = ⋅ ⋅ π ⋅ r3 1 1
2 3 56. r = ⋅ d = ⋅ 6 in. = 3 in.
2 2 2
= π ⋅ (10 in.)3
3 4
V = ⋅ π ⋅ r3
2000 3
= π cu in.
3 4
= π ⋅ (3 in.)3
2000 22 5 3
≈ ⋅ cu in. = 2095 cu in.
3 7 21 = 36π cu in.
The volume is ≈ 113.04 cu in.
2000 5 The volume is 36π cubic inches ≈ 113.04 cubic
π cubic inches ≈ 2095 cubic inches. inches.
3 12

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 281

Chapter 8: Geometry and Measurement ISM: Prealgebra and Introductory Algebra

58. r = d ÷ 2 = 2 cm ÷ 2 = 1 cm 78. Gutters go on the edges of a house, so the

2 2
A = πr = π ⋅ (1 cm) = π sq cm ≈ 3.14 sq cm situation involves perimeter.
The area of the watch face is π square 80. Baseboards go around the edges of a room, so
centimeters, or about 3.14 square centimeters. the situation involves perimeter.

1 82. Fertilizer is spread throughout the surface of a

60. V = ⋅ π ⋅ r 2 ⋅ h
3 yard, so the situation involves area.
1
= π(3 km) 2 (3.5 km) 84. This could be answered by dividing Utah into
3
= 10.5π cu km two rectangles, in two different ways. But it’s
easier to regard the state as a 350 mile by 270
⎛ 22 ⎞
≈ 10.5 ⎜ ⎟ cu km = 33 cu km mile rectangle from which a 70 mile by 105 mile
⎝ 7 ⎠ rectangle has been removed.
The volume is 10.5π cubic kilometers ≈ 33 cubic A = 350 mi ⋅ 270 mi − 70 mi ⋅105 mi
kilometers. = 94,500 sq mi − 7350 sq mi
= 87,150 sq mi
62. A = l ⋅ w = 35 ft ⋅ 24 ft = 840 sq ft The area of Utah is approximately 87,150 square
840 square feet of insulation are needed. miles.
4
64. V = ⋅ π ⋅ r3 86. r =
d 55 ft
= = 27.5 ft
3 2 2
4
= π ⋅ (2 cm)3 1
3 SA = ⋅ 4π r 2
32 2
= π cu cm 1
3 = ⋅ 4(3.14)(27.5 ft)2
32 2
≈ ⋅ 3.14 cu cm ≈ 4749.25 sq ft
3 The surface area of the hemisphere is about
≈ 33.49 cu cm
4749.25 sq ft.
The volume is
32 88. answers may vary
π cubic centimeters
3
≈ 33.49 cubic centimeters. 90. r = d ÷ 2 = 240 in. ÷ 2 = 120 in.
A = πr 2
66. SA = 2lh + 2wh + 2lw
= 2(2 in.)(2.2 in.) + 2( 2 in.)(2.2 in.) = π ⋅ (120 in.)2
+ 2(2 in.)(2 in.) = 14, 4006π sq in.
=8.8 sq in. + 8.8 sq in. + 8 sq in. ≈ 45, 216 sq in.
= 25.6 sq in. The top of the pie had an area of 14,400π square
The surface area is 25.6 square inches. inches, or about 45,216 square inches.

92. The semicircle at the top has radius 2.5 feet, so

68. 7 2 = 7 ⋅ 7 = 49
1 1
its area is ⋅ πr 2 = ⋅ π ⋅ (2.5 ft)2 = 3.125π sq ft.
2 2
70. 202 = 20 ⋅ 20 = 400
The rectangle at the bottom has area
l ⋅ w = 7 ft ⋅ 5 ft = 35 sq ft.
72. 52 + 32 = 5 ⋅ 5 + 3 ⋅ 3 = 25 + 9 = 34 The total area is
3.125π sq ft + 35 sq ft ≈ 44.8 sq ft.
74. 12 + 62 = 1⋅1 + 6 ⋅ 6 = 1 + 36 = 37

76. Grass seed is planted throughout the surface of a

yard, so the situation involves area.

282 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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ISM: Prealgebra and Introductory Algebra Chapter 8: Geometry and Measurement

94. First solid: 7. P = 4 ⋅ s = 4 ⋅ 5 m = 20 m

V = lwh = (6 ft)(2 ft)(4 ft) = 48 cu ft The perimeter is 20 meters.
SA = 2lh + 2 wh + 2lw A = s 2 = (5 m) 2 = 25 sq m
= 2(6 ft)(4 ft) + 2(2 ft)(4 ft) + 2(6 ft)(2 ft)
The area is 25 square meters.
= 88 sq ft
Second solid: 8. P = a + b + c = 4 ft + 5 ft + 3 ft = 12 ft
V = lwh = (4 ft)(3 ft)(4 ft) = 48 cu ft The perimeter is 12 feet.
SA = 2lh + 2 wh + 2lw 1 1
A = ⋅ b ⋅ h = ⋅ 3 ft ⋅ 4 ft = 6 sq ft
= 2(4 ft)(4 ft) + 2(3 ft)(4 ft) + 2(4 ft)(3 ft) 2 2
= 80 sq ft The area is 6 square feet.
no; answers may vary
9. C = 2 ⋅ π ⋅ r = 2 ⋅ π ⋅ 5 cm = 10π cm ≈ 31.4 cm
Integrated Review The circumference is
10π centimeters ≈ 31.4 centimeters.
1. The supplement of a 27° angle measures A = π ⋅ r 2 = π(5 cm)2 = 25π sq cm ≈ 78.5 sq cm
180° − 27° = 153°.
The area is 25π square centimeters ≈ 78.5 square
The complement of a 27° angle measures centimeters.
90° − 27° = 63°.
10. P = 11 mi + 5 mi + 11 mi + 5 mi = 32 mi
2. ∠x and the angle marked 105° are The perimeter is 32 miles.
supplementary angles, so A = l ⋅ w = 11 mi ⋅ 4 mi = 44 sq mi
m∠x = 180° − 105° = 75°. The area is 44 square meters.
∠y and the angle marked 105° are vertical
11. The unmarked horizontal side has length
angles, so m∠y = 105°.
17 cm − 8 cm = 9 cm.
∠z and the angle marked 105° are The unmarked vertical side has length
supplementary angles, so 7 cm + 3 cm = 10 cm.
m∠z = 180° − 105° = 75°. P = (8 + 3 + 9 + 7 + 17 + 10) cm = 54 cm
The perimeter is 54 centimeters.
3. ∠x and the angle marked 52° are supplementary The figure is made up of two rectangles, one
angles, so m∠x = 180° − 52° = 128°. with dimensions 10 cm by 8 cm, the other with
∠y and the angle marked 52° are corresponding dimensions 7 cm by 9 cm.
angles, so m∠y = 52°. A = 10 cm ⋅ 8 cm + 7 cm ⋅ 9 cm = 143 sq cm
The area is 143 square centimeters.
∠z and ∠y are supplementary angles, so
m∠z = 180° − m∠y = 180° − 52° = 128°. 12. P = 2 ⋅ l + 2 ⋅ w
= 2(17 ft) + 2(14 ft)
4. The sum of the measures of the angles of a = 34 ft + 28 ft
triangle is 180°. = 62 ft
m∠x = 180° − 90° − 38° = 52° The perimeter is 62 feet.
A = l ⋅ w = 17 ft ⋅ 14 ft = 238 sq ft
5. d = 2 ⋅ r = 2 ⋅ 2.3 in. = 4.6 in. The area is 238 square feet.

1 13. V = s 3 = (4 in.)3 = 64 cu in.

6. r = ⋅d
2 The volume is 64 cubic inches.
1 1
= ⋅ 8 in. SA = 6 ⋅ s 2 = 6(4 in.)2 = 6 ⋅16 sq in. = 96 sq in.
2 2
1 17 The surface area is 96 square inches.
= ⋅ in.
2 2
17
= in.
4
1
= 4 in.
4

