71 Red-Black Tree A Red Black Tree is a self-balancing binary search tree with one extra attribute for each node: the colour, which is either red or blackIt was invented in 1972 by Rudolf Bayer. Colours in tree are used to ensure that the tree remains balanced during insertion and deletion. A Red Black Tree is a self-balancing binary search tree in which each node has a red or black colour. The red black tree satisfies all of the features of the binary search tree, but it also has several additional properties. A RAGEBINERRtree’s height is OfLogn), where (n is the number of nodes in the tree) Rekeblackitrees are one of many search-tree schemes that are "balance" in order to guarantee that basic dynamic-set operations take O(lg n) time in the worst case. EST operations take O(h) time where h is the height of the BST.Cost of these operations may become On) fora skewed Binary tree. If we make sure that the height of the tree remains O(log n) after every insertion and deletion, then an upper bound of O(log n) for all these operations. The height of a R&deBlaek'tree is always O(log n) where nis the number af nodes in the tree. 72 Tree ies + Red - Black Tree must be a Binary Search Tree. +The root of the tree isalways black ©The children of Red colored node must be colored BLACK, (There should nat be two consecutive RED nodes) Every new node must be inserted with RED color. Every leaf (ei. NULL node) must be colored BLACK. ‘+ Inall the paths of the tree, there should be same number of BLACK colored nodes, Each node has the following attributes: Color Key Left Child Right Child Parent (except root node) Lovely Professional University 103S red-black_| wof48 << > ‘Three Invariants A rod/black tro isa binary search tre in which each node is colored either re or black. At the interface, we maintain thee invariants ‘Ordering Invariant This isthe same as for binary search tree: all the keys to left of nox are smaller, a all the keys tothe right of node are lager than the key a the node itself. ‘Height Invariant The number of back nodes on every path from the root to each lea isthe same. ‘We all this the Black height ofthe te. Color Invariant No two consecutive nodes are te. The balance and colar invariants together ‘imply thatthe longest path from the root oa fea sat most twice as long asthe shortest path. Since inset and search in a binary search tree have tine proportional to the lengths of the pat from the oot tothe lat, this guarantees O (og(a) tines fr these operations even if the tee & mot perfectly balanced. We therefore refer tothe height and color invariants collectively as the balance invariant 7.3 Red-Black Tree Operations Insertion Dedetion Search Recolor and Rolation performed on insertion and deletion operation as por ResiBlack: Tree roperties, Insertion operation “The imvertion operation in Rex! Black Tree is similar tothe Binary Search Tree Every new node must be inserted withthe color RED, ‘After every insertion operation, we need to check all the properties of REWEHGK'Tree. If all the [properties are satiated then we goto next operation otherwise we pelorm the following operation tomake it Red Black Tre 1. Recolor 2 Rotation 3. Rotation flowed by Resor ‘Steps for Red-lack tree insertion operations Check whether toes Empty {tte empty then inser the rewNade as Root node with oor Black and ei fom the operation {tre st empty then insert the new Noe a eal node with coloe Re 1 the parent of new Node Black then ei fom the operation. {the parent of newNode f Red then check the colar of parentnode iting of new. itiscoloed Hack of NULL then make suitable Rotaion and Recor Witiscolored Re then perform Recolor. Repeat the same until tre becomes Ret Buck Tee [Red:-black tree insertion operation 1 Lovely Professional University Notes Adoanced Data Structres ina? Sten 2‘Adownced Data Structures Step! Step2 Insert 40 60 Step3 Step & inset 38 Pe Steps Steps GG) ons ‘Alter rotation and recolor Algorithm to insert a node ‘allowing step a followed for inserting. new cent ins «RABE: _ety beth el GNI) and xe the ot of te te Lovely Professional University 10s Notes€ — red-black| 13 of 48 (Check i the te in met he whether NIL) Hye, inert we arte nd olor tk i repeats klong sop i lea (NI) ead. Compare ney with hig Wcwwky ge than thy, avers hgh the aber ie raver tag the et tte Aas the pret the lea a parent nw Node ‘eaey peter thn eke, make new Nee igh, ie, mabe Ne ACL ‘Asin NULL tw heeft and ght of newNoe ‘Asi RED coer new Deletion operation ‘he deletion operation fo Rac Tre i ilar to the BST. 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