IJE TRANSACTIONS A: Basics Vol. 31, No.

4, (April 2018) 659-665

International Journal of Engineering

Journal Homepage: www.ije.ir

Experimental Study of The Mechanical Properties of Banana Fiber and Groundnut

Shell Ash Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composite
A. Lakshumu Naidu, S. Kona*

Department of Mechanical Engg, GMRIT, Rajam, India

PAPER INFO A B S T R A C T

Paper history: Effect of addition of filler material to the natural fiber composite was experimentally investigated.
Received 21 July 2017 Composites are manufactured by the conventional hand-layup method. All composites are made with a
Received in revised form 24 August 2017 fixed banana fiber with 15% weight fraction addition of different weight fraction of (0, 3, 5, 7.5%)
Accepted 11 October 2017
groundnut shell ash is added to the composite. Tensile, hardness, impact and compressive strength are
conducted to find the mechanical behaviour of the composites. Preparation and testing were conducted
Keywords: according to ASTM standards. Results illustrate that mechanical properties are improved by the addition
Reinforced Polymer Composites of groundnut shell ash to the epoxy based banana fiber composite. Natural fiber composites are
Banana Fibers predominantly used in automobile (Door pannels, interior parts and cabin linings), aerospace and packing
Mechanical Properties material. Natural fibers have more advantages like low cost, biodegradable and low density than the
Groundnut Shell Ash inorganic materials, the environmental impact of the natural fibers are less compared to synthetic fibers.
doi: 10.5829/ije.2018.31.04a.18

1. INTRODUCTION1 cellulose, 19 percentage of hemicellulose and 5

percentage of lignin are the significant components. Plant
Since 1900, Natural fibers are emerged as the reinforced fibers that are fitted with the higher cellulose content
material for the composites. Right now, natural fiber possessing higher mechanical performance [3].
composites (NFC's) are used in the numerous In PMC’s agglutination between the polymer and
applications which are the replacement for the particular fiber is the very important factor for procurement
synthetic fiber composites because of its advantages like healthier mechanical performance. At the compound of
low cost, biodegradable and low density. Natural fibers the composite shear stress is transferred to the fibers by
are bio and renewable material [1]. Plant, animal and the matrix. With the higher agglutination higher
mineral are the types of natural fibers based on its origin. performance are achieved, the life time of the material
Mineral fibers avoided in many countries due to causing also convalesces. Mechanical properties not only depend
health issues to humans [2]. Plant fibers cellulosed based on the fiber-matrix interaction they will depend on the
fibers, cellulose is the major content in this fibers. Plant matrix and fiber [4-11]. Size, growth time, orientation of
fibers are obtained from the parts of the plant which are fibers and alignment of the fibers are also affecting the
stem, leaves, bast, seeds and fruits etc. Banana, jute, performance of a material. At different locations,
kenaf, flax, palm is the example for the plant fibers. properties of fiber are different. Soil type, harvesting time
animal fibers are protein based fibers, they are obtained and growth conditions are influences the chemical
from wool or hair of the animal. Alpaca, silk is the composition of the plants. These parameters depend on
example for the animal fibers [3]. Plant fibers have the location, by the parameters cellulose content of the plant
better mechanical behaviour than the animal fibers fiber differs. Cellulose content is the major influencing
except silk fiber. Silk fiber has higher strength but cost of factor for enhance the better mechanical properties, with
the fibers is more compared to the other fibers [2]. higher cellulose results in better mechanical properties.
Banana is the most abundantly available in the earth. Banana fiber is available in almost 135 countries. In
Banana fiber encompasses of 62-64 percentage of India, poovan cultivars are cultivated these fiber have the

*Corresponding Author’s Email: sri.vas028@gmail.com (S. Kona)

Please cite this article as: A. Lakshumu Naidu, S. Kona, Experimental Study Of The Mechanical Properties Of Banana Fiber And Groundnut Shell
Ash Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composite, International Journal of Engineering (IJE), IJE TRANSACTIONS A: Basics Vol. 31, No. 4, (April 2018)
659-665
 A. Lakshumu Naidu and S. Kona / IJE TRANSACTIONS A: Basics Vol. 31, No. 4, (April 2018) 659-665 660

