j) For domestic wastewater:

a. BOD5>COD. b. BOD5 < COD c. BOD5 = COD(k) Coliform bacteria are:a. pa

thogenic b. not pathogenic. c. toxic(1) The membrane-
filter technique for the enumeration of colifonns in water:a. gives a statistical
estimate of coli forms. b. gives a direct count of coli forms. c. both a and b.
(m) Cholera is a:a. bacterial disease b. viral disease c. protozoan disease(n)
Groundwater is usually:a. open to pollution. b. free of turbidity c. free of disso
lved gases.(o) Within homes, water used for toilet flushing and 'bathing acco
unts for almost:a. 10% of total domestic use. b. 20% of total domestic use.c.
80% of total domestic use.
(p) The design capacity of water treatment plants is based on the:a. maximu
m hourly demand. b. maximum daily demand.c. average daily demand.
(q) Addition of alum (aluminum sulfate) to water:a. reduces the alkalinity. b. i
ncreases the pH. c. increases the alkalinity.(r) Aeration of groundwater can re
move:a. soluble compounds. b. dissolved gases c. pathogens(s) Design perim
eters tot govern the efficiency of gravity settling basins are:a. the overflow ra
te. b. the detention time. c. both a and b.
(t) Volatile solids of a water sample is a measure of the;a. organic content. b.
inorganic content. c. both a and b

Question Two (20%)

Answer with true (T) or false (F):

(1) A turbidimeter measures the clarity of tap water.(2) If an atom losses elec
trons, the atom 'becomes positively charged and the atom is reduced.(3) Ver
y hard water- tends to be corrosive.
adDownload to read ad-free

-3-

Question Three (12%)

The curve shown below is the results of a chlorine demand test on a raw
drinking water at 20 °Cand 10-minutes contact time. Determine
the following:(1) the breakpoint chlorine dosage,(2) the free residual at a chl
orine dosage of 0.9 mg/L,(3) the chlorine demand at a dosage of 1.0 mg/L.

Question Four (12%) :

A sand-filtration unit 5.0 m by 10.0 m with four washing troughs treats

12.000 m3/day. The unitis backwashed once a day at a rate of 15 l/m2. Sec
for 10 minutes calculate (1) the filtration rate,(2) the quantity of water used
in backwashing, and (3) the flow rate of wash-water in each trough.
adDownload to read ad-free

-4-

King Saud University CE 442 Water & Wastewater TreatmentCollege

of Engineering First SemesterCivil Engineering Department Section:

Final Examination

Time allowed: three hours

Question One (20%)

Choose only 4 out of the following five questions:

(1) Draw a schematic diagram for Al-Shumasi water treatment plant showing
all units and processes and indicate the purpose of each unit and process.

(2) Answer with True or False:

(a)

Sludge processing accounts for 30% to 40% of the capital and operating
costs ofwastewater treatment plants.(b)

Chloramines are more effective for disinfection than free-available chlorine

and they persist longer in the treated water.(c)
Bulking sludge is a sludge that floats or rises to the surface after apparently
goodsettling.(d)

If sludge is thickened from 2% to 4%, the sludge volume is reduced by one-

half.(e)

Waste activated sludge is the portion of the settled solids in the final
clarifiers that isreturned to the aeration tanks.
(3) What is meant by drinking water standards? , and outline their significanc
e?(4) What are pathogens? and how water is tested for pathogen?(5) What

is eutrophication? What are its impacts on the aquatic environment?

Question Two (15%)

* The BOD

of a wastewater is determined to be 150jng/L at 20 °C. The K« value is

knownto be 0.23 per day. What would the BOD

be if the test were run at 15"C.?

Question Three (12%)

* A water with a turbidity of20NTU requires 30 mg/L of alum as coagulant. Th

e naturalalkalinity of the water is 6.0 mg/L as CaCO

3
. (a) Do we need to add alkalinity to thiswater? If yes, what to add and how
much you need to add. (b) How many milligrams ofsludge solids produced
per liter of water?
adDownload to read ad-free

-5-

Question Five (13%)

A conventional activated-sludge system treats 100,000 m

/day of municipalwastewater with a BOD of 180 mg/l, the design F/M ratio is
0.3 day

-4

. TheMLSS concentration of the 24,000 m aeration tanks was measured and

found to be 1800 mg/L. Is the system organically overloaded? If so, how
might the situationis rectified?

