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Nanoscale, 2019, DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J.

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 Page 1 of 24 Nanoscale

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Large area metal micro/nano-groove arrays with both DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J

structural color and anisotropic wetting fabricated by

one-step focused laser interference lithography

Hao Wu,a Yunlong Jiao,a Chenchu Zhang,b Chao Chen,a Liang Yang,a Jiawen Li,a,*

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

Jincheng Ni,a Yachao Zhang,a Chuanzong Li,c Yiyuan Zhang,a Shaojun Jiang,a Suwan

Zhu,a Yanlei Hu,a Dong Wu,a,* and Jiaru Chu a

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a CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department

of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and

Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

b Institute of Industry and Equipment Technology and c School of Instrument Science

and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009,

China

*E-mail: dongwu@ustc.edu.cn and jwl@ustc.edu.cn

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Abstract DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J

Artificial bioinspired surfaces are attracting more and more attentions because of their

fascinating characteristics, such as structural color of butterfly wing and anisotropic

wetting of rice leaf. However, realization of multicolor biomimetic metal surfaces

with controlled anisotropy using a simple, inexpensive and efficient method remains

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

challenging. Here, we propose a focused laser interference lithography processing

method, which has sufficient energy density and high processing efficiency to directly
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fabricate the groove structures on metal surface. The surface shows multicolor due to

diffraction grating effect of the regular grooves structures, and anisotropic wetting due

to the single-direction morphology. The influence of observation angle on the

diversity of colors and the anisotropic wetting under different heights and periods of

grooves have been quantitatively investigated. A variety of patterns (e.g., leaf, crab,

windmill, letter and so on) can be processed on various metals (e.g., stainless steel, Ti,

Ni, Cu, Fe, Zn and so on) by this focused laser interference lithography because of its

excellent flexibility and wide range of material suitability. This multifunctional metal

surface has broad applications in identification code, decorative beautification,

anti-counterfeiting, information storage, bionic application design and so on.

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1. Introduction DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J

Bioinspired surfaces have continuously attracted enormous interest due to their

unusual physical and chemical properties, which can be utilized for biological

medium,1 drag reduction,2 microfluidic devices,3 decorative beautification,4 solar

cells,5 and so on. Among the above, two typical properties of bioinspired surface are

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

structural color and anisotropic wetting. The structural color is inspired by insect

wings or bird feathers and the anisotropic wetting is inspired by rice leaf, trionum
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flower, duck feather, or shark skin.6-12 These two fascinating functions are all derived

from the surface micro/nanostructures of biological species. In order to mimic

biological species, a variety of micro/nano processing methods are used to fabricate

well designed micro/nanostructures to realize bioinspired surfaces. For example,

Wang et al. used femtosecond laser to print nanovoids on metal films, which can

reproduce different pure colors based on plasmonic coloration.13 Xiao et al. reported a

bioinspired structural color film fabricated by self-assembly of synthetic melanin

nanoparticles to reproduce colors of bird feathers.14 Vorobyev et al. used femtosecond

laser surface structuring technique to induce periodic surface structures on metals

(LIPSS), which are colorful due to grating effect. 15 By multiple exposure of two

beam laser interference with angle variation and period modulation, Abid et al.

realized three levels of biomimetic hierarchical structures with structural color and

superhydrophobicity on the polymer.16 Yong et al. realized an anisotropic wetting

surface using a line-by-line femtosecond laser scanning to process microgroove arrays

on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).17 Cheng et al. prepared arrays of micropillars on

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DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J
the shape memory polymer via replica-molding method to mimic the structures on the

rice leaf.18 Liu et al. adopted femtosecond laser single-point scanning to realize big

grooves (~50 µm) with anisotropic wetting on copper surface.19 However, these

fabrication processes are multistep complex or one-step but low efficiency (single

point scanning). Some of the fabricated microstructures are irregular due to its

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

self-induced formation mechanism.15 Therefore, it still remains a big challenge to

realize multifunctional surface with structural color and anisotropic wetting

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simultaneously on hard materials, such as the metal which has broader application

than polymer using a simple, inexpensive and efficient method. Laser interference

lithography (LIL) has been used for decades and constantly improved as one of the

most powerful yet relatively inexpensive method for creating large-area patterns

ranging from sub-micron to micron scales.16,20,21 By adjusting the amount of laser

interference beams, light intensity, phase of the laser, incident angle, polarization, etc.,

1D, 2D, and even 3D periodic structures can be obtained. Nevertheless, the processing

materials of the LIL in the existing reports are almost based on soft material such as

polymer.

