i

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY METAKAOLIN
CLAY
on

PHASE I REPORT

Submitted by

M.SARAVANA KUMAR (Reg.No.610521413011)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING
in

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

DHIRAJLAL GANDHI COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

SALEM-636309

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

March 2023
 ANNA UNIVERSITY:CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE USING SUGARCANE

ASH & CEMENTIOUS INDUSTRIAL WASTE AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT

OF CEMENT” is the bonafide work of “M.SARAVANA KUMAR (610521413011)”

who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Mr.G.SILAMBARASAN, M.E.,(Ph.D) Mr. G. SILAMBARASAN,M.E.,(Ph.D).,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Prof./HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,

Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology, Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology,

Salem-636309. Salem-636309.

Submitted for the viva-voice examination on ………………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It is my great pleasure that I record my deep sense of gratitude to the

Chairman Shri. MANOJ KUMAR DHIRAJLAL, B.E., M.S., and to

Smt.M.ARCHANA MANOJKUMAR, Secretary, Dhirajlal Gandhi College of

Technology for providing the necessary facilities to carry out this project.

I express my heartiest thanks to Dr. A. SELVARAJ, M.E.,Ph.D., MISTE.,

Principal, Dhirajlal Gandhi College of technology for approving this report.

I wish to thank Mr.G.SILAMBARASAN, M.E.,(Ph.D)., Head of the

Department of Civil Engineering, Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology for

her tremendous support during the course of my project work.

I have immense pleasure in expressing my heartfelt thanks to my Guide

Mr.G.SILAMBARASAN, M.E.,(Ph.D)., Prof./Head of the Department of Civil

Engineering, Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology for his valuable guidance,

timely suggestions and constant encouragement during the project.

Further I’m express my hearty thanks to All the civil faculties…. who supported

me in many ways, encouraged and boosted our enthusiasm to continue and

complete this project with great success.

SARAVANA KUMAR M
 ABSTRACT

The use of modern and horticultural waste delivered by mechanical

procedures has been the focal point of waste decrease look into for financial,
natural and specialized reasons. Sugar-stick bagasse is a sinewy waste-result
of the sugar refining industry, alongside ethanol fume. This waste item
(Sugar-stick Bagasse Ash) is now causing genuine natural contamination,
which calls for dire methods for taking care of the waste. Bagasse Ash has for
the most part contains silica and aluminum particle. In this undertaking, the
Bagasse debris has been artificially and physically portrayed, and
incompletely supplanted in the proportion of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 25% by
the heaviness of bond in concrete. Normal Portland concrete was supplanted
by ground bagasse debris at various rate proportions.

The compressive qualities of various mortars with bagasse debris

expansion were likewise explored. M30 concrete blends in with bagasse
debris substitutions of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of the Ordinary
Portland bond were set up with water-concrete proportion of 0.42 and
concrete substance of 378 kg/m3 for the control blend. Wet solid tests like
droop cone test, just as solidified solid test like compressive quality, split
elasticity and flexural quality at the time of 7days, 28 days and 90 days were
completed.

The test outcomes showed that up to 10% substitution of bond by

bagasse debris brings about better or comparative solid properties and further
ecological and financial points of interest can likewise be abused by utilizing
bagasse debris as a halfway concrete substitution material.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... ii

LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. v

LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................... v

CHAPTER – 1 ................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION: .............................................................................................. 1

TARGET OF THE WORK .................................................................................. 6

EXTENT OF THE WORK................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER - 2 .................................................................................................................... 9

LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 9

LITERATURE REVIEW: .................................................................................... 9

PAST STUDIES .................................................................................................. 9

CHAPTER -3 ................................................................................................................... 15

METHODOLOGY & MATERIALS USED .................................................................. 15

MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES: ...................................................... 15

ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT: ............................................................... 15

TESTING ON CEMENT: .................................................................................. 16

CONSISTENCY ................................................................................................ 16

INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME: .......................................................... 16

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AGGREGATES ................................................................................................. 17

FINE AGGREGATE (SAND)............................................................................ 17

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SAND....................................................................... 18

BULK DENSITY OF SAND.............................................................................. 18

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF SAND........................................................................... 18

COARSE AGGREGATE: .................................................................................. 19

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE:......................................... 20

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATE: ............................................ 20

BULK DENSITY ............................................................................................... 21

WATER ............................................................................................................. 21

SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH ........................................................................ 22

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BAGASSE ASH ............................................... 23

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BAGASSE ASH .............................................. 23

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Physical properties of cement.................................................................................... 17
Table 2: Physical properties of fine aggregate ......................................................................... 18
Table 3: Sieve analysis of fine Aggregate ............................................................................... 19
Table 4: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate ............................................................................ 21
Table 5: Physical properties of coarse aggregate ..................................................................... 21
Table 6: Physical properties of water ...................................................................................... 22
Table 7: Physical Properties of Bagasse Ash ........................................................................... 23
Table 8: Chemical composition of Bagasse Ash...................................................................... 23

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Cement .................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 2: Sand ........................................................................................................................ 17
Figure 3: Coarse Aggregate .................................................................................................... 20
Figure 4: Sugarcane Bagasse .................................................................................................. 23
Figure 5 : Bagasse Ash ........................................................................................................... 24
Figure 6: Worldwide Sugar Cane Production .......................................................................... 25
Figure 7 : Sugarcane Production in India ................................................................................ 25

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 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION:

Concrete is the world's most expended man-made material. To create 1 ton of

Portland bond, 1.5 huge amounts of crude materials are required. These materials
incorporate great quality limestone and earth. Thusly, to fabricate 1.5 billion tons of bond
every year, in any event 2.3 billion tons of crude materials are required. More than 5-
million BTU of vitality is expected to deliver one tone of concrete. In the year 1914, India
Cement Company Ltd began bond generation in Porbandar with a yield of 10,000 tons and
a creation of 1000 introduced limit. At the hour of autonomy 1947, the introduced limit of
concrete plants in India was roughly 4.5 million tons and genuine generation around 3.2
million tons for every year. The incomplete profound control in 1982 provoked different
mechanical houses to set an arrangement new concrete plants in the nation, limit was about
30 million tons, which has now, increment to almost 120 million tons during a time of 20
years. The full decontrol on concrete industry in 1988 further gave energy to the
development.