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 283

Chapter 8: Geometry and Measurement ISM: Prealgebra and Introductory Algebra

14. V = l ⋅ w ⋅ h = 3 ft ⋅ 2 ft ⋅ 5.1 ft = 30.6 cu ft 6. 4 ft 8 in.

The volume is 30.6 cubic feet. + 8 ft 11 in.
SA = 2lh + 2 wh + 2lw 12 ft 19 in.
= 2(3 ft)(5.1 ft) + 2(2 ft)(5.1 ft) + 2(3 ft)(2 ft) Since 19 inches is the same as 1 ft 7 in., we have
= 30.6 sq ft + 20.4 sq ft + 12 sq ft 12 ft 19 in. = 12 ft + 1 ft 7 in. = 13 ft 7 in.
= 63 sq ft
The surface area is 63 square feet. 7. 4 ft 7 in.
× 4
1 1 16 ft 28 in.
15. V = s 2 h = (10 cm)2 (12 cm) = 400 cu cm Since 28 in. is the same as 2 ft 4 in., we simplify
3 3
as 16 ft 28 in. = 16 ft + 2 ft 4 in. = 18 ft 4 in.
The volume is 400 cubic centimeters.
8. 5 ft 8 in. → 4 ft 20 in.
1 1 3 − 1 ft 9 in. − 1 ft 9 in.
16. r = ⋅ d = ⋅ 3 mi = mi
2 2 2 3 ft 11 in.
4 The remaining board length is 3 ft 11 in.
V = πr 3
3
3 2.5 m 1000 mm
4 ⎛3 ⎞ 9. 2.5 m = ⋅ = 2500 mm
= π ⎜ mi ⎟ 1 1m
3 ⎝2 ⎠
9
= π cu mi 10. 3500 m = 3.500 km or 3.5 km
2
1 11. 640 m = 0.64 km
= 4 π cu mi
2 2.10 km
9 22
≈ ⋅
1
cu mi = 14 cu mi − 0.64 km
2 7 7 1.46 km
The volume is
1 1 2.1 km = 2100 m
4 π cubic miles ≈ 14 cubic miles. 2100 m
2 7
− 640 m
Section 8.4 Practice Exercises 1460 m

6 ft 6 ft 12 in. 12. 18.3 hm

1. 6 ft = ⋅1 = ⋅ = 6 ⋅12 in. = 72 in. × 5
1 1 1 ft
91.5 hm
8 yd 8 yd 3 ft
2. 8 yd = ⋅1 = ⋅ = 8 ⋅ 3 ft = 24 ft 13. 0.8 m = 80 cm
1 1 1 yd 80 cm + 45 cm = 125 cm
The scarf will be 125 cm or 1.25 m.
18 in. 1 ft 18
3. 18 in. = ⋅ = ft = 1.5 ft Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 8.4
1 12 in. 12
1. The basic unit of length in the metric system is
68 in. 1 ft 68
4. 68 in. = ⋅ = ft the meter.
1 12 in. 12
5 1 foot
2. The expression is an example of a
12 68 12 inches
−60 unit fraction.
8
Thus, 68 in. = 5 ft 8 in. 3. A meter is slightly longer than a yard.

5 yd 3 ft 4. One foot equals 12 inches.

5. 5 yd = ⋅ = 15 ft
1 1 yd
5. One yard equals 3 feet.
5 yd 2 ft = 15 ft + 2 ft = 17 ft

284 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Prealgebra and Introductory Algebra Chapter 8: Geometry and Measurement

6. One yard equals 36 inches. 129 in. 1 ft 129

16. 129 in. = ⋅ = ft = 10.75 ft
1 12 in. 12
7. One mile equals 5280 feet.
100 ft 1 yd 100
8. feet; feet are the original units and we want them 18. 100 ft = ⋅ = yd
to divide out. 1 3 ft 3
33 yd 1 ft
2 2 3 100
9. Both mean addition; 5 = 5 + and
5 5 −9
5 ft 2 in. = 5 ft + 2 in. 10
−9
10. The sum of 21 yd 4 ft is correct, but is not in a 1
good format since there is a yard in 4 feet.
Convert 4 ft = 1 yd 1 ft and add again: 59 in. 1 ft 59
21 yd + 1 yd + 1 ft = 22 yd 1 ft. 20. 59 in. = ⋅ = ft
1 12 in. 12
11. Since the metric system is based on base 10, we 4 ft 11 in.
just need to move the decimal point to convert 12 59
from one unit to another. −48
11
12. 1.29 cm and 12.9 mm; these two different-unit
lengths are equal.
25, 000 ft 1 mi 25, 000
22. 25, 000 ft = ⋅ = mi
Exercise Set 8.4 1 5280 ft 5280
4 mi 3880 ft
84 in. 1 ft 84 5280 25, 000
2. 84 in. = ⋅ = ft = 7 ft
1 12 in. 12 − 21,120
3 880
18 yd 3 ft
4. 18 yd = ⋅ = 18 ⋅ 3 ft = 54 ft
1 1 yd 4 ft 12 in.
24. 4 ft 11 in. = ⋅ + 11 in.
1 1 ft
36,960 ft 1 mi = 48 in. + 11 in.
6. 36,960 ft = ⋅ = 59 in.
1 5280 ft
36,960
= mi 4 yd 3 ft
5280 26. 4 yd 1 ft = ⋅ + 1 ft = 12 ft + 1 ft = 13 ft
= 7 mi 1 1 yd

1 12.5 ft 12 in. 1 yd 3 ft
8. 12 ft = ⋅ = 12.5 ⋅12 in. = 150 in. 28. 1 yd 2 ft = ⋅ + 2 ft = 3 ft + 2 ft = 5 ft
2 1 1 ft 1 1 yd
5 ft 12 in.
25 ft 1 yd 25 1 5 ft = ⋅ = 5 ⋅12 in. = 60 in.
10. 25 ft = ⋅ = yd = 8 yd 1 1 ft
1 3 ft 3 3
30. 12 ft 7 in. + 9 ft 11 in. = 21 ft 18 in.
3.8 mi 5280 ft = 21 ft + 1 ft 6 in.
12. 3.8 mi = ⋅
1 1 mi = 22 ft 6 in.
= 3.8 ⋅ 5280 ft
= 20, 064 ft 32. 16 yd 2 ft + 8 yd 2 ft = 24 yd 4 ft
= 24 yd + 1 yd 1 ft
14. 7216 yd =
7216 yd 1 mi
⋅ = 25 yd 1 ft
1 1760 yd
7216
= mi
1760
= 4.1 mi
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 285
Chapter 8: Geometry and Measurement ISM: Prealgebra and Introductory Algebra

34. 15 ft 5 in.
− 8 ft 2 in.
7 ft 3 in.

36. 14 ft 8 in. → 13 ft 20 in.

− 3 ft 11 in. − 3 ft 11 in.
10 ft 9 in.

38. 34 ft 6 in. ÷ 2 = 17 ft 3 in.

40. 15 yd 1 ft
× 8
120 yd 8 ft = 120 yd + 2 yd 2 ft = 122 yd 2 ft

46 m 100 cm
42. 46 m = ⋅ = 4600 cm
1 1m

14 mm 1 cm
44. 14 mm = ⋅ = 1.4 cm
1 10 mm

400 m 1 km
46. 400 m = ⋅ = 0.4 km
1 1000 m

6400 mm 1m
48. 6400 mm = ⋅ = 6.4 m
1 1000 mm

6400 cm 1 m
50. 6400 cm = ⋅ = 64 m
1 100 cm

0.95 km 100, 000 cm

52. 0.95 km = ⋅ = 95, 000 cm
1 1 km

5 km 1000 m
54. 5 km = ⋅ = 5000 m
1 1 km

4.6 cm 10 mm
56. 4.6 cm = ⋅ = 46 mm
1 1 cm

140.2 mm 1 dm
58. 140.2 mm = ⋅ = 1.402 dm
1 100 mm

0.2 m 1000 mm
60. 0.2 m = ⋅ = 200 mm
1 1

62. 14.10 cm
+ 3.96 cm
18.06 cm

64. 30 cm 30 cm 0.3 m
+ 8.9 m + 890 cm or + 8.9 m
920 cm 9.2 m

286 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Prealgebra and Introductory Algebra Chapter 8: Geometry and Measurement

66. 45.3 m 4.53 dam 45.3 m

− 2.16 dam − 2.16 dam or − 21.6 m
2.37 dam 23.7 m

68. 14 cm 14.0 cm 140 mm

− 15 mm − 1.5 cm or − 15 mm
12.5 cm 125 mm

70. 14.1 m × 4 = 56.4 m

72. 9.6 m ÷ 5 = 1.92 m

Yards Feet Inches

74. 4-story building 22 66 792
76. Ostrich height 3 9 108

Meters Millimeters Kilometers Centimeters

78. Height of grizzly bear 3 3000 0.003 300
80. Golf ball diameter 0.046 46 0.000046 4.6
82. Distance from Houston to Dallas 396,000 396,000,000 396 39,600,000

84. 1 mi 1400 ft
+ 1 mi 4000 ft
2 mi 5400 ft = 2 mi + 1 mi 120 ft = 3 mi 120 ft
The probe is 3 mi 120 ft below the surface.

1
86. mi → 2640 ft
2 − 1150 ft
− 1150 ft
1490 ft
At their narrowest points, the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone is 1490 feet wider than the Black Canyon of the
Gunnison.

88. 3.4 m + 5.8 m = 9.2 m

9.2 m 9.20 m
− 8 cm − 0.08 m
9.12 m
The length of the tied ropes is 9.12 m.

90. 14 cm 14.0 cm
− 22 mm − 2.2 cm
11.8 cm
The sediment is 11.8 cm thick now.