Here, we proposed a focused laser interference lithography processing method,

which has sufficient energy density to directly fabricate the groove structures on

various metal surfaces. This multifunctional bioinspired surface has dazzling

structural colors and anisotropic wetting function simultaneously. We quantitatively

investigated influence of observation angle on the diversity of structural colors on the

center of processed metal surface when incident white light angle was fixed. We also
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DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J
systemically investigated anisotropic wetting behaviors on groove structures with

different periods and heights. It was found that the anisotropic wetting strongly

depended on the height, and weakly on the period when the period was about the

magnitude of several micrometers. Based on the investigated fabrication parameters,

we can realize multicolor biomimetic metal surfaces with controlled anisotropy.

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

2. Results and discussion
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2.1. Construction of focused laser interference lithography system and analysis

of groove formation mechanism

Figure 1a illustrates the experimental setup for different grooves on the mirror

polished 316L stainless steel surface by the focused two-beam laser interference

lithography. After laser beam expansion, the output laser spot was shaped into the 1×1

cm2 square by a square aperture. Then the laser was split into two beams which had

the same energy. In order to get enough energy density to process stainless steel

surface, two beams were converged into the 1×1 mm2 squares by two convex lenses.

By adjusting the optical path length strictly, they were overlapped on the sample both

temporally and spatially to form a periodic light intensity pattern by the interference.

As the light intensity distribution simulation (Figure 1b) shows, the periodic light

intensity pattern is composed of stripes with the light intensity changing continuously

from 0 to 4 I0 (I0 is defined as the light intensity of each beam). The stripes period

ds=λ / (2 sin θ) is determined by the incident angle θ and the laser wavelength λ.

Given θ=7.04°, the theoretical stripe period ds is 1.45 µm. Judging from the top view
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SEM image (Figure 1c), the period dg of grooves on the processed sample DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J
is about

1.46 ± 0.01 µm, which is consistent with theoretical stripes period ds. Due to the strict

uniformity of the light intensity distribution caused by the interference, the grooves

generated in the single exposure region are more uniform and continuous than that by

LIPSS.15,23 As shown in AFM image (Figure 1d), the height of grooves is sub-200 nm

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

and the cross section of grooves is sinusoidal shape. Figure 1e schematically shows

the formation process of grooves on the stainless steel surface. During laser
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irradiation, the laser-induced plasma was expanded to produce the shock wave, high

temperature and high pressure at the interface.22 The stainless steel surface was

melted, and the higher the light intensity was, the deeper the melting occurred. Under

the synergetic effect of shock wave and debris deposition, the grooves with sinusoidal

cross sections were formed.

2.2. Regulation of groove characteristics

The characteristics (e.g., period, height) of grooves on the stainless steel surface can

be regulated by changing the processing parameters. Four kinds of period 0.62, 0.92,

1.16, and 1.45 µm were obtained under θ=16.67°, 11.10°, 8.83°, and 7.04°,

respectively, which is consistent with the theoretical calculation. The height of

grooves, as one of the most important parameters of grooves, was studied in detail.