India is the second biggest maker of bond on the globe after China. Altogether, India
produces 251.2 Million Tons of bond for each year. The bond business in India has gotten
an incredible driving force from various framework ventures taken up by the Government
of India like street systems and lodging offices. While the Indian bond industry appreciates
an exceptional period of development, specialists uncover that it is balanced towards a
profoundly prosperous future over the ongoing years. The yearly interest for concrete in
India is reliably developing at 8-10%. National Counsel for Applied Economic Research
(NCAER) has evaluated after a broad study that the interest for concrete in the nation is
relied upon to increment to 244.82 million tons by 2012. Simultaneously, the interest will
be at 311.37 million tones if the projections of the street and lodging fragments are met in
all actuality

The creation of predominant nature of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in the

nation was principally liable for presenting the reviewing framework in OPC by Bureau of
Indian Standard (BIS) during 1986-87. Different assortments of basic bonds, for example,
sulfate opposing Portland concrete, Pozzolana concrete and impact heater slag concrete
found their way in the improve nature of incited the basic architects and significant buyers

1
to receive higher levels of cements in the development work. This has been checked
distinction in the nature of cement during this period principally because of the accessibility
of unrivaled nature of bonds in the market. The pattern is proceeding with an ever-
increasing number of assortments of bonds are going to the business sectors which help to
the shoppers to make appropriated level nature of cement to meet the particular
development necessity. The superior fiber strengthened, polymer solid composites and
prepared blended cement have been dynamically presented for explicit applications.

Bond and steel are accessible in the free market and the sturdiness of cement was
ensured and was verifiable. The fortified cement has become a typical structure material in
view of its intrinsic qualities, for example,

High quality and toughness

Simple plan methods to suit any kind of forceful natural conditions. Measured
quality to required estimate and shape

Protection from fire.

Adaptability to expand or lessen without genuine endeavors and reactions. Breaking

and harm control.

Simple upkeep.

With the progression of innovation and expanded field of uses of cement and
mortars, the quality usefulness, solidness and different characters of the standard solid need
adjustments to make it increasingly reasonable by circumstances. Added to this is the need
to battle the expanding cost and shortage of bond. Under these conditions the utilization of
admixtures is seen as a significant elective arrangement.

The utilization of Pozzolana materials in bond concrete cleared an answer for

1. Modifying the properties of the solid

2. Controlling the solid generation cost
3. To beat the shortage of concrete
4. The monetary favorable circumstances transfer of modern squanders

In the past nonstop endeavors were made to create various types of concrete,
appropriate for various circumstances by changing oxide piece and fineness of crushing.
With the broad utilization of bond, for generally differing conditions, the sorts of concrete

2
that could be made uniquely by shifting the overall extents of the oxide syntheses were not
seen as adequate. Recourses have been taken to include a couple of all the new materials,
known as added substances, to the clinker at the hour of crushing, or to the utilization of
altogether unique fundamental crude materials in the production of concrete. The utilization
of added substances, changing synthetic creation, and utilization of various crude materials
have brought about the accessibility of numerous kinds of concretes to take into account the
need of the development businesses for explicit purposes.

The most significant Pozzolana materials are fly debris, silica smoke and
Metakaolin whose utilization in bond and cement is along these lines liable to be a critical
accomplishment in the improvement of solid innovation in the coming scarcely any
decades. The pattern is proceeding and an ever-increasing number of assortments of bonds
are going to the market which expends to make suitable level and nature of cement to meet
the particular development necessity. There has been a wonderful development in the field
of solid innovation moreover. The elite fiber fortified, polymer solid composites and
prepared blended cement have been dynamically presented for explicit applications.

The word 'pozzolana' was gotten from pozzolana, a town in Italy, a couple of miles
from Naples and mount vacuous. The materials are of volcanic area containing different
sections of pumice, obsidian, feldspars, and quartz and so on the name 'Pozzolana' was first
applied only to this material. Yet, the term has been stretched out later to diatomaceous
earth, exceptionally siliceous rocks and other fake items. Accordingly, the pozzolanic
materials are regular or fake having almost a similar creation as that of volcanic tuffs or
debris found at pozzolana.

The modern and monetary development saw in ongoing decades has carried with it
an expansion in the age of various sorts of waste (urban, mechanical, development and so
on.) notwithstanding the waste administration arrangements which have been embraced
broadly and globally the act of dumping and additionally the insufficient administration of
waste from the different assembling areas have notably affected the Getting condition.
Simultaneously, these practices speak to a monetary expense. Nonetheless if squander is
overseen effectively it very well may be changed over into an asset which adds to reserve
funds in crude materials, preservation of regular assets and the atmosphere, and advances
supportable improvement.

3
 Sugar stick is one of the most significant farming plants that developed in India.
Bagasse is a side-effect of the sugarcane business. The consuming of bagasse leaves
bagasse debris as a waste, which has a pozzolanic property that would conceivably be
utilized as a concrete substitution material. It has been realized that the overall absolute
creation of sugarcane is more than 1500 million tons. Regardless of assortment utilization
of bagasse, for creation of wood, papers, creature nourishment, fertilizer and warm
protection, measurements show that around one million tone extra of bagasse debris stays
in the nation.