92. 1 yd 2 ft × 25 = 25 yd 50 ft
= 25 yd + 16 yd 2 ft
= 41 yd 2 ft
The total length is 41 yd 2 ft.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 287

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bright green, with bands of black, white, and gold, and sky-blue
collars, which dart in and out of the subaqueous growths—give an
indescribable charm to the picture. It was Lolóma’s delight to watch
her own supple reflection gleaming in these tranquil depths. She was
bright as the sunshine, and wild as the sea-spray with which she
sported. As she rose from the waves, her limbs glistening, after a dive
in the surf, she was a veritable sea-nymph.
As the sun went down, the little town of Ramáka was enveloped in
an ethereal golden mist, that rose from the water and the shore. The
buildings floated on a lake of rose-hued radiance;—the mountaintops
in the background, bathed in a brief flush of crimson, seemed to
flicker with flame. When the great Eye of Day, as the Fijians
poetically name the sun, was closed behind the watery horizon, the
rosy cones of the hills faded to a duller hue. But soon the stars
rushed out, for there is no twilight in the tropics; the moon
illuminated the sea with long lines of rippling light; the reef, the
ocean, the coral strand and the hills above, shone like a sparkling
garland of jewels, and the long cool night was welcomed after the
blazing heat of the day. Then the inhabitants gave themselves up to
evening amusements, prominent among which were the fishing
parties.
There were various methods adopted for catching fish. Fishhooks
of wood, shell, or bone, were used; and sometimes the craftsmen
relied on the glare of the torch made of bunches of dried reeds, when
the finny spoils were to be secured by spearing. Occasionally fish
were temporarily stupefied, and made easy of capture with the hand,
by throwing into the water the pointed fruit of the vutu rakaraka, and
the stem and leaves of the duvu ganga, which were also on some
occasions drawn through the water by a long vine or creeper. The
favourite method, however, was the construction of a fence of bark,
leaves, and sticks, which enclosed the fish in the middle of the circle.
The space in the middle was gradually contracted by hauling on both
ends of the fence. Soon the space became so small that the fish were
forced to jump over the barrier on every side. Then the fun
commenced. Some caught the scaly creatures in their hands, others
speared them, and not a few scooped them up in hand-nets. The
babel of sounds with the shouting, prancing, splashing, and laughter
which all this gave rise to, as the merry people gathered in the silvern
harvest of the sea, it would be impossible to describe. Not
infrequently a single canoe was brought into requisition in the sport.
The frail skiff often got swamped in deep water. Nothing damaged,
the occupants would jump out, and pressing down one end until the
greater part of the water had run out, they let go suddenly; then
swimming along by the side, they baled out the remainder and
jumped in again.
But the most curious fishing incident is that of the arrival of the
balolo—the Fijian whitebait season. The balolo is a strange
annelidan, which comes into these waters regularly each November,
just after the first quarter of the moon. Its periodical appearance is
always predicted with unerring certainty. The worm-like creature,
with its cylindrical jointed body, coloured green, red, brown, or
white, is found floating on the surface in millions in the early
morning. The water becomes thick with wriggling balolos, and they
are scooped up by the hand. The Fijians carry their vermicelli away
in leaves, and bake them in ovens, afterwards going in for a “diet of
worms.”
I often joined in the fishing excursions. One evening, some hours
after the sun had sunk like a globe of fire beyond the watery horizon,
and the moon had risen high in the Heavens,—lured by the beauty of
the silver-shining sea, I had remained out on the reef, unmindful that
the prattling fishing parties had trooped home. Enchained by the
magic beauty of the spectacle, and lulled by the monotonous
booming of the heaving ocean, as it rolled against the great natural
breakwater, I hardly noticed that the tide was rapidly coming in, and
that the water on the highest point of the reef was already above my
ancles. Turning shorewards, my right foot sunk into a depression in
the coral formation, and I immediately felt that I was in the grip of a
vice. My foot had entered the expanded jaws of an enormous clam-
shell, which instantly shut upon it. These bi-valves, in shape like an
oyster, have a terrible power of holding whatever comes within their
grip, though I was not aware of it at the time. A good wrench failing
to give me liberty, I stooped and sought to disengage my foot with
my hand. I might as well have tried to tear a rock in two. The shell
was firmly fixed in the coral, which seemed to have grown round it,
and no mortal fingers could dislodge it from its position.
 Now for the first time the desperate peril of my situation dawned
upon me. I was paralysed for a few moments with the thought that
entered my mind like a flash, that I had no chance of escape from
death—a slow and lingering death—death in its most agonising form
—dying by inches while in the full flow of health. My recent
companions were all out of hail, the town was two miles distant, and
I should remain bound to this rock till the flowing tide drowned me.
The water rose with each succeeding wave, and chilled me with the
terror of the prospect. I shouted aloud for help, though knowing
none could come. My puny voice was lost in the hollow murmuring
of the sea, as it rambled among the branching coral and cavernous
ledges. Straggling members of the fishing parties were still visible a
thousand yards from me, but they were rapidly widening the
distance. Faint echoes of their jocund songs borne on the light wind,
added another pang to the thought that I should never rejoin them.
They would soon regain the town. I should probably not be missed
for several hours, and then no one would know where to search for
me. Even now, with the water up to my waist, and the sea breaking
on the reef, I was not an object that could be discerned more than a
few paces off.
A long roller passed over my head. When it receded, I remained
shoulder-deep in the water. I shouted again, aimlessly. I tugged with
desperation at the trap which held me, and sickened at the sense of
the utter hopelessness of my position. I wondered how long I should
live after it became a question of holding my breath while the waters
passed over me. The feeling of fearful loneliness that crept over me
was intensified by the wild uproar of the waves as they dashed upon
the barrier, sounding in the broken spaces with a terrible bellowing
and hissing, which seemed to my excited fancy demoniacally
malignant, as though evil spirits were rejoicing in the prey so soon to
be delivered up to them, and were now sporting around it with
malicious glee. The moon threw down her soft light, striking with
silvery sheen the familiar peaks and headlands, and lacing the sea
with paths of glittering quicksilver. The stars were twinkling above
like so many fireflies. The beauty of the night only added to my
misery.
The level water reached to my chin. I strained my neck to keep it
from gurgling in my throat. I shrieked again, and was answered by
the deep moaning of the sea. A heavy bank of clouds sailed over the
moon and obscured her light. There was nothing visible but the long
stretch of dusky waters. My death, thought I, is near at hand, and my
last moments are to be shrouded in pitying darkness. I could no
longer bear the frightful situation. With a wild despairing cry, I
closed my eyes, determined to end my life at once, and make no fresh
struggle to keep my lips above the salt flood. My voice was answered
by an excited question in Fijian: “Ah thava?” “What is that?” Could I
be dreaming, or had I already passed into the world of spirits? I felt
my head seized by a friendly hand, and then I sunk into
unconsciousness.
Three men were poling along in their canoe from a point lower
down the coast, to which they had been to fetch firewood, and the
prow of the wanqua had almost run against me. These sailors took in
the situation at once. Their long sharp-pointed poles were brought to
bear in detaching the clam from the rock, one of their number
sinking in the water and directing the operation with his hands. Then
I was lifted into the canoe, the shell adhering bodily to my foot. I
presently revived. After I had been deposited in the town, one half of
the shell was pulverised by a hardwood club. The flesh on my ancle
was a good deal torn by the frantic exertions I had made to free
myself. I was not long in recovering from these injuries, but the
incident itself made a lasting impression on me, and ever afterwards
I was very careful about wandering on the reef alone.
 CHAPTER XXII.
THE BIG FISH.