Question Six (18%) .

A single-stage trickling-filter plant is to be constructed for a small

municipality.The expected average and peak flows are 20,000 m /day and
30,000 m3/day,respectively. The SS and BOD concentrations of the raw
wastewater at theaverage flow are 220 mg/L and 200 mg/L, respectively.
Determine thedimensions required for:(a) Two circular primary tanks 3 meter
deep and having an overflow rate notexceeding 60 m /m .day and a
detention time of at least 1.0 hour at peak flow.(b) Two circular biological
filters of random-plastic media. Use design BOD andhydraulic loadings of 2.0
kg/m3.day and 50-90 m3/m2/day, respectively. Themedia depth should be
between 4 to 6 meter. Assume a BOD removal of 30% inthe primaries.

Question Seven (10%)

Two completely-mixed aerated lagoons are being considered for pre-
treatmentof an industrial wastewater of 6000 m

/day with a BOD of 600 mg/L. The designshould provide a BOD reduction of
70% at a temperature of 10 "C. Thelaboratory studies showed that K

o of this wastewater is 0.7 day

-1

. Determine thesurface area needed for each unit for a water depth of 2.0
meter. In thesecomputations assume no evaporation or seepage losses from
the lagoons.
adDownload to read ad-free

-6-

King Saud University CE 442 Water & Wastewater TreatmentCollege

of Engineering First SemesterCivil Engineering Department

Final Examination

(Open Book)

Time allowed: 2.5 hours

Question One (33%)

(A, 18%) Briefly answer each of the following in point form using sketches
and/orequations where possible:(1) Why disinfection of water by chlorine is
more effective at low pH.(2) Why sludge is conditioned.

(3)

Why treatment of water by alum decreases the pH.

(4)

Why water is recarbonated by CO

after excess-lime treatment.

(5)

What advantages do plastic media have over stone media in trickling

filtration ofwastewater?

(6)

What are the potential operational problems associated with the use of
stabilization ponds for wastewater treatment

(7)
In the activated sludge process, why a portion of the settled solids
in thesecondary clarifier is returned to the aeration tank(B, 15%) Note
one method only (without explaining) by which each of the following can be
reduced:

(1)

Taste and odor in drinking water.

(2)

Iron and Manganese in drinking water.

(3)

Algae growth in surface water.

(4)

Turbidity caused by clay, in water.

(5)

Dissolved organic matter in wastewater.

(6)

Suspended solids in effluents from conventional wastewater-treatment

plants.

(7)

Dissolved gases in drinking water.

(8)

Nitrates in drinking water.

(9)

Organic solids in sludge

(10)

Salts in drinking water

Question Two (14%)

A BOD analysis of a wastewater yielded the following results. Determine the
reaction rateconstant k (base e) and the ultimate
BOD.Time (day) 012345BOD (mg/L) 065109138158172
adDownload to read ad-free
-7- - The characteristics of the mixed liquor as determined in the-laboratory a
re; MISS =2500 mg/L. and the sludge volume after 30-min settling' in a 1-L
graduated cylinder= 180 ml.(B) If the MLSS is
increased to 3500 mg/L, what will be the F/M ratio? Suggest a meansto
increase the MISS lo 3500 mg/L (i.e. how it can be done)

Question Three (10%)

Note one method only (without explaining) by which each of the following
can bereduced/controlled:

(1)

Dissolved organic matter in wastewater.

(2)

Dissolved gases in drinking water.

(3)

Algae growth in surface water.

(4)

Fecal coliform in wastewater.

(5)

Water in digested sludge.

(6)

Organic solids in sludge.

(7)

Fly breeding in trickling filters.

(8)

Excess calcium and magnesium concentrations in drinking water.

(9)
Volatile organics in drinking water.

(10)

inorganic particles in sanitary wastewater

adDownload to read ad-free

-8-

* Question Five (15%)

Determine the activated-sludge aeration volume required to treat 12,000

m3/day with aBOD of 110 mg/L based on the criteria of a maximum BOD
loading of 600 g/m3.doy and aminimum aeration period of 3.0 hours.If the
operating F/M ratio of 0.25 g BOD/day per g of MISS is to be maintained in
theaeration tank, calculate the suspended solids concentration of the mixed
liquor. What would be the solids concentration in the return-
sludge if the return flow is -3000 m

/day?Calculate also the sludge age if the wastage from the return line is 40
m

/day.