Sugarcane comprises about 30% bagasse while the sugar recouped is about 10%,
and the bagasse leaves about 8% bagasse debris (this figure rely upon the quality and kind
of the kettle, present day heater discharge lower measure of bagasse debris) as a waste. As
the sugar creation is expanded, the amount of bagasse debris delivered will likewise be
huge and the transfer will be an issue.

Sugarcane bagasse debris has as of late been tried in certain pieces of the world for
its utilization as a bond substitution material. The bagasse debris was found to improve a
few properties of the glue, mortar and cement including compressive quality and water
snugness in certain substitution rates and fineness. The higher silica content in the bagasse
debris was proposed to be the primary driver for these enhancements. In spite of the fact
that the silicate substance may differ from debris to debris contingent upon the consuming
conditions and different properties of the crude materials remembering the dirt for which
the sugarcane is developed, it has been accounted for that the silicate experiences a
pozzolanic response with the hydration results of the bond and results in a decrease of the
free lime in the solid.

Advancement of new solid added substances could create a more grounded,

progressively useful material while diminishing the measure of concrete required and the
subsequent CO2 emissions. Concrete is utilized in such huge sums since it is, essentially,
an astoundingly decent building material for fundamental street development as well as for
rather increasingly spectacular projects. Concrete generation is answerable for so much
CO2 since making Portland bond not just require noteworthy measures of vitality to arrive
at response temperatures of up to 1500oC, yet additionally on the grounds that the key
response itself is the breakdown of calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and CO2. Of
those 800kg of CO2 around 530kg is discharged by the limestone decay response itself.

4
 Concrete is the world's most used development material. The requirement for
foundation improvement in both the creating and created nations has put extraordinary
interest on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), customarily, the fundamental fastener in the
production of cement. The creation of Portland bond as the basic constituent of cement
requires an impressive level and furthermore discharges a lot of substance carbon dioxide
emanations and other nursery gasses (GHGs) into the air. In this manner looking for an
eco-proficient and maintainable cement possibly one of the fundamental jobs that
development industry should play in reasonable development. In spite of the upsides of
concrete as a development material, the generation of bond comes at a more noteworthy
expense to the earth. The creation of bond requires high vitality input (850KCal/Kg of
clinker) and suggests the extraction of huge amounts of crude materials from the earth
(1.7tones of shake to deliver 1 tone of clinker). Then again, the creation of 1 ton of concrete
produces 0.55 ton

Synthetic CO2 and requires an extra 0.39 tons of CO2 in fuel outflows, representing
a sum of 0.94 tons of CO2. Thusly, the substitution of bond in concrete by bagasse debris
speaks to a colossal sparing of vitality and has significant ecological advantages. In
addition, it will likewise majorly affect diminishing solid expenses, since the expense of
bond speaks to more than 45%of solid expense, additionally the expense of statement of
bagasse debris in landfill will be spared.

Advancement of new solid added substances could create a more grounded,

progressively functional material while lessening the measure of concrete required and the
subsequent CO2 outflows. Concrete is utilized in such enormous sums since it is,
essentially, an astoundingly decent building material for fundamental street development as
well as for rather progressively exciting tasks.

Bagasse is frequently utilized as an essential fuel hotspot for sugar plants; when
consumed in amount, it produces adequate warmth vitality to supply every one of the
requirements of a run of the mill sugar plant, with vitality to save. To this end, an optional
use for this waste item is in cogeneration, the utilization of a fuel source to give both
warmth vitality and utilized in the plant, and power, which is commonly sold on to the
shopper network. The subsequent CO2 outflows are equivalent to the measure of CO2 that
the sugarcane plant retained from the environment during its developing stage, which
makes the procedure of cogeneration ozone harming substance impartial. In numerous
nations, for example, Australia, sugar production lines altogether contribute 'green' capacity

5
to the power supply. Ethanol created from the sugar in sugarcane is a mainstream fuel in
Brazil. The cellulose-rich bagasse is by and large generally explored for its potential for
creating business amounts of cellulosic ethanol. For instance, BP is working a cellulosic
ethanol exhibition plant dependent on cellulosic materials in Jennings Louisiana.

Bagasse is usually utilized as a substitute for wood in numerous tropical and

subtropical nations for the creation of mash, paper and board, for example, India, China,
Columbia, Iran, Thailand and Argentina. It produces mash with physical properties that are
appropriate for nonexclusive printing and composing papers just as tissue items yet it is
additionally broadly utilized for boxes and paper generation. It can likewise be utilized for
making sheets taking after compressed wood or molecule board, called Bagasse board and
X-Anita board, and is viewed as a decent substitute for pressed wood. It has wide use for
making segments, furniture and so on.

From past test works, it was discovered that an ideal measure of 10% of bond can be
supplanted with bagasse debris. This task exhibits a definite investigation of how bond
supplanted in concrete performs.

The present investigation was done on SCBA acquired by controlled ignition of

sugarcane bagasse, which was secured from the Samalkot in East Godavari region. This
investigation breaks down the impact of SCBA in concrete by incompletely substitution of
bond at the proportion of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by weight. The test study
looks at the compressive quality, spilt rigidity and flexural quality of cement. The
fundamental fixings comprise of Portland concrete, SCBA, waterway sand, coarse total and
water. In the wake of blending, solid examples were casted and thusly all test examples
were relieved in water at 7 days, 28 days and 90 days.