H alf a mile from Ramáka, a small stream which had its source in
the mountains found its way to the beach and discharged itself
into the sea. The banks of this stream, within the tidal influence,
were skirted with mangroves, an encroaching growth well fitted to
secure a footing on the uncertain brink of the ocean. These strange
semi-aquatic plants hold in their meshes a vast quantity of decaying
animal and vegetable matter deposited by the tides, which
alternately cover and uncover their roots and part of the trunks. The
remains of dead leaves, molluscs, and sea-weed, ferment in the sun,
forming a noisome mass in the black mud and ooze. The pendulous
roots of the mangrove take the shape of loops and arches from 6 to
10ft. high, supporting the body of the tree. These mazy arcades and
thickets maintain an unequal strife with the ocean, but the matted
roots holding the soil, often promote the growth of land, and
gradually appropriate portions of Neptune’s domain. The receding
waters disclose an immense variety of festering life. Sea-urchins,
crabs, and many nameless things struggle in the slime. Mussels,
barnacles, and oysters, cling to the branches, passing half their time
in the water and half out, as the tide flows and ebbs. Crabs and
worms, sea-centipedes, and strange limbless forms, wriggle and
scuttle together in the fierce sun, like maggots rioting in carrion. The
sea-birds here find dainty banquets, and they love to visit these
localities.
The banks of this stream had of late acquired an evil name. They
were said to be haunted by an enormous fish, or marine monstrosity,
which swallowed up men, women, and children who came within its
reach. Those Fijians who had seen the creature, and had lived to tell
the tale, were too terrified at the sight to be able to give anything like
an accurate description. It was a fact that in the course of a few
weeks, nine people who had gone to bathe in the river or draw water,
had disappeared. It was believed that they had been gobbled up by
what some called “the big fish,” and others a marine deity.
I determined to solve the mystery if possible; so one evening,
wading through the mangrove swamp, I gained the shelter of a
cavern which the sea had hollowed out of the rocky face of the rising
shore, and there waited patiently for the appearance of the monster.
That it was no myth was certain, for I saw in the ooze beneath the
mangroves, the marks of dentated feet that belonged to some animal
which was, I believed, unknown to me. As I sat in my dismal place of
watching, the sombre bats, which figure in many a gruesome Fijian
story, flapped their wings against me, giant nocturnal moths and
beetles joined black Vesper’s pageant, and the melancholy hoot of
the owl took part in the nightly revels. I could dimly see the flying
foxes hanging by their unwebbed thumbs from creviced rocks, till it
suited them to spread the umbrella-like membrane which covers
their slim fingers, and dive into the sable night. Screeching sea-birds,
just going to rest, mingled their hoarse voices with the sighing of the
breakers near at hand, and the saddened tone of the wind as it sang
through the crags and crannies of the rocks.
Presently I heard a rustling sound among the mangrove roots close
by. The noise seemed to me like that of some creature whose scales
rubbed against each other. Then there was a splash in the river, and
all was silent. I stole cautiously from my hiding-place, and gained a
position which commanded a view of the river’s banks for some short
distance. In a few minutes there emerged from the stream a creature
nearly 20 feet in length. It stretched itself, and remained motionless
on the muddy bank. I saw it clearly in the bright light of the moon,
which now emerged from a heavy pall of clouds which had long
obscured it. There was no mistaking the creature—it was a crocodile.
I was as much surprised as an English gentleman would be at finding
his favourite trout stream filled with crocodiles, for they are as
foreign to Fiji as to Great Britain. It was an inexplicable puzzle.
I made my way back to the town cautiously, and narrated my
discovery. After I had told the leading chiefs assembled in Hot-
Water’s house all I knew about crocodiles, which was that they were
good swimmers, but could not turn very rapidly either in the water or
on land, it was proposed that a man should be placed in the river as a
bait, and that when the crocodile had seized him, a large party of
Fijians should be at hand to kill it with their long spears. I would not
consent, however, to the cruelty they wished to practice on a human
being. It was eventually agreed that a rope of sinnet, with a running
noose at the end, should be passed over the bough of a tree near the
lurking place of the unwelcome visitor; that a man should sit in the
loop where it trailed on the ground; that he should run off as soon as
he had enticed the creature into the proper position; and that then 14
men, concealed at a distance, should haul on the rope, and hoist the
crocodile into a secure position in which he could be killed at leisure.
The trap was laid on the following day, and it answered admirably.
No one volunteered to act as the bait, but a Fijian, being ordered by
his chief to undertake the duty, discharged it with so much address
that the moment the crocodile extended his jaws to seize him, he
slipped away, and the noose was tightly drawn. When the crocodile,
dangling helplessly from the tree, had been killed with spears, its
body, which measured about 18ft. in length from the nose to the tip
of the tail, was cut up, baked, and eaten, the bones being preserved
for the making of spear-heads and needles.
The capture of the crocodile was made the occasion of a great
holiday festival. The incident was witnessed from a distance by the
greater part of the townspeople, and the wild shouts of delighted
laughter which went up as the creature rose in the noose, struggling
vainly, could have been heard a mile off. No other crocodile[19] or
alligator has ever been seen in Fiji. I believed until quite recently that
this one had been drifted by currents from the East Indies.
Explorations within the last year or two in New Britain and New
Ireland, islands on the east coast of New Guinea, however, show that
the rivers of those countries abound with alligators. It is therefore
much more probable that the unwelcome visitor found its way from
one of those islands. Had there been a pair of them, they would
probably have succeeded in establishing their race in Fiji.
19. The destruction of a crocodile in Fiji about the beginning of the century is a
well-attested fact.
 CHAPTER XXIII.
THE DEATH OF HOT-WATER.

A week or so after the incident of the capture and death of the

crocodile, Hot-Water, who had been in indifferent health for
some time, was attacked by a violent cold, which settled on his chest,
and it was apparent that he would not live long. One evening he sent
for me to his house to say farewell. A large company were assembled,
silently expecting his death. It was known that his end was very near,
for the town had recently been enveloped in a dense fog, and there
was an eclipse of the moon that night,—certain forerunners of the
death of a great chief.
Hot-Water was greatly exhausted, but he raised himself as I
entered the gloomy chamber, lighted only by the flickering flame of a
wick floating in a pan of oil placed near the chief. Addressing the
assemblage, though speaking with difficulty, he told them in
symbolic language that as the musket and axe of the white man were
truthful, so was his religion true—that as the foe fell before his firing
and the tree before his chopping, so should fall their old religion
smitten by the new and truthful one—that in a few more years they
would set aside their gods of darkness and conform in many respects
to the habits of the papalangis. Commending me to the protection of
the tribe when he was gone, he lay back and became incapable of
further speech.
Glancing round the company, I saw that these remarks had been
received with anything but favour. It was well known that the King’s
successor, his brother, Ratu Bolatha (ill-omened canoe), would be no
friend to me for personal reasons; also, that he was opposed to the
settlement of white men in the country, and the minor chiefs and
people were preparing to follow the views of the new régime, under
which white men would be regarded as no better than themselves,
while I had always been looked upon as a sort of God.
On the following day I went to the King’s house, to enquire after
Hot-Water again. Entering the building, I found the floor occupied
by three groups of men and women, the middle figure of each group
being held in a sitting posture and covered by a large veil of masi. On
either side of each veiled figure there stood in line, seven or eight
men, one company hauling against the other on a cord of sinnet
passed twice round the neck of the central figure, which was in each
case one of the old chief’s wives. All were motionless as wax figures. I
had arrived during a strange hush—a haunted silence—it was the
moment of death with the victims. Accustomed as I was to barbarous
scenes, I could not but feel a thrill of horror. I was told that ten
widows had now been strangled to accompany their lord to Hades.
Turning to the body of the King, I found, to my great surprise, that
he was not dead. He raised his hand feebly and tried to speak, but
without articulate utterance. At that moment the dolorous wail of
two conch-shells, like a passing knell, published his death to the
community. I remonstrated with the bystanders; they replied that his
spirit was gone, and that he was dead;—his body might move, but
that it did unconsciously. The body was already dressed for the
grave. It was covered all over with a coat of black powder; the turban
was secured by a chaplet of white cowries, and the flowing folds of a
new sulu lay at the feet. An attendant approached, and laid in the
hollow of the King’s arm his famous war club. It was an ushering in
of Death with all the etiquette and observance of a punctilious court
—a grim masquerading of the King of Terrors, in which there was no
real sorrow or feeling displayed. And yet Hot-Water was a chief,
distinguished by a few of the rarer Fijian virtues as well as by
personal attractions.
At the sound of the conch-shells announcing the demise of the
King, the chief priest turned towards the King elect and saluted him
with the words “Peace, Sir, the King is dead; but his successor lives.”
Then a loud flourish of trumpet-shells from the door of the royal
residence informed the people that they owed allegiance to Bolatha,
Tui Ramáka.
The bodies of the women, whose lives had been so cruelly
sacrificed, were dressed in gala attire with vermilion powder spread
on their faces and bosoms, as though they were being decked for the
bride-bed rather than the grave. Then they were laid by the side of
the dead chief. Visitors came in large parties to weep over the bodies,
after the manner of the keening at an Irish wake. The corpses were
watched during the night, the watchers singing a succession of
dirges.
The burial of the late King was accompanied by many strange
observances. The grave was lined with mats on which the bodies of
the wives selected to accompany their husband to the spirit-world
were laid, the King being placed on them. He had with him his club
to help him in making his way through the difficulties which beset
the paths of Hades. A strong man was also killed and buried with
him in order that he might go before and hold the Fijian Cerberus
when he attempted to prevent His Majesty from entering any of the
spiritual Kingdoms. The old King was heard to moan after the soil
had been heaped on him, but that was not regarded as a sign that his
spirit was still in its earthly tenement, and the grave closed over him.
The grave was only three feet deep, and its place was well indicated
by the deceased’s long train of masi, some yards of which, being left
above ground, were festooned on the branches of a neighbouring
tree.
Many mourning ceremonies followed on the death of the King. His
children prepared a feast in honor of his spirit, which was now to
them a god, and made wreaths and necklaces of sweet-smelling
flowers and leaves, which were called “garlands for the departing
spirit.” Many near relations each cut off a finger, and the digits were
stuck in rows along the eaves of the late King’s house. The coast, for
several miles, was made tambu, which meant that no one might fish
there. Vast groves of cocoanuts were also declared to be sacred. One
mourning custom observed, called Vakavindiulo, “jumping-of-
maggots,” was a public lamentation in which the mourners pictured
to themselves the corruption which had taken place in the body of
the departed, the fourth day after burial. Another was called the
Vakandrendre, “causing-to-laugh.” It consisted in the performance of
comic games to help the friends of the deceased to forget their grief.
At length the funeral banquetings were over, all necessary usages
had been fully complied with, the old King was gathered to his
fathers, and Ratu Bolatha reigned in his stead. The passing of the
chiefdom into the hands of a ruler who was not friendly to the white
man, would, I was fully aware, lead to disagreeable consequences to
me. However, it was not in accordance with Fijian custom to do
anything hurriedly, and I knew that I should have time to look about
me. So I continued the even tenor of my way, secretly revolving in my
mind, however, various methods of protecting myself from an
impending blow.
 CHAPTER XXIV.
A DISEMBODIED SPIRIT.