Figure 2d shows the relationship between groove height and laser fluence, with the

100 laser shots and the groove period of 1.45 µm. The laser fluence was 0.215, 0.335,

and 0.404 J/cm2 to form the groove heights of 29.96 nm (Figure 2a), 74.64 nm (Figure
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2b), and 128.20 nm (Figure 2c), respectively. The larger the laser fluenceDOI:is,10.1039/C8NR09747J
the

higher the groove is. Too small laser fluence will lead to the irregular grooves (Figure

2a). If the laser fluence increases, the thickness of the molten metal will be greater

and more debris will deposit so that the groove height increases. Figure 2h shows the

relationship between groove height and number of laser shots, with the laser fluence

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

of 0.404 J/cm2 and the groove period of 1.45 µm. The groove heights 41.26 nm

(Figure 2e), 80.20 nm (Figure 2f), and 193.39 nm (Figure 2g) were obtained under the
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30, 70, and 130 laser shots, respectively. It is obvious that the effect of less number of

laser shots on the irregular groove morphology (Figure 2e) is similar to the

insufficient laser fluence. Too large laser fluence (>0.45 J/cm2) or number of laser

shots (>140) will lead to bad groove morphology while the groove height will keep

constant (~200 nm). Hence, by adjusting the incident angle θ, the laser fluence, and

the number of laser shots, controllable grooves with different periods and heights can

be fabricated on the stainless steel surface.

Although the sample with micro/nano grooves was obtained, the area of single

processing was only 1×1 mm2, which seems small in some particular applications. A

two-dimensional translation precision stage was used to move the sample to splice the

single processing area into multiple large patterns. Larger surface (e.g., 6.5×7 cm2)

can be obtained through the combination of the control of the shutter and the

movement of two-dimensional XY translation stage. Due to the high fabrication

efficiency of this interference method, a full filled 2×2 cm2 square can be realized in

400 seconds, which is much faster than the single point femtosecond laser scanning
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methods (such as LIPSS, 1000 seconds).23 However, the edges of patterns areDOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J
usually

jagged as the minimum exposed area is 1 mm2. To get smooth edges, a mask

matching the pattern can be used. In this way, large-area patterns (~50 cm2) with high

quality were processed.

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

2.3. Influence of observation angle on the diversity of structural colors

The grooves have similar optical properties to diffraction gratings due to its periodic
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structures. When the white light irradiates the grooves, the incident light is divided

into spectra with different wavelengths. The spectra are reflected differently due to its

diffraction angle which is dependent on the wavelength. This is why different

structural colors can be observed at different observation angles when the sample is

irradiated by the white light. Figure 3a shows schematic illustration of measuring the

optical properties of micro/nano grooves on the stainless steel surface. The sample

was irradiated vertically by the white light from a LED lamp. A digital optical camera

which could move in the plane vertical to the groove direction was used to capture the

reflected light at different angles. The angle between the digital optical camera and

the Z-axis is defined as the observation angle α. In order to facilitate the study of the

relationship between structural color and observation angle α, groove structural model

is simplified and grooves are regarded as rectangular reflection grating. Based on the

model, a diffraction equation is deduced from the theoretical analysis to reveal the

relationship between structural color and observation angle α:

nλw = d(sin α + sin βsin γ),24 (1)

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DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J
where the integer n is the order of diffraction. λw is the wavelength of white light

ranging from 400 nm to 700 nm, which almost covers visible color spectrum. d is the

period of the grooves (1450 nm). β is the angle between the white light and the Z-axis.

γ is the angle between the groove direction and the X-axis. In the experimental setup,

both angle β and angle γ are designed to be 0 to reduce the difficulty of measurement

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

and calculation. Via calculation, when the angle α changes from 0 to 90°, only the

first-order diffraction, second-order diffraction and partial third-order diffraction of

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the grating can be selected. To simplify the analysis, we ignored partial third-order

diffraction. Figure 3b shows the curves of theoretical calculation of the wavelength of

observed light at different α angles and the corresponding color, when n=1, 2,

respectively. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical calculation

curves. Figure 3c-i and Figure 3j-p show seven representative colors of visible light

and corresponding α angles, when n=1, 2, respectively. Due to the large size of the

sample (6.5×7 cm2), when the position of the optical camera is fixed, the observation

angles of the edge region and the central region of the sample are different, and this

leads to a variety of structural colors that can be seen at a certain α angle. Therefore,

the central region of the sample is chosen as the object for studying the structural

color in the experiment. For example, in Figure 3f when the observation angle α is