TARGET OF THE WORK :

The fundamental goal of the work is concentrating the impact on the quality on
fractional supplanting of bond with bagasse debris. In this work, we study the correlation
between quality minor departure from NCC and bagasse debris supplanted concrete. From
the investigation we can discover how a lot of economy can be accomplished on utilizing
bagasse debris as incomplete trade for concrete. The targets of the work are as per the
following:

6
i. To improve the quality properties of eco-proficient cements so as to use them
in significant development ventures including high quality prerequisites.

ii. Develop frameworks to moderate and at last maintain a strategic distance from
mechanical waste material.

iii. Develop modern waste administration frameworks.

iv. Develop approaches to utilize mechanical squanders as crude material for

making development material.

v. To create natural cordial techniques for development.

vi. To utilize mechanical waste.

vii. To build up methodologies to discover practical methods for development.

viii. To defeat the issue of waste transfer emergency caused because of enterprises.

ix. Determine the approaches to use mechanical waste in best, natural, ecological,
social and monetarily capable way.

EXTENT OF THE WORK :

The extent of present examination incorporates the accompanying viewpoints:

Research center tests on bond, fine total, coarse total, bagasse debris, water.

Whatever might be the kind of cement being utilized, it is imperative to blend plan
of the solid. The equivalent is the situation with the modern waste - based cement or
bagasse debris substitution. The significant work included is getting the suitable blend
extents.

In the present work, the solid blends in with fractional supplanting of concrete with
bagasse debris were created utilizing OPC 53 evaluation bond. A straightforward blend
structure strategy is received to land at the blend extents. In the wake of getting some trail
blend, blocks of measurements 150mm X 150mm X 150 mm, chamber of measurements
150mm X 300 mm and light emissions 100mm X 100mm X 150mm was casted and
restored in the relieving tank. Compressive quality, Split elasticity and Flexural quality of
cement were directed to know the quality properties of the blends. At first, an example
blend configuration was pursued and adjustments were made in like manner while landing
at the trail blends to get enhanced blend which fulfills both new, solidified properties and

7
the economy. At last, a basic blend configuration is proposed.

From past trial works, it was discovered that an ideal measure of 10%-15% of bond
can be supplanted with bagasse debris. Along these lines, to complete further trial
contemplates, the concrete was supplanted by bagasse debris as 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and
25% by weight of bond. The adjustments in properties of solid blend are considered.

8
 CHAPTER - 2

LITERATURE REVIEW :
For quite a while concrete was viewed as truly strong material requiring

We assemble solid structures in profoundly dirtied urban and modern territories,

forceful marine situations, unsafe sub-soil water in territory and numerous other
antagonistic conditions where different materials of development are found be non-tough.
Since the utilization of cement as of late, have spread to exceptionally cruel and unfriendly
conditions, the prior impression that solid is an entirely sturdy material is being
compromised, especially by virtue of untimely disappointments of number of structures.

In the past just quality of cement was considered in the solid blend plan system
expecting quality of cement in all overrunning factor for all other attractive properties of
cement including toughness .In the ongoing modification of IS: 456-2000, one of the
focuses talked about, pondered and changed is the sturdiness parts of cement in accordance
with codes of training of different nations, which have better encounters in managing
solidness of solid structures. One of the principle purposes behind disintegration of cement
in the past is that an excess of accentuation is put on concrete compressive quality. Actually
progression in solid innovation has been by and large on the quality of solid .It is presently
perceived that quality of cement alone isn't adequate, he level of cruelty of the earth
condition to which cement is uncovered over as long as it can remember is similarly
significant Therefore, both quality and solidness must be considered unequivocally at the
plan state .It is intriguing to consider one more view point with respect to quality and
toughness relationship.

PAST STUDIES :

R.Srinivasn, Vol. 5, 2010, International Journal for administration learning in

Engineering, analyze an audit on "Exploratory study on utilization of bagasse debris in
concrete". Bagasse debris fundamentally contains aluminum particle and silica. In this
paper, Bagasse debris has been artificially and physically described, and halfway
supplanted in the proportion of 0%, 5%, 15% and 25% by weight of bond in concrete.

9
 New solid tests like compaction factor test and droop cone test were attempted was
well as solidified solid tests like compressive quality, split rigidity, flexural quality and
modulus of versatility at seven years old and 28 days was acquired. The outcome shows
that the quality of cement expanded as level of bagasse debris substitution expanded. This
paper audits the utilization of bagasse debris as substitution of bond material in concrete.

Yashwanth M.K, Maharaja, Institute of Technology, Mysore, Vol.3 January

2014, International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJLTET). He
inspected that "An Experimental examination on bagasse debris as substitution for bond in
light weight concrete". The present examination is to research tentatively the crisp and
solidified properties of lightweight solid utilizing sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as trade
for bond by weight at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% and extended polystyrene (EPS) dots as
100% swap for coarse total separately. From the outcome it was discovered that there is
peripheral increment in usefulness with bagasse debris content up to 10% past that there is
plausibility of decrease in droop esteem. The compressive quality of lightweight solid
increments with bagasse content up to 15% and past this there is plausibility of exceptional
decrease in quality and this 15% bagasse debris substitution quality is marginally not
exactly OPC based lightweight cement at 28 days yet this worth is practically identical.

Prashant O Modania, M.R Vyawahareb, Vol.4 2013 Procedia Engineering. He

analyzed "Usage of bagasse debris as an incomplete substitution of fine total in concrete".
In this paper, untreated bagasse debris has been mostly supplanted in the proportion of 0%,
10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by volume of fine total in concrete. Crisp solid tests like
compaction factor test and droop cone test were embraced alongside solidified solid tests
like compressive quality, split elasticity and sorptivity at 7 years old days and 28 days. The
outcome shows that bagasse debris can be a reasonable substitution to fine total up to 20%.