I n the hope of keeping on good terms with the bete or priest, Box-
of-Tricks, I called upon that sagacious individual, taking with me a
suitable present—a necklace made of pieces of whales’ teeth, which
were very valuable in Fiji, and equivalent to diamonds with us.
The Temple to which I directed my steps lay in the deep shadow of
upas trees, from which the priests obtain a kind of poison for the
sorcerer’s work. At the base of a huge vesi was the great sacrificial
stone, indented with blows, which told of the many victims who had
been there offered to the gods, and notches in the trunk of the tree
accurately attested their number. The dark foliage of the upas trees
shed a funereal gloom around, which well suited this weird spot. The
grass seemed to have withered where the priest’s shadow fell.
I found the old man seated inside the Temple, his long white beard
flowing over a table made of human bones. His glittering, snake-like
eyes, rested upon fearful decorations which were the remnants of
slain bodies; and one of his long bony hands clutched a skull used for
drinking yangona. Strips of tapa trailing from the roof to the floor,
forming veil-like curtains, were the steps down which the gods came
when invoked by their powerful servant. It was impossible to enter
this place of baleful emanations, with its sombre surroundings and
sinister tenant, without an involuntary shudder. The occasional
glimmer of the ocean, momentarily seen through the open door and
thick leaves, was the only thing that recalled the mind from the
supernatural to the natural.
I desired to discourse with the priest on the subject of our recent
bereavement. I extolled the virtues and wisdom of the departed.
 “Aye,” answered the ecclesiastic, “he was indeed a master of words
and the salt of language. Capsized is the land we live in; capsized is
our stricken country.”
At the same time his evil heart gave the lie to his words, for he was
secretly pledged to the retrogressive policy of Bolatha, the
banishment of white men, and the restoration of all the old heathen
customs, some of which the dead chief had allowed to fall into
desuetude.
“The noble Hot-Water,” continued Box-of-Tricks, “is in the land of
shadows, now to dwell forever with immortals, for have I not seen
him pass successfully through all the portals of Hades?”
Fixing his eyes straight before him, they assumed a strange dull
glare, and the priest had evidently passed into the world of visions.
He proceeded, speaking like one in a trance:
“Methinks I see great Hot-Water now, with chiefly bearing, in his
habit as he lived. He is at the Place-of-Dying, overlooking the sea,
where the human spirits of our tribe take their departure for the
other world. See! He is looking with his large earnest eyes towards
the beach just in front of the village! His gaze is fixed upon his
favorite canoe, drawn up on the sand and partly shaded by that
clump of palms. Day after day, for a week or more, he has come to
look at that little craft, the father of delightful reminiscences to him.
Hark! He speaks! He is saying to himself ‘Oh, that canoe! Why don’t
they put it on my grave! Oh, that fast little sailer! If it were only here,
shouldn’t I be able to hoist sail, and away to those who await my
coming!’ But, alas! his friends have been unmindful of their duty.
The spirit of the canoe cannot therefore depart to its late owner and
captain, who must now proceed on the inevitable submarine passage
as best he may.
“Now he takes the dreadful dive into the Great Passage. The waters
have not overwhelmed him—he emerges in the Place of Refuge. I see
him with other spirits at the Face-Washing-Water, where they are
washed with boiling water, which removes their outward and worldly
appearance. One of Hot-Water’s companions is a bachelor. May the
gods befriend him! This is no place for single spirits. Already the
officers of the place are putting him under a large rock which will
press him as a beetle is pressed under the foot of mortals! Bear up,
brave heart! The utmost limit of thy fortitude must be fully
ascertained by those who are now thy spiritual chiefs. According to
thy endurance and chiefly bearing under trial shall their future
treatment of thee be.
“Behold, a beautiful tree appears in view. Have a care, good spirits,
for here lurks a grim monster, the King of the state you are now
traversing. The lake hard by is the Face-Washing-Water. Speed on,
but beware the fence guarded by King Spirit-Smiter. Dash on bravely
now, and heed not the ghostly figure, or dreadful will be your doom.
On, great Hot-Water presses, with club upraised—the spirit of the
very club he used in the wars of earth, and which his weeping friends
put into his hands just as he was coming away. Uplifted also is the
club of the great Smiter; and now, crash! crash! crash! To right and
left flies the flimsy fence. Well done, great chief. The horrible
Smiter’s hands are paralysed, and he himself stands aside in blank
wonderment at the uncommon daring of the hero, whose spirit, he
now sees, is that of no ordinary child of earth, but one of the bravest
of the brave.
“Now the great chief looks seaward, expecting some one from out
the briny deep from which he himself but lately emerged. He pauses
in front of a screw-pine, and throws whales’ teeth at it. Once, twice,
three times, twenty times! and struck the mark ten times! He has
twenty wives, and ten of them are being strangled that they may have
the privilege of accompanying their lord through all the kingdoms of
this mysterious world. How the prospect has lifted the cloud which a
few minutes ago rested on his chiefly features! How quickly now he
turns with cheerful face and beaming eye towards the beach,
remarking as he does so, ‘They cannot be long in coming! They will
soon be here!’ True, indeed. Even as he speaks, the ten wives arrive
by the old and well-beaten submarine road. The water is dripping
from their hair, and the mark of the strangling cord is still about
their necks, which, but yesterday, sweet-smelling flowers bedecked.
Oh! beneficent customs of our fatherland, long may they survive, and
may the people never turn from the instructions of their priests.
“Again, I see Hot-Water in the Third State. Being a man of arms,
he bears a club upon his shoulder. Here the country is well planted
with food for the benefit of new arrivals. Hot-Water was not cut off
untimely, for see! his bananas in Hades are ripe. Yonder wretched
spirit is that of a poor man who committed suicide in his youth, and
he is obliged to live on green fruit.
“Hark! Do you not hear sounds as from a multitude of voices
chanting. We are in the Fourth State of the Spirit-World—the Land
of Song. The great King of the country is also its music-master. There
is no place so joyous and gleesome as this. Great Hot-Water seems
himself again. His moonlight nights are all come back to him, and he
enjoys them as heartily as he used to do in the old world.
“Slowly and reluctantly the spirits are gliding away to the Fifth
State. Their eyes are drooping and fireless, and their faces are pale
with the paint of Death, who, for the fifth time, is already touching
them with his icy hand. Even now they are in the country where
reigns and rules with iron will the hideous despot, King Back-
Chopper. The song is hushed, and the dance is done. No more are
there any sweet-smelling flowers, or cool breezes, or moonlight walks
under the village trees! Nothing but the awful King, stalking abroad
to chop, with his spiritual tomahawk, the backs of his spiritual
subjects! Hot-Water bears the torture bravely. He knows that it
cannot last for ever, and that with none but himself to thank, King
Back-Chopper has hourly to behold, to his infinite chagrin, spirits
whom he has long victimised, bolting at last through the very gate of
which he is himself the porter, to
“The Sixth and Last State—‘the Place-of-Everlasting-Standing.’
Hot-Water is in the land of shadows. I see his noble spirit moving
through space in the care of the gods. It is enough. Great is Dengeh,
and the priests are his prophets.”
I learned from this semi-visionary deliverance of the wily Box-of-
Tricks more than I had ever known before of the future state the
Fijians believe in. The old priest was now too excited to talk to me on
any other subject, so I left him to his mummeries.
 CHAPTER XXV.
THE SPIRIT-WORLD.