45.0°, the structural color at the center of the sample is green. According to the curves

in Figure 3b, the wavelength of light detected by the optical camera should be 512.7

nm, which means the color is green at this observation angle. The actual observed

structural color is consistent with the theoretical calculation. What’s more, comparing
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Figure 3c-i with Figure 3j-p, it can be clearly observed that the structural DOI:
color10.1039/C8NR09747J
in

Figure 3j-p is brighter, which is caused by the higher diffraction efficiency of the

first-order than that of the second-order. In addition, it should be noted that the

existence of the observation angle causes the rectangular sample to look trapezoidal in

Figure 3c-p. Figure 3q shows some other patterns (e.g., leaf, crab, windmill and so on)

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

processed by this focused laser interference lithography system due to its excellent

flexibility.
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2.4. Anisotropic wetting under different heights and periods of grooves

Another macroscopic function of this metal surface caused by the microscopic

grooves is the controlled anisotropic wetting. As the sketch in Figure 4a, the water

droplet tends to flow parallel to the groove direction because it requires to overcome a

much higher energy barrier to flow vertical than parallel to the groove direction.

Hence, when a series of different size droplets were dropped on the sample, they were

all oval and elongated in parallel with the direction of the groove (Figure 4b). θ1 and

θ2 were defined as the contact angles vertical and parallel to the groove direction,

respectively. Δθ = θ1 - θ2 was defined to characterize the degree of wetting anisotropy.

By adjusting the laser fluence and number of laser shots, the height of the grooves

was set to ~200 nm, and four periods 0.62, 0.92, 1.16, 1.45 µm was obtained under

θ=16.67°, 11.10°, 8.83°, and 7.04°, respectively. The Δθ angles of these four periods

are all around 6°, which means no obvious difference in anisotropic wetting behaviors.

The reason may be that the changes in the groove period are horizontal, and the
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horizontal variations of the grooves do not obviously change the energy barrier when

it is less than 2 µm, which is in consistent with the results reported by Mortia et al.25

By setting the incident angle θ to 7.04°, the period of the grooves was

correspondingly determined to be 1.45µm, and different groove heights from 40 nm

to 200 nm was obtained under different number of laser shots. As shown in Figure 4c,

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

when the groove height increases, the angle θ1 increases from 83.0 ± 1.0° to 86.9 ±

2.0°, while the angle θ2 remains ~80°. This causes the angle Δθ to change from 3.1° to
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6.1°, which means the anisotropic wetting increases as the groove height increases.

Namely, by changing the groove height, the degree of the anisotropy of the metal

surface can be precisely controlled. In addition, according to XPS analysis, the

surface hydroxyl groups decreased, which leaded to the hydrophobicity increase after

laser ablation26,27 (Figure S1). By 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane

(PFDTES) modification, the sample was converted from hydrophilic to hydrophobic,

and the angle θ1 and angle θ2 were measured again (Figure 4d). After surface

modification, angle θ2 increases, but still does not change significantly as the groove

height increases, maintaining at ~99°. Angle θ1 also increases and the anisotropy still

exists, for example, the θ1 changes from 86.9 ± 2.0° to 113.0 ± 2.1° for 193.40 nm

height and Δθ is 12°. After PFDTES modification, the metal surface is more

comparable to the one of natural rice leaf.28

2.5. Structural colors and anisotropic wetting on various metal surfaces

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Not only stainless steel surface, this focused interference lithography systemDOI:
can 10.1039/C8NR09747J
be

used to process a wide range of metal materials. Figure 5 shows the structural colors

and anisotropic wetting of five other processed metal surfaces (Ti, Ni, Cu, Fe and Zn)

under the incident angle θ of 7.04°, the 150 laser shots and the laser fluence of 0.235

J/cm2. As shown in Figure 5f, starting from 0 J/cm2, increasing the laser fluence by

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

0.001 J/cm2 each time to expose the different areas of the sample for 50 laser shots,

and then observing the damage of the metal surface with an optical microscope, we
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obtained the minimum laser fluence at the beginning of ablation of different metals.