* Question Sex (8%)

A completely mixed aerated lagoon is being considered for pre-treatment of

astrong industrial wastewater with k = 0.6 day

-1

at 20

C and

= 1.04, using adetention time of 5 days. What is the BOD reduction at 20

°C.? If the wastewatertemperature is 10 °C, what is the detention/lime
required to achieve the same
degree of treatment

* Question Seven (6 %)

Calculate the volume of a waste sludge with 96% water content containing
500 kg of dry solids. Ifthe moisture content is reduced to 92%, what is the
sludge volume?
adDownload to read ad-free

-9-

King Saud University CE 442 Water & Wastewater TreatmentCollege

of Engineering First SemesterCivil Engineering Department

Final Examination

(Open Book)

Time allowed: Three hours

Question One (10%)

In a BOD determination of a wastewater, 6 mL of the waste witb^zero

dissolved oxygen aremixed with 294 mL of diluting water containing 8.16
mg/L of dissolved oxygen. Afterincubation for 5 days, the dissolved oxygen
content of the mixture is 5.4 mg/L (a) CalculatetheBOD5ofthe wastewater. (b)
How much oxygen (kg/day) is required to satisfy the BODdemand of 8000
m3/day of this waste, assuming that 1.0kg of oxygen is to be supplied per kg
ofultimate BOD in the waste, and that k = 0.12 per day (base 10).Question
Two (15%)

The results of a chlorine demand test on raw water at 20 °C and 15 minutes

contact time are
asfollows:Chlorine dosage (mg/L) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11Residual chlorine (m
g/L) 0.5 1.02.03.04.03.52.52.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 (a) Sketch the chlorine demand
curve, (b) What is the break-point chlorine dosage, (c) What isthe chlorine
dosage necessary to achieve a combined residual of 4.0 mg/L. (d) What is
thechlorine dosage necessary to achieve a residual of 4.0 mg/L free and
combined chlorine, (e)What is the chlorine dosage necessary to achieve a
residual of 1.0 mg/L free available chlorine

Question Three (15%)

A single-stage trickling filter plant consists of a primary clarifier, a trickling
filter 2 1 m indiameter with a 2-m depth of random packing, and a final
clarifier. The raw-wastewater flow is3028 m

/day with 200 mg/L of BOD5 and a temperature of 15 °C. The constants for
therandom-plastic media are an "n" of 0.4 and "k20" of 0.3 hour"'. Assuming
35% BOD removalin the primary, calculate the effluent BOD concentration
(a) without recycle, and (b) with arecirculation of 15 14 m

/day.
adDownload to read ad-free
-10-

Question Four (15%)

Determine the capacity of two aeration tanks of an activated sludge system

required to treat6000 m

/day with a BOD3 of 120 mg/L if detention time must be at least 4.0 hours,
F/M ratiomust not exceed 0.3, and an MLSS concentration of 1800 mg/L will
be maintained. Estimatethe sludge age assuming excess suspended solids
production of 0.45 g of MLSS per g of BODapplied.

Question Five (10%)

Two completely-mixed aerated lagoons operating in parallel are proposed to

treat an averageflow of 7100 m/day with a BOD5 of 200 mg/L... The
temperature extremes anticipated for thelagoon contents range from
18_TJn_winter to 40 °C in summer. Minimum BOD reductionthrough the
lagoon should be 80%. Laboratory treat ability studies showed that k20 of
thiswaste = 0.8 day"1.Assuming a water depth of 2.5m, what are the
required surface area and detention period ofeach \ lagoon.

Question Sex (5%)

Draw schematic of a conventional activated-sludge plant showing all units

and processesinvolved in the treatment of wastewater and sludge, and
specify the function of each treatmentunit.