T o while away idle hours, I had many conversations with the old
priest on the subject of the religion of his countrymen. The
cannibal, I found from him, as, indeed I had had many previous
opportunities of observing, was a most fanatical believer in spirits
and the spirit-world. His creed taught him that everything in nature
and art was a duality in unity. In other words, that everything had
two kinds of life, physical and spiritual. These two were but one in
this visible existence, but at death the physical nature returned to
earth, while the spiritual, retaining the form of the physical, lived on
in another world. According to this teaching, animals, plants, stones,
and in brief, all things in creation, and every work of man’s hand,
had inner and spiritual selves. And just as there were starting places
and paths for human spirits bound from this world to another, so
also were there the same conveniences for the spirits of pigs, rats,
snakes, bananas, taro, yams, canoes, clubs, spears, etc.
The Hades of the cannibal is both physical and spiritual, but its
physical character is so only in appearance. The spirit of the body
goes to the other world, retaining the likeness of the living man in an
impalpable form. This belief has sometimes proved a stumbling-
block to Fijians, particularly the older men, in their attempts to
become acquainted with one of the main doctrines of the Christian
religion. When examining candidates for baptism, missionaries have
frequently been struck with the answer to their question, “Do you
believe in the resurrection?” “Yes, I believe that my spirit will rise
from the grave, and that my body will go to ruin.” The cannibal had
no notion of a resurrection of the body until he learned it from
Christianity. But he was no materialist, for he not only held that
every material thing had a spirit of its own, but that when done with
in this world, it would send to the invisible one its spiritual
counterpart.
As departed spirits approach the shores of the new land, they are
not unfrequently met by kindred spirits who have gone before.
Among the first things which these friends are anxious to learn from
the fresh arrivals, is the cause of separation between their spirits and
their bodies. Was it the weakness of old age, the diseases of
childhood, an epidemic, the wreck of a canoe, the wrath of a chief,
the club of an assassin, the spear of a foe in fight, or a wilful leap
from a precipice? The persons thus met, and greeted with earnest
enquiries like these, are generally of some standing in society. No
one takes any interest in the spirits of serfs. They have to tramp the
weary road to the hidden country all alone, and introduce themselves
on reaching it. Their liberated spirits pass into Hades to be again
crushed with heavy burdens—to be tried and persecuted in a
thousand ways, to be slain over and over again, and driven to other
“states,”—but only to go through like trials, and be for ever
hammered about for the sole crime of not being chiefs.
The spirit-world of the cannibal, as revealed to us in his
mythologies, is certainly a very wonderful one. It is a vast country in
the interior and on the outside of our earth. That it begins on the
surface there is no doubt, but how far down its boundaries reach has
not been determined. There are not fewer than six provinces or
states. Dante would call these divisions of the spirit-world, “circles.”
To be nearer the Fijian’s idea, it is better to regard them as lands or
countries, which, if we saw them, we should look upon as duplicates
of the islands forming the Fiji group. The future life of human spirits
is occupied in travelling through all these states; the last of which, in
the course of ages, admits the wandering ones to an unmistakeable
immortality; or, if that be too much for them, to a kind of half-and-
half annihilation, the true nature of which the philosophers of this
religion have failed to explain. Each of these spiritual states is
inhabited by aboriginal spirits, the real owners of the spiritual soil,
who are governed by a king or great chieftain. In poetry the
aborigines are spoken of as “the people who sprung up in Hades,” or
“the people who arose out of the taro-beds of Hades.” Immigrants
from earth have to be very careful that they respect the people and
laws, and obey the chiefs of these mysterious realms. There is in each
state a class of aboriginal chiefs called “Ambassadors to Earth.” Their
duty is one of the utmost importance. They are expected to keep
open communication with mortals, to whom they are required to
make known the excellencies of the spirit-world, and the character of
its government. We will now enter the region itself, and with the
reader and our cannibal guides, pass at a good walking-pace through
each of its six divisions.
The first of these is on the earth’s surface, and in the air about us.
It is named the “Place of Dying.” It is the locality and its
neighborhood where a human spirit leaves the body at death. For the
convenience, as it would appear, of being able to think of the
departed, congregated in one or two spots instead of in many, each
village in Fiji has its one or two “Places of Dying” in or near it. Such a
place may be regarded as the spirit-village of the real and visible one.
At death, spirits go to this place and abide there for a season. It is
from this sacred and most dreaded waiting place, that they watch the
movements of the living; observe how they grieve at their
bereavement, and how they show their grief by fulfilling all funeral
rites and ceremonies.
The spirit does not take its departure till after some flitting and
fluttering around old scenes,—as though, like the butterfly just burst
forth from its cocoon, and taking short flights to prepare itself for
greater efforts, he were anxious by shaking off the stiffness of his
bodily life to be ready for some grand achievement. With some
spirits the object of thus waiting about is to fall in with other spirits,
whose company will lessen the dreariness of the untravelled way.
Company is a delightful thing to the cannibal, whether his road lie on
this or the other side of the dividing line between the two worlds.
When spirits prefer remaining for kindred spirits, they must keep
themselves well employed in the meantime. The spirits of old men
take great pleasure in plaiting sinnet. The art they know so well in
this world will not be forgotten in the other. The spirits of houses,
canoes, &c., must be tied with spiritual sinnet; the demand for
workmen will therefore never cease. But the day comes, sooner or
later, when there can be no more lingering of departed spirits near
the dear old village, with its groves of cocoanut palms and bread-fruit
trees. The dreadful dive must be taken, and every spiritual shark and
other enemy infesting the watery way, be fought and overcome, or
the second state of the cannibal’s Hades will never be reached. The
said dive is mostly made after rough and smooth journeys of various
distances by land, to some place on the sea coast, or to islands and
reefs near it. These places, whence the spirits start for a new sphere,
are known by different names, more or less appropriate, as the
“Leaf,” the “Bath,” the “Distant Reef,” “the Great Passage,” &c. It was
strongly asserted, and by many almost as stoutly believed, that spirit-
canoes used to arrive at these stations, to convey the spirits of great
chieftains to the spirit-shore. But whether passengers by canoes, or
brave swimmers trusting solely to the might of their own spiritual
muscles, all, or nearly all, come up in due time on the beach leading
to the grand entrance of the second state.
This may be known as the “Rocks” or “Place of Refuge.” It is on the
western end of Vanua Levu. Here is the universal gathering place—
the much talked of rendezvous of human spirits. It is from here that,
after numerous crucial tests, the spiritual immigrants are permitted
to pass on to further trials, hardships, and pleasures. That company
of spirits you see yonder, coming from the beach, is a party of
warriors whose bodies not long since licked the dust. The war-paint
is still upon them, and in their present condition they cannot be
allowed to proceed much further. No newly-arrived spirit can, until
he has been exhibited four successive days to the aboriginal dwellers.
Their exhibition over, they are removed to a place called the “Face-
Washing-Water,” where they are washed with boiling water, which
removes their outward and worldly appearance,—the very epidermis
of their spirits,—after which their true spiritual skin shines forth. But
here comes a spirit who has evidently had some attention given to his
toilette de mort ere he came here. He will surely pass without the
application of boiling water. Perhaps! but he has to find a lake
somewhere in this neighbourhood called “Reflecting-Water,” which
is the great looking-glass for spirits. If the oil, turmeric, and
sandalwood preparations, with other cosmetics used upon him by his
mourning friends for the purpose of improving his make-up and
rendering his personal appearance as perfect as possible, shall be
seen in this mirror to have effected that most desirable object, well
and good; he shall pass without having to submit to the scalding trial
experienced by the soldiers; but if not, why then there is nothing for
him but the “Face-Washing-Water,” which will not fail to wash out
every trace of the art known in other parts of the world as Madame
Rachel’s, and, by a virtue and process peculiar to itself, make him
“beautiful for ever.” Now there enters the spirit of a bachelor, who is
much to be pitied, not so much because of his “single blessedness”
when in the world, as for the long and intensely painful solitude that
is before him, not to speak of other miseries, which, see! are already
beginning! The officers of the place are putting him under a huge
rock, which will press him as a cheese is pressed. He has but lately
shuffled off his mortal coil, and, judging from our limited knowledge
and experience, it seems not unlikely that this process will make him
shuffle off his spiritual one. Honours are heaped upon the married,
but the unmarried are greeted from all sides with the taunting words,
“Most miserable of men!” Old maids receive no better treatment. If it
could be avoided, it should at any expense, for this is no place for
spinsters and bachelors. Let the living take timely warning, and
never venture here, if men, without their “better halves;” if, women,
without the sign of marriage, viz.: the absence in their hair of certain
curls or locks, which will exempt them from these tortures. The laws
of cannibal-land and its spirit-world are very plain on this important
business. He is no hero who has not a wife, and but a very little one
who has not many. No more is a woman a heroine who has not a
husband, or who has more than one.
Let us now seek the shade of that beautiful tree, which, of course,
is a spiritual one, for we are still in spirit-land, where things and
people of every name and character are but
“Shadows vain!
Except in outward semblance.”