Among the five metals, the ablation threshold of copper is the highest (0.275 ± 0.003

J/cm2). In addition, five metal surfaces were also processed under the same irradiance

(0.235 J/cm2, 150), the height of the grooves changes from 26.20 ± 3.73 nm to 63.60

± 4.29 nm depending on the type of the metal (Figure 5g). The height of the grooves

on the copper surface is the smallest, so the structural color is the dimmest (Figure 5c)

and the anisotropy is also minimal (Δθ=1.6°). Comparing Figure 5f with Figure 5g, it

is noteworthy that they are corresponding and the high ablation threshold means the

small groove height at the same irradiance. The difference in height is probably

caused by material properties, such as thermal conductivity, melting point, hardness,

absorption of the laser and so on. It is obvious that the structural colors in Figure 5a-e

are not uniform, mainly due to the ununiformity of laser spot and step of splicing the

single processing area into large patterns during the fabrication.

3. Conclusion
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In summary, we have utilized focused nanosecond laser interference lithography to realize

groove structures on various metal surfaces (e.g., stainless steel, Ti, Ni, Cu, Fe, Zn

and so on), which exhibit both of dazzling structural colors and anisotropic wetting. The

grooves have similar optical properties to diffraction gratings, so enhanced colors can

be formed when the metal surface is irradiated by the white light. Compared to some

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

reported methods to fabricate structural colors on metals (such as femtosecond laser

induced ripples), this approach has significant advantages in terms of processing

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efficiency and structure uniformity. Moreover, the structural color and anisotropic

wetting behaviors have been quantitatively investigated, such as, the influence of

observation angle on the diversity of structural colors and the anisotropic wetting

under different heights and periods of grooves. The results show that the anisotropic

wetting mainly depends on the height when the period is several micrometers. Based

on the investigated parameters, we can precisely control the anisotropy by adjusting

the height of the grooves. These properties of the multifunctional metal surface make

it have great application prospects in the fields of identification code, decorative

beautification, anti-counterfeiting, information storage, bionic application design and

so on.

4. Experimental Section

Materials: Mirror polished 316L stainless steel, titanium, nickel, copper, iron and zinc

with the thickness of 1mm were purchased from New Metal Material Tech. Co., Ltd,

Beijing, China. The 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDTES) used for

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surface modification was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology

Co., Ltd, China.

Focused Laser Interference Lithography: The irradiance light source of focused laser

interference lithography was a frequency-tripled, Q-switched, single-mode

neodymium dope yttrium aluminum garnet nanosecond laser (Spectra-Physics) with

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

355 nm wavelength, 10 Hz repetition rate and 10 ns pulse width. The square aperture

for shaping the output laser spot was a homemade one with the maximum light
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transmission of 1 cm2 and the response time of 1 ms.

Instrument and Characterization: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were

obtained using a feld-emission scanning electron microscope (JSM-6700F, JEOL,

Tokyo, Japan). Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) worked in contact mode to measure

the heights of grooves (MFP-3D-Origin, Oxford Instruments plc, Abingdon, UK). The

contact angles of 5 µL water were measured by a Contact Angle System CA100C

(Shanghai Innuo precision instruments Co., Ltd., China). By measuring five drops at

different locations on the same surface at ambient temperature, the average contact

angles were obtained.

Quantitative Measurement of Structural Color: The sample was irradiated vertically

by the white light from a customized LED lamp with the wavelength ranging from

400 nm to 700 nm. We built a rotating bracket so the digital optical camera

(MV-SUA31GC-T, MindVision, Shenzhen, China) could move in the plane vertical

to the groove direction and capture the reflected light at different angles. In order to
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avoid disturbance from stray light from the surrounding environment, the experiment

was carried out in the dark.