Question nine (10%)

Answer with True (T) or False

(F)1- Water from wells is more likely to contain H2S and be higher in dissolve
d. Solids thansurface water
supplies.2- Disinfection with chlorine is more effective at a pH of 7.5 than at
pH 6.5.3- A rate of flow controller on a gravity water filter allows a higher filtr
ation rate when thefilter is clean than when it is
dirty.4- Gravity thickening is used primarily on waste activated sludge.5- Slud
ge that has good settling characteristics is called bulking sludge.6- In the exc
ess-lime softening process, excess lime is added for the removal of calciumh
ardness.7- If sludge is thickened from 2% to 4% solids, the volume of sludge i
s reduced by one-half.
adDownload to read ad-free

-11- 8- Reverse osmosis is the process of diffusion of solvent (water) through

a semi- permeable membrane from a solution of a lower to one of
a higher concentration.9- Chloramines are more effective for disinfection tha
n free-available chlorine and they persist longer, in the treated
water.10- The presence of coliform bacteria indicates that pathogenic bacteri
a are present.11- Sludge processing deals with less 1% of the total waste vol
ume but accounts for 30 to40 percent of the capital and operating costs of
waste
treatment.12- Potassium permanganate is an effective chemical in oxidizing
many odor and taste producing compounds.13- Waste activated
sludge is the portion of the settled solids in the final .clarifier that isreturned
to the aeration
tank.14- Turbidity is a measure of the suspended solids concentration.15- Th
e main disadvantage of anaerobic treatment of wastewater is the large produ
ction ofsludge.16- Stabilization ponds are suitable for treating small flows of
wastewater.17- In water treatment, granular-media filtration must be preced
ed by chemical coagulation.18- Water with a total dissolved solids concentrat
ion of about 30,000 ppm is "called brackish water.19- Due to low pH involved
excess-lime softening assists
in removing pathogens if any is present.20- The main objective of the second
ary treatment of wastewater is to reduce the content ofsoluble colloidal
inorganic remaining after primary treatment.
adDownload to read ad-free

-12-

King Saud University CE 442 Water & Wastewater TreatmentCollege

of Engineering First SemesterCivil Engineering Department

Final Examination

(Open Book)

Time allowed: 1

hours

Question One (20%)

A small town produces 20,000 m

/day of wastewater on the average. The peak flow is 1.75times the average

(a) Design a git-rermoval system consisting of two identical chamber 2.0 m d

eep to process the peak flow. The flow-through velocity is to be controlled at
0.2 m/s by adown stream proportioning weir, and the settling velocity is to
be maintained at 0.1 m/s.Determine also the design detention time

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………(b) Design a primary clarification system with at least two t
anks 2.0 m deep providedthat the overflow rate should not exceed 70 rn

/m

day at the peak flow and the detentiontime should be at least 1.0 hour.
adDownload to read ad-free
-13-
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………

Question Two (20%)

A single-stage trickling filter plant is proposed for treating a-municipal

wastewater flow of4000 m

/d with an average BOD of 35% mg/L. Assuming 35% BOD removal in the
primarysettling tanks, calculate the size required for two 3-m deep filters
operating in parallel with aBOD loading of 500 g/m

d.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
adDownload to read ad-free

-14-

Question Three (20%)

- Determine the activated aeration volume required to treat 12.000 m

/day with a BOD5 of 110mg/L based on the criteria of a maximum BOD

loading of 600 g/m

.day and a minimumaeration period of 3 hours.- If the operating F/M ratio of

0.25g BOD/day per g MLSS is to be maintained in theaeration tank, calculate
the suspended solids concentration of the mixed liquor (MLSS),-

What would be the solids concentration in the return sludge if the return flow
is 3000m

/day?- Calculate also the sludge age if the wastage from the return line is 40
m

/day.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………

Question Four (20%)

Estimate the mass (kg/day) and volume (m

/day) of the waste activated sludge from an activatedsludge treating 15,000

m

/day of wastewater with a settled BODs of 130 mg/L

operating at a F/Mratio of 0.24 g BODs per day g MLSS. The suspended solids
in the waste sludge withdrawnfrom the return sludge pipe are 9000 mg/L.-

If the waste sludge is thickened to 3% what is the volume of the thickened

sludge?
adDownload to read ad-free

-15-

King Saud University CE 442 Water & Wastewater TreatmentCollege

of Engineering First SemesterCivil Engineering Department

Second Mid-term Exam

Time allowed: 1

hour

Question One (20%)

A small town produces 20,000 m

/day of wastewater on the average. The peak flow is 1.75times the average.
(a) Design a grit-removal system consisting of two identical chambers/^ m d
eep! To process the peak flow. The flow-through velocity is to be controlled
at 0.2 m/s by adown stream proportioning weir, and the settling velocity is to
be maintained 0.1 m/s.Determine also the design detention time.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………(b) Design a primary clarification system with at least two t
anks 2.0-rn deep provided thatthe overflow rate should not exceed 70 m3/m

day -at the peak flow and the detentiontime should be at least 1.0 hour.
adDownload to read ad-free
-16-
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………