A grim monster abides in the vicinity of this tree. He is an aboriginal

spirit, and the King of the state. That lake hard by is the Face-
Washing-Water; and there, coming along the narrow path by that
clump of banana trees, is a stranger with blackened face. He is
making for the lake, but there is in his way a fence well guarded by
the King, whose title of office for this particular duty is “Spirit-
Smiter.” Our friend will not be able to pass him without a challenge.
But if he be a chieftain of high rank, he may succeed in dashing
bravely through the fence in spite of its ghastly guardian. If, on the
contrary, he be a man of low degree, a turncoat or a coward, or one of
the “uncircumcised,” he will make for the woods to avoid the hurdles
and their awful guard, even as Bunyan’s pilgrim turned aside into
“Bye-path Meadow,” to escape the roughness of the right road. Woe
betide the poor wretch if the “Clubber” or any of his tribe catch him
anywhere out there. He will be eaten by the cannibal aborigines of
the state as sure as he is a spirit. On, the warrior presses, wielding his
club right dexterously. The fence is smashed, and the Smiter is
vanquished. Had the dreaded Spirit-Smiter prevailed, instead of the
glorious son of Mars, the inhabitants of Fiji would have been made
aware of the melancholy event by a great calm, which to them is
always a sign that the Smiter has smitten a spirit.
The spirit of another man is busily picking up stones to throw at
the fruit of a screw-pine, standing some 40 or 50 yards from his right
hand. Count the stones as he throws them, and you will learn both
the number of his widows and how many of them are being strangled
and hurried off with the utmost despatch to follow and wait upon
their lord throughout his future career in the land of spirits.
Unfortunate wretch! He has thrown ten times, and never once hit the
object of his aim. He left ten wives behind, not one of whom is
coming to alleviate the miseries of his solitude, in whose face he
discovers no charms; and he therefore sits down to moan and howl
over his lonely and pitiful lot, or to address himself upbraidingly to
his yet unstrangled wives, and their thoughtless and hardhearted
friends. “Oh, I am weary of waiting here,” he exclaims. “Once I was
weary with collecting many riches for you and your kinsfolk, and this
is their love to me for all my pains.” The state of morals among his
countrymen is growing worse and worse. The greatest and most
dearly cherished institutions of the land are falling into neglect; and
so this disconsolate spirit has nothing before him but wailing and
weeping to tramp his lonely way.
But here is another spirit of far more chiefly bearing than the last.
He is too rich to throw stones at the screw-pine, and uses whales’
teeth instead. Out of 20 shots he has struck the mark 7 times. He has
20 wives, and 7 of them are being strangled, that they may have the
unspeakable privilege of accompanying their lord through all the
kingdoms of this mysterious world.
The love of cannibal women for their husbands was not the
outcome of the heart’s deepest and tenderest affections, but a
compound made up of one part of something akin to love, and nine
parts of fear; the whole leading to a hero-worship which enslaved
both body and mind here and spirit hereafter. While he lived, the
woman was the hero’s beast of burden, not his loving or beloved
companion; and when he died the mesmeric power of his tyrannic
will, sweeping once more over and through her spirit, like the last
and fiercest gust of a hurricane, bent all her nature to one idea,
which, inspired by superstition, led her to court death for his sake.
“But still they come!
Such a long train of spirits, I should ne’er
Have thought that death so many had despoil’d.”

Some in the crowd have never had their ears bored; their future life
will in consequence be one of much misery. An officer, whose duty it
is to punish such unprepared immigrants, will presently come along,
and, piercing every unbored ear with his ponderous spear, will thrust
into the hole thus made the heavy log of wood from 2 to 3 yards long,
used by the women of Fiji for beating native cloth or tapa on. The
merciless judge condemns each offender to carry this burden in his
ear forever; i.e., during the unknown period of his stay in this state.
How great must be the necessity for having one’s ears bored while in
this life. Men used to bore the lobes of their ears, and stretch them so
much afterwards, that in the course of a few years they would hang
dangling on their shoulders.
State the Third, like all the other States, has its “Spirit-Smiter,”
who is distinguished by peculiar and special characteristics of his
own. He of this State is its King. It is said that he keeps a cock which
crows without fail on the approach of a human spirit. When once the
Smiter strikes with his club, the effect is as though the very bones of
the smitten child of earth crumbled away from his less material
substance. This bone dust, the old dogmas tell us, is saved, and
afterwards passed forward to another state in the Cannibal Hades,
where it serves as fuel for the household fires of that country. The
most remarkable feature of spiritual existence here, is that each
earth-born spirit carries about with him an appropriate mark by
which the work he was most distinguished for before leaving the
body is published to all who meet him. The spirit now passing up the
hill to the right was a great yam-planter, for his forehead bears upon
it the figure of a yam. On another you will see the impress of sugar-
cane, or bread-fruit, or taro, or whatever sort of vegetable he was in
the habit of cultivating most abundantly. Here and there we shall
meet some fine old men having their foreheads branded with figures
of various vegetables, and carrying fire-sticks in their hands. They
were men reported in their day as noted planters, the real producers
of their country’s wealth—men who would not let the tall reeds grow
where the yam-vine ought to creep, for want of fire to burn them off
the ground. It is one of the first duties of the chief of this state to see
that his country is well planted for the benefit of expected arrivals
from earth. He has gardens for the spirit of each inhabitant of Fiji.
The disembodied spirit on arrival hurries away to the banana
plantation. Should no ripe bananas be found, he will have to put up
with unripe ones; whence it will be known by the people of the place
that he left the earth before his time. If he committed suicide, or was
drowned or murdered, or if in any other unnatural way he met his
death, his friends will say, “He died before his bananas in Hades
were ripe.”
Sounds of music strike upon the ear. We are in the Fourth State—
the land of song. The subjects of this mirthful state, sing again and
again the natural songs of the aboriginal race without weariness. It
were well if they could abide here for ever. But the spirit-world of the
cannibal is too like his old one, for that, in its countless alternations
between pleasure and pain. There are some even now, whose time
being up, are gliding away to the Fifth State.
The indescribable delights they so lately experienced are in this
state all unknown. Death comes at last to their relief, and grim King
Back-Chopper loses his prey. Spirits whom he has long tortured are
hourly escaping him and passing to the Sixth and Last State, which is
known in the old legends as “The-Place-of-Everlasting-Standing.”
Here, for ever, the spirits remain in a standing posture. They may
never walk, sit, or lie down. It is the state of upright, motionless,
absolute immortality, for every spirit that can bear it. But restless
spirits who hate so monotonous and statue-like a life, are taken in
hand by the King of the realm, and reduced to something akin to
annihilation! Hence, perhaps, the opinion that chiefs alone are heirs
of immortality; all others being unable to pass the trials which
thicken around them, in the several states through which we have
hastened our tour of inspection. If, however, they should succeed in
outliving the dangers and deaths encountered there, they can surely
never survive the last and greatest test of all, with which King Lothea
never fails to try every spirit that comes within the circle of his
jurisdiction. All who cannot stand, Fakir-like, for ever, and without
any sign of unrest or discontent whatsoever, must at last submit to
have their spiritual legs taken from under them. Every leg thus
removed is forthwith converted into spiritual mould, for the spiritual
taro-beds of the great Spirit-King. The annihilation here indicated is,
to say the most, but very partial; for, if nothing but the extremities of
human spirits are destroyed, we may safely infer that our cannibal
philosopher’s doctrine of annihilation is one of milder form than that
contended for by learned “destructionists” of other lands.
I have now gone the round of the “Circles,” having faithfully
followed my native guides into the very heart of the land of shadows
and out again. Nothing remains but to note two or three general
characteristics of the cannibals’ future home, and then to take our
leave of the Spirit-World—a world which, in whatever light we may
view it, to the Fijian is a very matter-of-fact one after all.
Spirits dwell a long time in each state unless they fail of endurance,
when they are at once removed by a process akin to, and in Cannibal-
land called, another death. The doctrine therefore that a man can die
but once, is not to be found in the cannibals’ creed. Transmigration is
an article in it, but it is only a spiritual migration from place to place,
not from one body to another, except in the case of high-class gods,
who have the power of passing from body to body when necessary, in
order to effect more readily and perfectly their deep designs, either
for or against the cannibal portion of the human race. The popular
notion in Cannibal-land and times about these future homes of
departed spirits, was that on the whole more happiness could be
found in them than in this, the first stage of man’s existence. The
least pleasant thing connected with it was the difficulty of getting
there in safety; and when there, in passing the several tests in such a
manner as to be entitled to be let alone to a full enjoyment of
whatever was enjoyable. All things considered, it is a fine country,
where the spirits of chiefs live with chiefs, and those of common men
with spirits of their own order. Youth is seldom or never renewed, for
old folks are seen there in great numbers, trusting to their walking-
sticks in all their feeble attempts to shamble along the public walks
of the place. There is work to be done, but it is always pretty easy,
special trials excepted. There is no lack of what the Fijian would call
fine houses and good gardens. There is, moreover, no scarcity of
food, for the spirits feast ad libitum on the fat of the land. And there
will always be enough of sailing and fighting to satisfy the
characteristic craving of cannibal-spirits for the “spice of life.”
The cannibal was taught not to dread the thought of going to this
Spirit-World, but on the contrary to long rather for the change. It
was such beliefs as are now before us, and such teaching of them,
that doubtless nerved many a widow to follow her departed husband
with cheerful obedience to the wishes of his friends, and kept her
from shrinking at the sight of the rope which was to end her miseries
in this life. Bodily life was valued at a low price,—at no price at all in
fact, and nowhere, either in the philosophy or poetry of Cannibal-
land, were the people taught to consider
“That the dread of something after death,—
The undiscover’d country, from whose bourn
No traveller returns,—puzzles the will,
And makes us rather bear those ills we have
Than fly to others that we know not of.”
 CHAPTER XXVI.
A TREACHEROUS CHIEF.