AbdolkarimAbbasi and Amin Zargar, Middle-East Journal of Scientific

Research 2013. He inspected a survey on "Utilizing bagasse debris in concrete as
pozzolanic". The point of this exploration is to utilize bagasse debris as pozzolan. In this
exploration the dampness percent and the strategy for consuming bagasse, physical
attributes, substance blend (XRF test), gem installations (XRD test) and explicit territory of
bagasse debris were examined and contrasted and bond and small-scale silica. Supplanting
bond by 10% of bagasse debris by fine evaluation (explicit zone of 9000cm/gr), the
usefulness and stream capacity is enhanced and their compressive quality 7 at 28 days is
expanded by 25% in correlation with typical solid examples.

10
 Utilizing bagasse debris has no impact on the setting time and retaining water. Because
of wastage nature of bagasse, the creating cost is anticipated to be low and can be supplanted
as bond.

M. Siva kumar and N. Mahendran, Vol.2 2013, International Journal of

Engineering Research and Technology. He analyzed "Exploratory investigations of
solidarity and cost examination of solid utilizing bagasse debris". The Bagasse debris blend
gives quality equivalent to the ostensible quality of the solid and lessens the expense at a
huge and scale. Different molds were casted for the various properties of bagasse debris
and Cement concrete for example supplanting of concrete with different level of Bagasse
debris. The different examples were tried for the compressive quality and the most ideal
worth was discovered. Cost examination was done on the record of ideal substitution of the
record of ideal substitution of the bond. The tests uncover the expense to be lesser than the
underlying expense. Utilization of Bagasse debris likewise adds to the decrease of waste
transfer by the enterprises which uncover that the natural perils from the waste materials.

SumrerngRukzon, Prinya Chindaprasirt Vol-34, 45-50 (2012). "Usage of

bagasse debris in high-quality cement". This paper exhibits the utilization of bagasse debris
(BA) as a pozzolanic material for delivering high-quality cement. Portland bond type I (PC)
is incompletely supplanted with finely ground bagasse debris. The solid blends, to a limited
extent, are supplanted with 10%, 20% and 30% of BA individually. Likewise, the
compressive quality, the porosity, the coefficient of water assimilation, the quick chloride
entrance and the chloride dissemination of cements are resolved. The test outcomes show
that the consolidation of BA up to 30% substitution level builds the protection from
chloride infiltration. In addition, the utilization of 10% of BA delivered cements with great
quality and low porosity. Sensibly, the substitution of 30% BA is worthy for delivering
high-quality cement.

Mao Chieh Chi, analyzed Volume 19, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 279–285, "Impacts of
sugar stick bagasse debris as a bond substitution on properties of mortars". In this
investigation, SCBA with molecule sizes <45 μm was utilized to supplant type I standard
Portland concrete with different doses (10%, 20%, and 30%) by weight of fastener. The
Water /cementitious material (w/cm) and sand/folio proportions were kept at constants of
0.55 and 2.75, separately. Exploratory results show that the stream spread of new mortars
would diminish with an expansion of SCBA substitution. The examples with 10% SCBA
have the prevalent exhibition on compressive quality, drying shrinkage, water ingestion,

11
starting surface retention, and chloride particle entrance, TGA, and SEM at 56 years old
days. It shows that 10% bond substitution of SCBA might be considered as far as possible.

Ajay Goyal, Hattori Kunio, Ogata Hidehiko, Mandula analyzed "Properties and
reactivity of sugarcane bagasse debris". For getting undefined sugarcane bagasse debris, a
few trails were directed to characterize ideal consuming time and temperatures. Sugar stick
bagasse debris utilized in this investigation was gotten by consuming SCB at 6000C for 5
hours under controlled conditions.

V.R Rathi. VaishaliD.Girge Examined "Impact of utilization of bagasse debris on

quality of cement". In this paper SCBA has been artificially and physically portrayed and
incompletely supplanted in the proportion of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by weight
of bond in concrete. The properties for crisp cement are tried like droop cone test and for
solidified cement compressive quality at 7 years old and 28 days. The test outcome
demonstrates that the quality of solid increment up to 15% SCBA supplanting with bond.

Amin, N. J. Mater,Civ Eng,.23(5). 717-720. (2011). "Utilization of Bagasse

debris in cement and effect on the quality and chloride resistivity". This paper reports the
reusing of bagasse debris as a bond substitution in solid, which gives an agreeable answer
for ecological concerns related with squander the board. The effect of bagasse debris
content as a fractional substitution of bond has been researched on physical and mechanical
properties of solidified cement, including compressive quality, split elasticity, chloride
dissemination and protection from chloride particle entrance. The outcomes demonstrate
that bagasse debris is a successful mineral admixture and pozzolan with the ideal
substitution proportion of 20% bond, which diminished the chloride dissemination by over
half with no antagonistic impact on different properties of the solidified cement.

K.Ganesan K.Rajagopal K.Thangavel Vol-29 (514-524), Examined "Assessment

of bagasse debris as strengthening cementations material". In this paper, not many
examinations have been accounted for on the utilization of bagasse debris (BA) as Halfway
bond substitution material in regard of concrete mortars. In this examination, the impacts of
BA content as incomplete substitution of bond on physical and mechanical properties of
solidified cement are accounted for. The properties of cement examined incorporate
compressive quality, parting elasticity, water ingestion, penetrability attributes, chloride
dissemination and protection from chloride particle infiltration. The test outcomes show
that BA is a successful mineral admixture, with 20% as ideal substitution proportion of

12
 concrete.

B.Hailu, A.Dinku Vol-29 2012, EEA Journal. He Examined "Use of sugarcane

bagasse debris as an incomplete bond substitution material". In this examination, Ordinary
Portland bond and Portland Pozzolana concrete were supplanted by ground bagasse debris
at various rate proportions. The compressive qualities of various mortars with bagasse
debris expansion were additionally examined. Four distinctive M-35 concrete blends in
with bagasse debris substitutions of 0%, 5%, 15% and 25% of the Ordinary Portland bond
were set up with water to bond proportion of 0.55 and bond substance of 350kg/m3 for the
control blend. The test outcomes showed that up to 10% substitution of bond by bagasse
debris brings about better or comparative solid properties and further ecological and
efficient focal points can likewise be abused by utilizing bagasse debris as a halfway
concrete substitution material.