Question Two (20%)

A .single-stage trickling filter plant is proposed for treating a- municipal

wastewater flow of4000 m3/d with an average BOD of 300 mg/L. Assuming
35% BOD removal in the primarysettling tanks, calculate the size required for
two 3-m deep filters operating in parallel with aBOD loading of 500
g/m .d……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
adDownload to read ad-free

-17-

Question Two (20%)

Determine the activated-sludge aeration volume

required to treat 12.000 m3/day with aBODs of 110

mg/L based on the criteria of a maximum BOD loading of 600 g/m

.dayand a minimum aeration period of 3 hours

.-

If the operating F/M ratio of {0.25jg BOD/day per g MLSS is to be maintained

in theaeration tank, calculate the suspended solids concentration of the
mixed liquor (MLSS).

- What would be the solids concentration in the return sludge if the return flo
w is 3000m3/day?

Calculate also the sludge age if the wastage from the return line is 40 m

/day.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

Question Four (20%)

Estimate the mass (kg/day), and volume (m3/day) of the waste activated
sludge from an activatedsludge process treating 15,000 m /day of
wastewater with a settled RODs of 130 mg/L operatingat a F/M ratio of 0.24 g
BOD5 per day per g MLSS. The suspended solids in the waste,
sludge,withdrawn from-the, return sludge pipe are 9000 mg/L. If the waste
sludge is thickened to 3%what is the volume of the thickened sludge?
adDownload to read ad-free

-18-
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………

Question Five (20%)

A completely-mixed aerated lagoon is being considered for pre-treatment of

strong industrialwastewater with K= 0.7 per day at 20'°C using a detention
time of 5 days, "What is tt^BODreduction 20 °C (i.e. removal efficiency).If
the wastewater temperature is 10°C, compute the detention time required to
achieve the samedegree of treatment.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………
adDownload to read ad-free

-19-

King Saud University CE 442 Water & Wastewater TreatmentCollege

of Engineering First SemesterCivil Engineering Department

Second Mid-term Exam

Time allowed: 1

hour

Question One (30%)

The curve shown below is the results of a chlorine demand test on a raw
drinking water at 20 °Cand 10-minutes contact time. Determine (he following

(1) The breakpoint chlorine dosage

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2) The free residual at a chlorine

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(3) The chlorine demand at a dosage of 1 .0 mg/L,

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
adDownload to read ad-free
-20-

Question Two (20%)

Results of a chlorine demand test on raw water are as follows

Sample no.

Chlorine Dosage(mg/L)

Chlorine Residual(mg/L)

10.4

0.1

0.8

0.4

31.20.841.61.052.00.662.40.472.80.6

3.20.89
3.6

1.0

(1) Sketch a chlorine demand curve

(2) What is the breakpoint dosage?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………(3) What is
the chlorine demand at a dosage of 3.0 mg/L?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
adDownload to read ad-free

-21-

Question Three (30%)

A small town needs a wastewater treatment plant to treat its average flow
of7,000 m

/day. The peak flow is expected to be 18,000 m

/day

(1) Design a primary sedimentation system composed of four tanks 2.5-

mdeep provided that the overflow rate should not exceed 100 m /m .dayat
the peak flow with a detention time of not less than 1.0 hour.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
adDownload to read ad-free

-22- (2) If one of the primary tanks is out service, what are the overflow rate
and detention timeat the peak flow? Check these values with the design
values. What can be done if thedesign values are not met?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………(3) Calculate the

volume

of the primary sludge (m

/day) if the suspended solidsconcentration (SS) of the primary influent is 280

mg/L, and a 65% of SS would beremoved in the primary tanks. Assume that
solids concentration in the primary sludge is3%.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
adDownload to read ad-free

-23-

King Saud University CE 442 Water & Wastewater TreatmentCollege

of Engineering First SemesterCivil Engineering Department

First Mid-term Exam

Part One (Close Book) Time allowed: 3 hours

Student Name: ………………………………………………………..Student

Number: …………………………………………………….