T urner and Cobb, the two companions who survived with me the
wreck of the Molly Asthore, were absent from Ramáka when
Hot-Water died. They were away on a visit to the sandalwood coast,
on the island of Vanua Levu, with a party of natives. About three
weeks had elapsed from the date of the consignment of our friendly
old chief to the earth when they returned in a large double canoe,
bringing the joyful intelligence that an English-manned barque from
the East Indies, named the Sarah Jane, was at Bua, trading with the
natives, her chief object being to obtain a cargo of sandalwood for the
China market. Captain Jackson, of the Sarah Jane, having lost two
men in a skirmish with the natives in Natewa Bay, was short-handed,
and he had expressed his desire to ship Turner, Cobb, and myself for
the voyage to China.
I had now been two years in the country. I spoke the language
fluently, and had become thoroughly accustomed to the native mode
of life. The intense desire to return to a civilised land, and the
fellowship of white people, which afflicted me during the first few
weeks of my enforced residence in the islands, had gradually worn
off. I had not only become reconciled to my fate—I liked it. And what
would become of Lolóma if I said farewell to Fiji? She could not
accompany me to the home of the white man, and to part from her
was impossible. When I listened to her beguiling voice, looked into
her frank and tender eyes, and watched the gay, pretty toss of her
head, in fresh, unconscious coquetry, or gazed upon the fiery langour
of her embrowned limbs, the idea of separation became intolerable.
A few days after the return of Turner and Cobb from Vanua Levu,
the Sarah Jane put into the port of Ramáka to take on board a
quantity of yams, which had been promised in a message sent to her
captain by Bolatha. I stepped once more on an English ship. As I
listened to brief, fragmentary accounts of the most striking events
that had occurred in Europe during the past two years, and to some
items of Sydney news (for the vessel had called there only two
months back), strange reflections crowded upon my mind, and I felt
that the spirit of civilisation was strong within me. However, the
authorities against whom I had transgressed in Sydney were still in
power, and it would not do for me to return there at present.
The delight Lolóma felt in inspecting the cordage and fittings, the
hold, the forecastle, and the cuddy of a real ship, was unbounded.
Her sunny-natured disposition was all aglow with happiness. Life
never seemed to her to be more a merry and gladsome frolic than it
did that day. It was pleasure enough to be in the sun and laugh like
the rippling torrent as it leaps from stone to stone.
Bolatha paid a visit of state to the Sarah Jane, accompanied by a
large number of his retainers, and exchanged presents with the
captain. As he carefully inspected the various quarters of the vessel, I
noticed the covetous gleam which fired his eye, and boded no good to
the Englishmen.
On the following day, Captain Jackson was invited by Bolatha to a
grand meke (song and dance) given in his honour. He had been
treated with a great show of friendliness, and, nothing doubting, he
went ashore unarmed, accompanied by two of his sailors. The barque
was left in charge of the mate and the remainder of the crew. Turner
and Cobb, who had already taken up their abode on the vessel, were
also on board.
In the midst of the shore festivities, of which I was an idle
spectator, Lolóma ran to me in intense excitement, saying she had
overheard the chiefs talking, and that the ship was to be captured,
and all the white men, including myself, slain. I started to my feet
with the intention of secretly giving warning to Jackson, but I was
too late. Before I had gone three paces, Jackson, and the two sailors
who accompanied him, were clubbed from behind, and I was near
enough to see that the blows were fatal. At the same moment, by a
preconcerted signal, the ship was attacked. She was surrounded with
canoes, whose occupants had been trading with the sailors in a
friendly way. Her decks were also covered with natives. Suddenly an
onslaught was made with clubs, spears, and bows and arrows. The
white men were taken unawares, but they were prompt in resistance.
Turner and Cobb were luckily below at dinner, and sitting within
reach of the arm-rack. The sailors on deck had vigorously laid about
them with belaying pins, sheath-knives, and capstan-bars; and
Turner and Cobb’s steady firing of musketry through the skylight
soon cleared the decks of Fijians, with the exception of seven who lay
dead. As soon as Turner and Cobb gained the deck, and fired upon
the canoes, the whole flotilla retreated in disorder. The well-planned
attempt to capture the vessel had failed. The casualties on the side of
the Europeans were two sailors badly wounded.
At this time I was running my fleetest with Lolóma to the
cavernous retreat in which I had waited for the crocodile to make his
appearance. Pausing on rising ground to take breath, I was overjoyed
to see that the attack on the barque, which lay half a mile from the
shore, had aborted. I now believed that by making a detour, and
gaining possession of a small canoe, I could paddle on board in the
night time without much difficulty.
In the evening we were imprisoned by an unexpected event—a
sudden thunderstorm of great violence. There was a premonitory
hollow uproar in the higher regions of the air, and then the storm
broke with magnificent fury on the flank of the mountain range
which backed the town. Monarchs of the wood, held in the python-
folds of enormous creepers, were levelled. The atmosphere was filled
with branches driven before the wind, and they added to the noise of
the sweeping ruin. Then the gloom was pierced with vivid flashes of
forked lightning, tracing deep fissures in the clouds; the thunder
leaped from peak to peak with its salvos of flying artillery; and the
storm plunged through space, enacting a direful tragedy. No wonder
that at such a time the Fijians picture to themselves their war-god
riding on the whirlwind and directing the storm. Lolóma clung to me
in wild affright.
The sea rolled mountainously towards my hiding-place. As it
hurled itself against the crags, the concussion was terrific—the
tumult deafening. The earth seemed to tremble beneath me. After
nightfall the storm abated, leaving the atmosphere filled with
electricity. Streams of electric fire exploded in every direction. The
fretting and churning sea was filled with a dazzling blaze of
phosphorescence; rocks in this mysterious realm were bathed with
strange splendours, forming dancing phantoms in a scene of weird
revelry. The kelps and sea-weeds were stars and comets—the waters
cast up on the hill-side were gleaming rivulets in their return. Away
to the horizon stretched an ocean of molten metal, changing with
lambent flames of green, blue, and white; and on this ghastly welter
of coloured fire was projected the shadow of the hulk of the Sarah
Jane, whose silent spars reeled among the sheafs of vivid flame. On
the shore the subsiding waves rippled beneath the mangrove bushes,
flooding them with an unearthly pale light. More than once a globe of
fire descended from the inky clouds, and on reaching the sea burst
into a shower of sparks. Whenever I caught sight of the ship on
which my fortunes depended, she was dragging heavily at her anchor
chains; and she often seemed, from the constant play of the lightning
upon her spars, to be on fire in a dozen different places at once.
Slowly the strange and terrifying aspect of the lava-sea faded away,
giving place to the blackness of night.
It was long, however, before the electrical disturbance of the
atmosphere completely subsided. With the first streak of day, I
clambered up the irregular face of the rocky promontory which had
given me shelter, and gained the table-land at its summit. The trees
occasionally emitted livid wavering flames, similar to those of St.
Elmo’s light. Their appearance was accompanied by a crackling
sound, like that of the burning of wet powder. I found that when I
touched these flames, the light clung to me without causing any
sensation. Marvelling much at this phenomenon, I turned my face to
the ocean, being anxious about the safety of the barque. At that
moment a party of Bolatha’s men, lying in ambush to take me
prisoner, rushed upon me. I was too quick for them, and rapidly
gained the summit of a small rocky eminence from which I could
look down upon them. Carrying my flame-tipped fingers to my head,
which was uncovered, I was suddenly illuminated by an electric
aureola, and presented the appearance of a glorified saint. On
beholding this strange transformation, the Fijians ran off, screaming
with terror. Before they were out of ear-shot I heard them shout,
partly from conviction, and partly with the view of propitiating the
newly-found deity, “The Child of the Hurricane is a God indeed!”
 CHAPTER XXVII.
FAREWELL TO CANNIBAL-LAND.

A s soon as the natives were well out of sight, I made my way to the
coast, accompanied by Lolóma. Reaching the beach in the rear of
a narrow headland, which shut out the town from view, we took
possession of a small canoe, which was lying unoccupied on the sand,
and, launching the frail skiff, we were soon on our way to the ship,
which would be within half a mile as soon as we rounded the
headland referred to. When we reached the point, a double canoe,
with its huge mat sail, and full of armed men, shot out from the river
side, and gave chase. It seemed that Bolatha had taken extraordinary
precautions to prevent my escape. The sea was smooth, with a light
breeze blowing, and Lolóma and I, paddling vigorously, were making
good headway. Had the double canoe got the wind on her quarter,
she would have overhauled us in a very short time, but fortunately
she was obliged to make “boards,” and the tacking manœuvre being
slowly executed, we forged ahead. The light wind shifting a couple of
points, however, the double canoe gained a distinct advantage. Our
only chance now was to be observed by the barque, and to get within
the protection of her muskets. We strained every nerve. The prow of
our light skiff cut through the vari-coloured surface of the water like
a knife ripping up a piece of silk. The occupants of the large canoe
were within thirty yards, and I saw them stringing their bows. I also
saw, to my unspeakable satisfaction, that we were observed from the
Sarah Jane. Another three minutes, and her fire would send the
miscreants to the right-about. I rose in the little canoe, and shouted
derisively at our pursuers. They saw the situation, and saluted us
with a flight of arrows. At the same moment three musket-shots from
the barque laid low two of the cannibals, and the big canoe was put
about.
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