GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD POLITICS

FINAL PROJECT
PRESENTATION
BY
ASRA MALIK

RESOURCE PERSON: SHOAIB JAMIL

 GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLDS POITICS

THE UNITED NATIONS’

ROLE IN CONFLICT
PREVENTION AND
RESOLUTION
 INTRODUCTION
Founded: October 24, 1945, after WWII.
Members: 193 countries.
Goals:
Maintain peace and security.
Promote friendly relations and human rights.
Solve global issues (economic, social, humanitarian).
Key Organs: General Assembly, Security Council, International
Court of Justice, Secretariat, Economic and Social Council,
Trusteeship Council (Inactive).
 BACKGROUND OF UN
Founded in 1945 after WWII.
Initial Members: 51 countries; now 193 members.
Purpose: Prevent global conflicts and ensure peace.
UN Charter:
Promotes peaceful dispute resolution.
Discourages the use of force.
Focus: International peace, security, and cooperation.
WHAT IS CONFLICT PREVENTION?
Stopping disputes from turning into violence.
Includes diplomacy, mediation, early warnings, and support.
Focuses on human rights, poverty, and instability.
UN Mechanisms:
Early Warning Systems: Monitors global tensions using
intelligence and NGOs.
Preventive Diplomacy: Mediates tensions via the Secretary-
General and envoys.
Good Offices: Facilitates negotiations as a neutral mediator.
Capacity Building: Helps nations manage disputes internally.
 INNOVATIONS IN UN
CONFLICT PREVENTION
Peacekeeping & Political Missions:
Stabilize conflict zones; prevent relapse after peace
settlements.
Special Envoys & Missions:
Address disputes; coordinate with UN teams.
Regional Offices & Mediation Teams:
Early-warning systems; rapid response within 72 hours.
 UN CONFLICT PREVENTION EFFORTS:
CASE STUDIES
Central African Republic (2013-2015)
Conflict: Political & religious violence between Muslim & Christian militias.
UN Response: Deployed peacekeepers (MINUSCA) with AU & ECCAS
collaboration.
Outcome: Temporary stabilization, but conflict remains unresolved.
Kenya (2007-2008)
Conflict: Post-election violence, ethnic clashes.
UN Response: Mediation by Kofi Annan, supported by African Union.
Outcome: Peace agreement & coalition government, preventing civil
war.
Burkina Faso (2014-2015)
Conflict: Protests over presidential term extension, followed by a coup
attempt.
UN Response: Mediation with ECOWAS & AU.
Outcome: Peaceful resolution & return to civilian rule through 2015 elections.
Namibia (Independence Movement)
Conflict: Apartheid rule by South Africa.
UN Response: Diplomatic measures, UNTAG supported peaceful transition to
independence.
Outcome: Namibia gained independence in 1990.
Afghanistan (Soviet Invasion, 1979-1989)
Conflict: Soviet invasion & regional instability.
UN Response: Geneva Accords mediated UN, called for Soviet troop
withdrawal.
Outcome: Soviet withdrawal, but long-term stability remained unaddressed.
UN’S ROLE IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION
Conflict Resolution: Peacefully ending conflicts after violence.
Mechanisms:
Mediation & Diplomacy: Neutral negotiations by UN envoys.
Peacekeeping: Troops to enforce peace and ceasefires.
Political Dialogue: Platforms for talks and negotiations.
Reconstruction: Rebuilding after conflict, supporting
recovery.
UN CONFLICT RESOLUTION METHODS
Informal:
Good Offices & Dialogue Platforms (e.g., Afghanistan-
Pakistan talks).
Formal:
Security Council Resolutions, Peacekeeping, Mediation,
Observer Missions (e.g., Lebanon, Balkans).
 UN CONFLICT RESOLUTION
CASE STUDIES
Gulf War (1991)
Iraq invaded Kuwait; UN passed resolutions, authorized
coalition forces.
Kuwait liberated, but Iraq faced internal unrest and
humanitarian crises.
Israel-Palestine Conflict
Protracted dispute over territory and identity.
UN advocated for a two-state solution, but the conflict
remains unresolved due to deep divisions.
Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990)
Sectarian conflict; UN peacekeepers (UNIFIL) helped
stabilize Lebanon.
War ended with Taif Agreement, but UN’s role was limited.
Falkland Islands (1982)
Argentina invaded; UK reclaimed the islands.
UN's diplomatic efforts failed, and military action resolved
the conflict.
 UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS
What is Peacekeeping?
Peacekeeping involves sending forces to monitor ceasefires,
protect civilians, and support political agreements. It includes
military, police, and civilian experts.
Successful Examples:
Gulf War (1991)
Liberia (2003-2016)
Bosnia (1992-1995)
Challenges:
Limited funding, resources, and political interference can
affect mission success.
 UN PARTNERSHIPS FOR PEACES
Collaboration with Regional & Global Organizations:
Regional Partners: African Union (AU), European Union (EU),
Organization of American States (OAS)
Sub-regional Groups: ECOWAS, ASEAN
Benefits of Partnerships:
Strengthen early warning systems
Enable coordinated conflict responses
Example:
2018 UN-World Bank Study ("Pathways to Peace") highlighted
inclusive approaches to conflict prevention.
CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLATING
UN RESOLUTIONS
Diplomatic Pressure
Sanctions
Loss of International Support
Legal Consequences
Military Action
Impact on Reputation
Regional Instability
 GENDER INCLUSION IN CONFLICT
PREVENTION
Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000):
Highlights the unique impact of conflicts on women and girls
Recognizes women's contributions to peacebuilding & their
right to participate in peace processes
UN Efforts:
Promote women's participation in political & peace processes
Address needs of women & girls
Prevent conflict-related sexual violence
 CHALLENGES FACED BY THE UN
Veto System:
5 permanent Security Council members can block
decisions.
Example: Russia and China blocked action in Syria.
Resource Constraints:
Peacekeeping missions often lack funding, limiting
effectiveness.
Fragmentation:
Coordination issues between the UN and regional
groups delay responses.
 UN SUCCESSES AND FAILURES
Successes:
Gulf War (1990): Restored Kuwait’s sovereignty.
Liberia (2003-2016): Helped end civil war and
supported recovery.
East Timor (1999-2002): Facilitated independence
from Indonesia.
Failures:
Rwanda (1994): UN failed to prevent genocide.
Syria (2011-present): Struggled with ongoing civil
war.
 CONCLUSION
The UN plays a vital role in preventing and resolving conflicts
through peacekeeping, diplomacy, and mediation. Despite
challenges, such as limited resources and political divisions, its
efforts have helped prevent violence and foster peace in
many regions. For the UN to remain effective, it must adapt
to emerging issues like climate change and terrorism, reform
the Security Council's veto system, and strengthen
collaboration with regional organizations. The success of its
peace operations depends on the ongoing commitment of
member states.
 ANY
QUESTIONS?