Question One (20%)

For each statement, circle the most appropriate answer:

(a) True .color of water is caused by:a. dissolved solids. b. suspended solids; c
. both a and b(b) As the hydrogen ion concentration in solution increases, the
pH:a. increases. b. decreases. c. stays as is.(c) Solids left in a porcelain dish .
after evaporation at 104 ,°C of a measured volume of afiltered water sample,
is called:a. suspended solids. b. total solids. c. dissolved solids.
(d) Conductivity of water can be used as a rough measure of:a. total suspend
ed solids. b. total dissolved solids. c. turbidity(e) Alkalinity of natural water re
sults from the presence of:a. nitrates. b. carbon dioxides. c.bicarbonates.(f) H
ighly alkaline water often has:a. a low level of dissolved solids. b. a high level
of suspended solids. c. a high levelof dissolved solids.
(g) Permanent hardness of water is caused by presence of calcium and magn
esium:a. sulfates and chlorides. b. carbonates and bicarbonate.c. bicarbonat
es and sulfates.(h) Discharge of water containing high levels of ammonia nitr
ogen into water bodies is not desirable because ammonia:a. is toxic to aquati
c life. b. lowers the dissolved oxygen concentration.c. both a and b.
(i) Eutrophication of water bodies is due to the presence of excessive concent
rations of:a. iron and manganese. b. nitrogen and phosphorus.c. calcium
and magnesium.
adDownload to read ad-free
-24-(j) For domestic wastewater:'a. BOD5>COD. b. BOD5<COD. c. BOD5 « C
OD.(k) Coliform bacteria are:a. pathogenic. b. not pathogenic. c. toxic.(l) The
membrane-filter technique for the enumeration of colifoms in water:a. gives
a statistical estimate of
colifoms. b. gives a direct count of coliforms. c. both a and b.(m) Cholera is a:
a. bacterial disease. b. viral disease. c. protozoan disease.(n) Groundwater is
usually:a. open to pollution, b. free of turbidity. c. free of dissolved gases.(o)
Within homes, water used for toilet flushing and "bathing accounts for almost
:(p) The design capacity of water treatment plants is based on the:a. maximu
m hourly demand. b. maximum daily demand.c. average daily demand.
(q) Addition of alum (aluminum sulfate) to water:a. reduces the alkalinity, b. i
ncreases the pH. c. increases the alkalinity.(r) Aeration of groundwater can re
move:a. soluble compounds. b. dissolved gases. c. pathogens(s) Design para
meters that govern the efficiency of gravity settling basins are:a. me overflo
w rate:. b. the detention time. c. both a and b.(t) Volatile solids of a water sa
mple are a measure of the:a. organic content. b. inorganic content. c. both a
and b.

Question Two (20%)

Answer with true (T) or false (F):

(1) A turbid meter measures the clarity of tap water.(2) If an atom losses
electrons, the atom "becomes positively charged and the atom isreduced.(3)
Very hard water tends to be corrosive.
adDownload to read ad-free

-25-(4) Water with a pH of less than 4.5 has no alkalinity.(5) Isotopes are ele
ments that have the same number of protons but different number of neutro
ns.(6) Water with high alkalinity content has a bitter taste.(7) Staining of clot
hes and plumbing fixtures is a direct result of the presence of appreciable am
ounts of ironand manganese in water.
(8) The organic content of industrial wastewater generated from steel industr
y can 'be measured by the useof biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
(9) Once surface water is polluted it is hard and difficult to restore.(10) Drinki
ng water standards help determining whether "treatment of raw water is req
uired.(11) Water flocculation is a slow mixing of
a suspension containing destabilized colloids to promote theformation
offices.(12) Cold water is easier to coagulate than warmer water.(13) Additio
n of alum (aluminum, sulfate) to water increases the water pH.(14) Industries
usually require/use less water than commercial facilities.(15) Addition of sodi
um hydroxide to water will increase its pH.(16) Apparent color of water is cau
sed by suspended solids(17) Ion-exchange softening reduces water hardness
to the practical solubility levels ofCaCO

and Mg (OH)

(18) The main advantages of dual media filters over single-

medium sand filters are longer filter runs andgreater filtration rates.(19) Re-
carbonation of water after the excess lime treatment is
to neutralize the excess lime and to convert bicarbonate ions to carbonate.
(20) A filter sand of coarse size retains large quantities of particulate matter
but allows the passage of fine particles.

King Saud University CE 442 Water & Wastewater Treatment

adDownload to read ad-free

-26-

College of Engineering First SemesterCivil Engineering Department

First Mid-term Exam

Part Two (aid sheet is provided) Time allowed: One hour

Student Name: ………………………………………………………..Student

Number: …………………………………………………….