T. S. Abdulkadir, D. O. Oyejobi, A. A. Lawal Vol-7 2014 (206-220). Analyzed.

"Assessment of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as a Replacement for Cement in Concrete Works".
SCBA was going the remaining through 45µm strainer, standard size of customary Portland
bond (OPC). It was then used to supplant OPC by weight in proportion of 0%, 10%, 20%
and 30%. The 3D shapes were tried at 7, 14, 21 and 28days of restoring ages for thickness
and compressive quality. The outcomes indicated a decline in solid thickness with
increment in % substitution of SCBA. Normal compressive quality of 26.8N/mm2 was
gotten for control examples at 28days (for example 0% SCBA) while 22.3, 20.1 and
17.3N/mm2 compressive quality at 28days were acquired for 10%, 20% and 30%
substitution individually. This indicated just 10% and 20% substitution of bond by weight
of SCBA fulfilled ASTM-595(1985) determination. It was reasoned that SCBA is a low
weight material and 10% substitution of SCBA has the most elevated quality.

D.Maruthachalam, S.Rajeswari, A.StephanIruthayaraj, Vol-30, 2014, (142-

152). Test examination on bagasse debris as an eco-accommodating structure material. A
test Examination has been done to think about the conduct of Reinforced Concrete Beams
under Flexure utilizing Bagasse Ash as fractional substitution of bond by 10%, 20% and
30%. The blend was planned dependent on ACI technique to acquire a solid evaluation of
M30. The mechanical properties of the blends were tried utilizing assistant examples by
keeping up the Water Binder proportion at 0.50. Test aftereffects of the assistant examples
demonstrate that solid containing Bagasse Ash to the degree of 10% and 20% shows better
quality attributes when contrasted with the solid with 30%. Test outcomes showed that the

13
example with 20% substitution of concrete by Bagasse Ash has better extreme burden
conveying limit and solidness. In this way the pillar examples were thrown for the
streamlined level of 20% supplanting of bond with Bagasse debris and tried under two-
point stacking. The exhibitions of Bagasse debris pillar were contrasted and the control bar
dependent on the Load-Deflection, Moment-Rotation, Moment- Curvature and Ductility.

Patel Ankit N Patel Ankit Patel Ankit Vol-4 2014, ISSN. "Sugarcane Baggase
Ash and Pozzocrete as a Techno-Economical Solution in Design Mix Concrete". One of the

Agro squander sugarcane baggase debris which is sinewy waste item acquired from
sugar processes as by item. Also fly debris coming about because of the ignition of coal at
power creating power station is profoundly handled and tried, through this a pozzolanic
material is acquired known as Pozzocrete. In this test study SBA is utilized as fractional
substitution of fine total in the proportion of 10% at which the ideal quality of cement is
gotten and afterward with such substitution, bond is supplanted with Pozzocrete (P60) at
proportion of 10%, 20% and 30%. The examples of 150*150*150* mm was casted and
tried at 7, 14 and 28 days and contrast and customary cement as far as quality and cost.
Through trial result we presume that compressive quality of solid increment with increment
in fractional substitution of pozzocrete.

D.Neeraja, S.Jagan, P.G.Mohan Vol-13 2014 (629-631). Inspected the "Trial

study on quality properties of cement by halfway supplanting of concrete with sugarcane
bagasse debris". By utilizing the modern and agrarian squanders, in this investigation, the
practicality of utilizing Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA), a finely ground squander item from
the sugarcane business, as incomplete trade for bond in traditional cement is inspected. The
transfer of this material is causing natural issues around the sugar processing plants. Then
again, the lift in development exercises in the nation made Deficiency in the majority of
solid making materials particularly concrete, bringing about an expansion in cost. The rates
chose for this investigation are 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% by the heaviness of bond in
concrete. In view of the test tests, it very well may be reasoned that SBA, an agro squander
item, can be used viably in halfway substitution of bond, in this way lessening CO2
emanations and transfer issues somewhat.

14
 CHAPTER – 3

METHODOLOGY

COLLECTION OF LITERATURE

MATERIAL USED

PROPERTIES OF BAGESSE ASH

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

CONRETE MIX DESIGN

EXPERIMENTAL WORKS

ANALYSE THE LAB TEST RESULT

CONCLUSION

15
 MATERIALS USED :
In this chapter, substances homes and concrete mix layout calculations for M30
grade concrete in element changed into supplied. Mix design summary for M30 under
study are protected on this bankruptcy.

MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES:

Raw materials required for the concrete use in the gift work are
 Cement
 Coarse Aggregates
 Bagasse ash
 Fine combination
 Water

ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT:

Ordinary Portland cement is used for fashionable constructions. The raw materials
required for manufacture of Portland cement are calcareous materials, together with
limestone or chalk and argillaceous substances together with shale or clay. The
manufacture of cement includes grinding the uncooked materials, mixing them in detail in
positive proportions relying upon their purity and composition and burning them in a kiln at
a temperature of approximately 13000C to 15000C at which temperature, the material
sinters and in part fuses to shape nodular shaped clinker. The clinker is cooled and ground
to a quality powder with addition of approximately 2 to three% of gypsum. The product
formed with the aid of the use of the procedure is a “Portland cement”.

Figure 1: Cement

16
 TESTING ON CEMENT:

The following tests as in step with IS: 4031-1988 is performed to check the bodily
residences of the cement. The consequences of the assessments are in comparison to the
required values of IS: 4031-1988.