Surface Modification: After focused laser interference lithography, the sample was

immersed in a 0.667% ethanol solution of PFDTES at ambient temperature for 24

hours. And then, the modified sample was dried on a hot plate at the temperature of

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

60℃ for 25 minutes.
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Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts to declare.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China

(2017YFB1104303, 2018YFB1105400), the National Natural Science Foundation of

China (Nos. 51805508, 51675503, 51875544, 61805230, 51805509, 11801126), the

Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (WK2090090012,

WK2480000002, WK2090090021, 2192017bhzx0003), the China Postdoctoral

Science Foundation (No. 2018M642534), and Youth Innovation Promotion

Association CAS (2017495). We acknowledge the Experimental Center of

Engineering and Material Sciences, USTC.

Statement of contributions

D.W and J.W.L participated in the design of this study, and they both performed the
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DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J
statistical analysis. H.W and Y.L.J conducted the experiments and prepared the

manuscript. C.C. and S.W.Z. analyzed the XPS data in supplementary information.

C.C.Z, L.Y and J.C.N carried out literature search, C.Z.L, Y.Y.Z and S.J.J carried out

manuscript editing, Y.C.Z, Y.L.H and J.R.C performed manuscript review. The

authors declare no competing financial interest.

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

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Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

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DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J
24 H. Lochbihler, Opt. Express 2009, 17, 12189.

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Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

Materials, 2013, 23, 547-553.
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Figures and their captions DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

Published on 14 February 2019. Downloaded on 2/18/2019 2:10:42 AM.

Figure 1. Experimental setup and the formation mechanism of controllable grooves

on the stainless steel surface. (a) Schematic diagram of focused two-beam interference

fabrication using nanosecond laser. (b) Simulation diagram of light intensity

distribution (20×20 µm2). (c) SEM image of grooves on the stainless steel surface. (d)

AFM image of grooves on the stainless steel surface (20×20 µm2). (e) Mechanism of

laser shock wave and debris deposition process which causes the formation of

grooves.
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DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

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Figure 2. The relationship between groove height and laser fluence or number of laser

shots. (a-c) AFM images and height curves of grooves when laser fluence is 0.215,

0.335, 0.404 J/cm2, respectively. (d) The curve of the relationship between groove

height and laser fluence. (e-g) AFM images and height curves of grooves when

number of laser shots is 30, 70, 130, respectively. (h) The curve of the relationship

between groove height and number of laser shots.

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DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

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Figure 3. Experimental setup for measuring the optical properties. (a) Schematic

diagram of the way to characterize different structural colors of the stainless steel

surface in different observation angles. (b) The theoretical curves and experimental

points of the relationship between sample center color and observation angle α when

diffraction order n is 1, 2, respectively. (c-p) Multi-colors observed on the sample

center displayed with different α angles. (q) Multi-patterns displayed with structural

colors, such as leaf, crab, windmill and so on. Scale bars are 1 cm in (c-p), 5 mm in

(q).
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DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

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Figure 4. Schematic illustration of controlled anisotropic wetting. (a) Different

energy barriers in the directions vertical and parallel to the groove direction. (b) Oval

water droplets on the stainless steel surface caused by anisotropic wetting. White

arrow reveals the direction of the grooves. (c-d) The strongly dependence between the

anisotropy and groove height. θ1 and θ2 were defined as the contact angles vertical

and parallel to the groove direction, respectively. The stainless steel surfaces in (d)

were modified by the PFDTES.

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DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

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Figure 5. Structural colors and anisotropic wetting of different processed metal

surfaces. (a-e) Multi-patterns displayed with structural colors on different metals (Ti,

Ni, Cu, Fe and Zn) at the same observation angle α. (f) The minimum single laser

fluence of ablation threshold for different metals under 50 laser shots. (g) The groove

height on different metals and the corresponding contact angles θ1 and θ2 under the

incident angle θ of 7.04°, 150 laser shots and the laser fluence of 0.235 J/cm2. Scale

bars are 3 mm in (a-e).

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A table of contents entry: DOI: 10.1039/C8NR09747J

(graphic size: 6.75 cm x 4 cm)

Direct processing of different metal surfaces with structural color and anisotropy
wetting using focused laser interference lithography

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

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