Question One (14 %)

(1) Find the weight of sodium-bicarbonate, Na HC03) necessary to make 0.5

M solution; find also thetonality of the solution.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………(2) A wastewater is ana
lyzed for BOD. 10 m L of the wastewater with a dissolved oxygen concentrati
on of1 mg/L, are mixed with 290 mL of dilution water containing 8 mg/L of
dissolved oxygen. Afterincubation for 5 days at 20 °C, the dissolved oxygen
content of the mixture is 5.2 mg/L. Calculate:(a) The BOD5 of
the wastewater.(b) The ultimate BOD if the rate constant-k (base 10) = 0.14
per day.(c) The amount of oxygen (kg/day) that is required to the satisfy the
BOD demand of 70,000 of thiswaste, assuming that 1 kg of oxygen is to be
applied per kg of ultimate BOD.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
Question One (14 %)
adDownload to read ad-free

-27-

According to the jar tests, a dose of 46 mg/L of alum is needed to reduce the
turbidity of 42,000m

/day of river water from 50 NTU to about 3 NTU. Find the followings:

(a)

How much alkalinity is consumed due to the addition of alum (mg/L as CaCO

)?(b)

What changes take place in the ionic character of the water due to alum
addition?(c)

How much mg/L of Al (OH)

produced?(d)

What is the total sludge produced (g/m

of water)?(e)

What is the total volume of sludge produced (m

3

sludge/day) if the solids concentrationin sludge = 0.15%?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………

Question Three (18%)

The following hypothetical combinations define the ionic character of

groundwater:
adDownload to read ad-free

-28-

Ca (HCO

= 3.meq/L Na

S0

= 0.2 meq/L

Mg (HC0

= 0.4

meq/L

NaCl = 0.6 meq/L

Mg SO

= 0.8 meq/L
(a)

Draw the meq/L bar graph.(b)

Determine the alkalinity and total hardness (mg/L as CaCO

)(c)

Calculate the softening chemicals (mg/L) required if the CO

content is 0.5 meq/L.(d)

Calculate the residue produced from the softening process (g/m

).

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………

Question Four (14%)

adDownload to read ad-free

-29-

(1) The membrane-filter technique was used to test polluted water for total c
oliform.100-mL, 50- mL, 20 mL, 10-mL, and 5-mL portions were examined
and the coliformcounts were; TNTC, 127, 82, 21, and 0 respectively. Calculate
the coliform density for thiswater (#/100 mL). Note- TNTC = Too Numerous To
Count.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

(2) Determine the diameters of two circular settling tanks, and side water?
depth/to settle15,000 m

/day of water based on a maximum overflow rate of 16 nr/m .day and

detentiontime of 4.0 h.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………

King Saud University CE 442 Water & Wastewater TreatmentCollege

of Engineering First Semester
adDownload to read ad-free
-30-

Civil Engineering Department

Second Mid-term Exam

Time allowed: One hour

Student Name: ………………………………………………………..Student

Number: …………………………………………………….

Question One (20 %)

A small town produces 20,000 m

/day of wastewater on the average. The peak flow is 1.75times the average.

(a) Design a grit-removal system consisting of two identical chambers 2.0 m

deep to process the peak flow. The flow-through velocity is to be controlled
at 0.2 m/s by adown stream proportioning weir, and the settling velocity is to
be maintained at 0.1 m/s.Determine also the

design detention time.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………(b) Design a primary clarification syste
m with at east two tanks. 2.0- m deep provided thatthe overflow rate should
not exceed 70 m

/m

.day at the peak flow and the detentiontime should be at least 1.0 hour.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
adDownload to read ad-free

-31-
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………

Question Two

(20%)

A single-stage trickling filter plant is proposed for treating a municipal

wastewater flow of4000 m

/d with an average BOD of 300 mg/L. Assuming 35% BOD removal in the
primarysettling tanks calculate the size required for two 3-m deep filters
operating in parallel with a BODloading of 500 g/m

. d.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………

Question Three (20%)

Determine the activated-sludge aeration volume required to treat 12,000

m3/day with a
adDownload to read ad-free

-32-BOD5 of 110 mg/L based on the criteria of a maximum BOD loading: of

600 g/m3.day and aminimum aeration period of 3 hours.