CONSISTENCY:

The well-known consistency of cement paste is defined as consistency, which will

permit the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5-7 mm from the bottom of the mould, this
check is accomplished to decide the quantity of water required to produce cement paste of
general Consistency for figuring out the putting time, compressive power and soundness,
the percentage of water required to supply cement paste of ordinary consistency is used.
Consistency relies upon up on the composition of cement, this take a look at changed into
carried out as in keeping with the process given in IS: 4031-1988. The consistency cost
received is shown in table - 1.

INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME:

Lower the needle lightly and produce it in contact with the floor of the take a look at
block and quick launch. Allow it to penetrate into the test block. In the beginning, the
needle will absolutely pierce via the test block. But after some time when the paste starts
dropping its plasticity, the needle can also penetrate handiest to a intensity of 33-35mm
from the top. The period elapsing between the times while water is introduced to the
cement on the time of which the needle penetrates the check block to a depth same to 33-
35mm from the top is taken as initial putting time.

Replace the needle of the Vicat apparatus via a round attachment. The cement will
be considered as ultimately set while, lowering the attachment gently cover the surface of
the test block, the center needle makes an impression, whilst the circular edge of the
attachment fails to accomplish that. In other words, the paste has attained such hardness
that the center needle does not pierce thru the paste extra than 0.5mm.

17
 Table 1: Physical properties of cement

S. No Property Test results

1 Normal consistency 29%
2 Specific gravity 3.10
3 Initial setting time 92 minutes
4 Final setting time 195 minutes

AGGREGATES:

Aggregates are the crucial ingredients in concrete. They provide body to the
concrete, reduce shrinkage and impact economy. Aggregates occupy 70 to 80 percentage of
extent of concrete. Aggregates are obtained either obviously or artificially. Aggregates can
be classified on the basis of size as great aggregate and coarse combination.

FINE AGGREGATE (SAND):

The length of the exceptional mixture is underneath four. 75mm. Fine aggregates
may be natural or manufactured. The grade must be throughout the paintings. The moisture
content or absorption traits have to be closely monitored. The excellent aggregate used is
natural sand received from the river Godavari conforming to grading area-II of table three
of IS: 10262-2009. The outcomes of various exams on first-rate combination are given in
desk 3.2. The fine mixture shall include herbal sand or, problem to approval, other inert
materials with comparable characteristics, or combinations having hard, strong, durable
particles. The use of concrete is being limited by means of urbanization, zoning rules,
improved fee and environmental situation.

Figure 2: Sand

18
 The following checks were conducted on satisfactory aggregates.

 Specific Gravity

 Bulk density

 Sieve evaluation (fineness modulus)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SAND:

Specific Gravity is defined because the ratio of mass of fabric to the mass of the
equal volume of water at the stated temperature. The test become conducted as per IS:
2386-1963 and the values are tabulated in desk 2.

BULK DENSITY OF SAND:

Bulk density is defined as mass of fabric to the extent of the container. The test
turned into carried out and the values are tabulated in table 2

Table 2: Physical properties of fine aggregate

S. No Property Value
1 Specific gravity 2.67
2 Fineness modulus 3.48
Bulk density:
3 A) Loose 14kN/m3
B) Compacted 15kN/m3
4 Grading Zone-II

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF SAND:

The process of dividing a sample of aggregates into fractions of same particle size is
known as a sieve analysis and its purpose is to find fineness. The sieve analysis was carried
out using locally available river sand and tabulated in table 3.

19
 Table 3: Sieve analysis of fine Aggregate

Cumulative %
Sieve size Retained % retained %passed
retained

4.75 ----- ---- ----- 100

2.36 6.5 0.65 6.5 99.3
1.18 80.5 8.7 87 91.3
600 149 23.6 236 76.4
300 733 96.9 969 3.1
150 15 98.4 98.4 1.6
Pan 16 100 1000 0

Fineness Modulus =3.48

COARSE AGGREGATE:

The material whose particles are of length are retained on IS sieve of length 4.75mm
is termed as coarse mixture and containing only a lot finer cloth as is authorized for the
numerous sorts defined in IS: 383-1970 is considered as coarse aggregate.

Aggregates are the principal ingredients of concrete. They represent 70-eighty% of

the full extent, offer a inflexible skeleton shape for concrete, and act as least expensive
space fillers. Because as a minimum 3-quarters of the extent of the concrete is occupied
through combination, it isn't always unexpected that its great is of substantial significance.
The residences of aggregate substantially affect the durability and structural performance of
concrete. Aggregate turned into at the start viewed as an inert cloth dispersed at some point
of the cement paste largely for economic motives. It is possible, however, to take a contrary
view and to appearance on combination as a constructing cloth related in to a cohesive
complete with the aid of the cement paste, in a way similar to masonry production. In
reality, combination isn't simply inert and its physical, thermal and sometimes also
chemical houses affect the performance of concrete. Aggregate is inexpensive than cement
and its miles, therefore, within your budget to put in to the mix as lots of the previous and
as little of the later possible. But financial system isn't handiest the motive for the use of
mixture, it confers considerable technical benefits on concrete, which has a higher quantity
stability and higher sturdiness than hydrated cement pastes alone.

20
 Figure 3: Coarse Aggregate

Aggregates need to be of uniform nice with recognize to shape and grading. The size
of coarse aggregated depends upon the nature of the paintings. The coarse combination
used in this experimental research is 20mm and 10mm length, overwhelmed and angular in
shape. The aggregates are loose from dirt earlier than used within the concrete.

The following tests were carried out on coarse aggregates.

1) Specific Gravity

2) Fineness modulus

3) Bulk density

4) Sieve analysis

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE:

Specific Gravity is described as the ratio of mass of cloth to the mass of the equal
quantity of water on the said temperature. The test was performed as in keeping with IS
2386-1963 and the values are tabulated in table-5.