If the operating F/M ratio of)0.25Jg BOD/day per g MLSS is to be maintained

in theaeration tank, calculate the suspended solids concentration of the
mixed liquor (MLSS),-

What would be the solids concentration in the return sludge if the return flow
is 3000 m/day?

Calculate also the sludge age if the wastage from the return line is 40 m

/day

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

Question Four (20%)

Estimate the mass (kg/day) and .volume (m3/day) of the waste activated
sludge from anactivated sludge process treating 15,000 m3/day of
wastewater with a settled BOD< of 130mg/L operating at a F/M ratio of
0.24 g BODs per day per g MLSS. The suspended solids inthe waste sludge
withdrawn from the [return sludge pipe are 9000 mg/L.If the waste sludge is
thickened to 3% what is the volume of the thickened sludge?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
adDownload to read ad-free

-33-
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………

Question Five (20%)

A completely mixed aerated lagoon is being considered for pre-treatment of

strong industrialwastewater with K = 0.7 per day at 20 °C using a detention
time of 5 days. What is the BODreduction 20 °C (i.e. removal efficiency)?

If the wastewater temperature is 10°C, compute the detention time required

to achieve the samedegree of treatment.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………

King Saud University CE 442 Water & Wastewater TreatmentCollege

of Engineering First Semester
adDownload to read ad-free
-34-

Civil Engineering Department

Second Mid-term Exam

Time allowed: One hour

Student Name: ………………………………………………………..Student

Number: …………………………………………………….

Question One (30 %)

The curve shown below is the results of chlorine demand test oil a raw
drinking water at 20 °Cand 10-minutes contact time. Determine the
following:(1) The breakpoint chlorine dosage,
…………………………………………………………………………………………………(2)
The free residual at a chlorine dosage of 0.9 mg/L,
…………………………………………………………………………………………………(3)
The chlorine demand at a dosage of 1 .0 mg/L.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Question Two (70%)

A trickling-filter plant is proposed for treating domestic wastewater from a

small town with population of about 80,000 capita. The expected
average and peak flows are 160

JLm

/dayand 25000 m
3

/day, respectively. The SS and BOD

of the wastewater at the average flow are400 mg/L and 220 mg/L,
respectively

(A, 20%) Design a grit-removal system such that a chamber is 1.5 m deep,
the flow-throughvelocity is to be controlled at 0.1 m/s, and the settling
velocity of grits is about 0.8 m/s. Findalso the design detention time.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
adDownload to read ad-free

-35-…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(B, 20%) Design a primary clarification system provided that the overflow
rate should notexceed 60 m

/m

.day and the detention time should be at least 1.0 hour at the peak flow, and
atank .depth of 2.0 meter. Assume the (tanks) are circular in shape.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………

(C, 10%) What volume of the primary sludge would be produced daily if the
SS of the primary influent is 250/rfig/L, the SS removal efficiency of the'
primaries is 40%, and thesolids concentration of the primary sludge is 3%.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

(D, 20%) Design a trickling-filter system of random-plastic media. Use a

design BODvolumetric loading of 2.0 kg/m

and a hydraulic loading between 50-70 m

/m

.day with a
adDownload to read ad-free

-36-

media depth of 4-6 meter. Assume that the BOD removal in the previous
treatment processes is35%

.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………

Question Two (70%)

The meq/L bar graph of well water is shown below. Determine:

(a) Total hardness and alkalinity in mg/L as CaCO3.(b) The softening chemical
s (mg/L) required to remove the carbonate hardness.(c) The final hardness of
the treated water.0 2.5 3.8 5.0

Ca

++

Mg

++

Na
+

HCO

3-

SO4

--

Cr

0 3.5 4.15 5.0

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
adDownload to read ad-free

-37-
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………

Question Four (10%)

Determine the diameters of two circular settling tanks, not over 3.0 m deep,
to settle 6500m

/day of water provided that the overflow rate should not exceed -30 m

/m

.day and the detentiontime should be at least 2.0 hours

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………

Question Five (8%)

Multiple-tube fermentation analyses of well water gave the following results.
Determinethe total coliform and fecal coliform densities (MPN) and their
ranges at the 95% confidencelevel

Number of positive tubes out of fiveSampleportion

(mL)total coliform test fecal coliform test

10 5 21 5 10.1 2 00.01 1 00.001 0 0

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
adDownload to read ad-free