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATE:

The technique of dividing a sample of aggregates into fractions of identical particle

length is known as a sieve analysis and its purpose is to find fineness. The sieve evaluation

21
turned into executed using locally available coarse aggregate and tabulated in table 4.

Table 4: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate

Cumulative Cumulative
IS Sieve %Weight Retained
Percentage Percentage
Designation In kg Retained Passing
80mm —— — 100
40mm —— — 100
20mm 30.84 30.84 69.16
10mm 68.70 99.54 0.46
4.75mm 0 99.54 0
2.36mm 0 99.54 0
1.18mm — 100 0
600 Mic — 100 0
300 Mic — 100 0
150 Mic — 100 0

Fineness Modulus = Cumulative % retained

100

Fineness Modulus = 3.02

BULK DENSITY:

Bulk density is described as mass of material to the volume of the container. The
test was performed and the values are tabulated in desk 5.

Table 5: Physical properties of coarse aggregate

S. No Property Value
1 Specific gravity 2.88
2 Fineness modulus 3.02
Bulk density Loose 14 kN/m3
3
Compacted 16 kN/m3
4 Nominal maximum size 20 mm

WATER:

This is the least luxurious but most essential component of concrete. The amount
and first-class of water is needed to be regarded in to very cautiously. In practice very often

22
remarkable manage on the residences of all different ingredients is exercised, but the
control on the fine of the water is frequently left out. Since pleasant of the water outcomes
energy, it's miles essential for us to head in to the purity and exceptional of water. The
water, that's used for making solution, need to be smooth and free from harmful impurities
together with oil, alkali, acid, etc. In preferred, the distilled water needs to be used for
making solution in laboratories. Water containing less than 2000 milligrams in step with
liter of total dissolved solids can normally be used satisfactorily for making concrete.
Although higher attention is not continually dangerous, they'll have an effect on positive
cements adversely and ought to be prevented where viable. An appropriate thumb rule to
follow is, if water is natural sufficient for ingesting it is suitable for mixing concrete.

Table 6: Physical properties of water

S. No Property Value
1 Ph 7.1
2 Taste Agreeable
3 Appearance Clear
4 Turbidity (NT units) 1.75

SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH:

The sugarcane bagasse ash consists of approximately 50% of cellulose, 25% of

hemicelluloses and 25% of lignin. Each ton of sugarcane generates about 26% of bagasse
(at a moisture content material of 50%) and zero. Sixty-two% of residual ash. The residue
after combustion gives a chemical composition dominates by means of silicon dioxide
(SiO2). In spite of being a material of hard degradation and that provides few nutrients, the
ash is used at the farms as a fertilizer in sugarcane harvests. In this sugarcane bagasse ash
became gathered all through the operation of boiler operating inside the Nava Bharat
Ventures Sugar Factory, placed inside the Samalkot, East Godavari District, and Andhra
Pradesh.

23
 Figure 4: Sugarcane Bagasse

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BAGASSE ASH

Table 7: Physical Properties of Bagasse Ash

Properties Values
Specific Gravity 2.20
Colour Black
Density (gm/cm3) 1.20
Moisture content 6.28%

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BAGASSE ASH

Table 8: Chemical composition of Bagasse Ash

Components Mass %
Silica as SiO2 70.5
Calcium as CaO 4.7
Potassium ask2O 12.16
Iron as Fe2O3 1.89
Sodium as Na2O 3.82

24
 Aluminum as Al2O3 1.36
Magnesium as MgO 4.68
Titanium as TiO2 < 0.06

These values are taken from the Nava Bharat sugar industry located at
samalkot.

Figure 5 : Bagasse Ash

Sugarcane is one of the predominant plants grown in over 110 countries and its total
manufacturing is over 1500 million tons. In India only, sugarcane manufacturing is over
400 million tons/year that cause about 10 million heaps of sugarcane bagasse ash as an un-
applied and waste cloth. According to the arena, Brazil leads the world in sugarcane
manufacturing in 2011 with a 734 TMT tons harvest. India become the second biggest
manufacturer with 342 TMT lots, and China the 1/3 biggest producer with 115 a hundred
twenty-five TMT heaps harvest. The average global yield of sugarcane vegetation in 2011
turned into 70. Fifty-four tons in step with hectare. The maximum productive farms in the
international were in Ethiopia with a nationwide common sugarcane crop yield of 126.93
heaps per hectare.

25
 Figure 6: Worldwide Sugar Cane Production

In India, Uttar Pradesh state has highest sugarcane production over India with 42.52
%. Maharashtra has second place with 20.10% and Andhra Pradesh has seventh place
among with 4% production. Below shows the sugarcane production in India.

Figure 7 : Sugarcane Production in India

26
 PHASE–2 SCHEDULE

CHAPTER-4

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

o REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

o FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR MIX DESIGN

o DESIGN OF M30 GRADE CONCRETE: STIPULATIONS FOR

PROPORTIONING

 TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

o TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

o SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO

 MIX CALCULATIONS

 SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT

 CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

 PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE

AND FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT

o MIX PROPORTIONS FOR TRAIL

 CHAPTER-5

EXPERIMENTAL WORK

o INTRODUCTION

o PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE

 BATCHING

 MIXING

 CASTING OF CONCRETE CUBES, CYLINDERS AND BEAMS

 CURING

o WORKABILITY

 SLUMP CONE TEST

 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

o HARDENED PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

 COMPRESSION TEST

 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

 CHAPTER-6

TEST RESULTS

 SLUMP CONE TEST RESULTS

 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST RESULTS

 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULTS

 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH RESULTS

 FLEXURAL STRENGTH RESULTS

CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER-8

REFERENCES