better cellulose content, so in this paper these fibers are Alkali treatment removes the elements of the fiber
used. Due to this change in properties same procedure of include hemicellulose, lignin.
making NFC's does not gives the same mechanical It also modifies the structure of the cellulose.
properties [12-15]. Chemical treatment with alkalis results increases the
Cellulose based fibers have some disadvantages surface roughness of the NF's this improves the
which influences the mechanical behaviour. The main agglutination between the polymer and fiber. Treatment
disadvantages of natural fibers are tends to attract the of NF's are shown in Figure 2.
moisture from the environment results change in
dimension of the composite. Hydrophilic nature of the 2. 3. Composite Preparation Banana fibers are
fiber effect the fiber matrix interaction. Mechanical woven in mat form dimension of 250×250×1.5 mm3.
behaviour of the fiber composite can enhanced by Woven fibers are oriented in bidirectional (0° and 90°).
treating the fiber either chemically or physically. Corona Epoxy is mixed with hardener in the ratio of 10:1 ratio.
and ultra-sonic treatment are the major physical Groundnut shell ash is mixed with the epoxy resin while
treatments to treat the NF's. Chemical treatment mixing forming of air bubbles are prevented. Composite
improves the agglutination between the polymer and are prepared by conventional hand-lay-up method. Four
fiber. When fibers were treated with alkalis, fibers are composites of fixed 15 wt% of banana mats with
getting rough and porous were happen on surface of the different groundnut shell ash weight fraction of (0, 3, 5
fiber helps to better agglutination between the polymer and 7.5 wt%) are prepared. The test samples were
and fiber. When fibers are treated with silane and prepared as per ASTM standards. Specimens are shown
hydroxyl groups are reducing the moisture content in Figure 3.
present in the fiber; results in better mechanical
performance [16-28].
NFC’s performance may be enhanced by
hybridisation by addition of the fillers or fibers. Adding
the filler material mechanical behaviour of the composite
were improved. Addition of filler material helps to
improve the agglutination between the polymer and fiber.
Rate of water absorption also reduces by adding the filler
material to the composites [29-37]. In this paper, we
performed tensile, compressive, hardness and impact
strength on banana/epoxy filled with groundnut shell ash
composites manufactured with bidirectional alignment.
The main purpose of this paper is comparing the
mechanical performance of the composite with hybrid
composite.

2. EXPERIMENTAL
Figure 1. A) Raw banana fiber, B) Woven banana fiber mat
2. 1. Materials Epoxy resin (LY556) and hardener
(HY951) were purchased from CIBA GUGYE India
Limited. Groundnut shell ash is obtained from the shell
of the groundnuts. Groundnut shells were kept in
electrical furnace at 1400°C for half an hour. Groundnut
shells are burned completely and converted into ash.
Then this ash is dried in an oven at 250°C for 3hours.
Long banana fibers were obtained from the sri Lakshmi
group of industries, Guntur, India. Banana fiber is shown
in the Figure 1.

2. 2. Alkali Treatment NaOH is used to treat the

banana fibers. Banana fibers were soaked in the 1%
solution of NaOH for half an hour. Then these fibers are
cleaned with the distilled water and kept in an oven at
50°C up to 45 minutes till the skiving of the moisture. Figure 2. Alkali treatment of fibers
661 A. Lakshumu Naidu and S. Kona / IJE TRANSACTIONS A: Basics Vol. 31, No. 4, (April 2018) 659-665

𝑑
HR= 𝑁 − (1)
𝑠
Where, d = Depth, N and s are scale factors (N= 100, S=
0.002mm).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Test results are tabulated in Table 1. Change in the tensile

strength of the NFC's were shown in Figure 4. It is
observed that banana fiber reinforced with epoxy
composite attains the strength of 10.21 MPa. This epoxy
based banana fiber composite filled with 3% wt. of
groundnut shell ash attains the tensile strength of 12.02
Figure 3. Specimens after preparation of composites MPa. It is shown that the filler content is help to improve
the strength of the composite. Further increase in the
filler material tensile strength of the NFC is decreases,
2. 4. Standard Test Methods Used To obtain the also observed that filler content with 5 wt%; also gives
mechanical properties, tensile, compression, Rockwell the best values compared to the unfilled composite.
hardness and impact tests are conducted. Tensile test is When 7.5 wt% of ash filled composite, gives the lower
conducted on universal testing machine INSTRON value amid the other composites.
H10KS at spindle speed of 0.5 mm/min as per ASTM D Results exhibits that agglutination between the fiber
3039 with dimension of 250 x 25 x 3 mm. Impact and polymer material augment with addition of the filler
strength, Izod test was conducted as per standards of material. The interaction between the groundnut shell ash
ASTM D 256 with dimension of 64 x 12.7 x 3.2 mm. and the fiber, matrix is good for a certain weight
Compression test was conducted according to ASTM D percentage after that percentage it will not give the better
695 standards with dimension of 50 x 10 x 4mm. results for the composite. Stress vs strain diagram of
Hardness test was conducted on saroj hardness testing composites of 0, 3, 5, 7. Wt% of groundnut shell ash are
machine. The ¼ inch diamond ball indenter is forced into shown in Figure 5. Stress – strain behaviour of the C2
the specimens under a load of 60 kgf. Rockwell hardness composite shows more slope compared to other
L-scale was used for finding the Rockwell hardness composites.
number. Rockwell hardness number is calculated by
Equation (1).

TABLE 1. Test Results of Composite

Hardness Impact Strength Compressive
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Sample Polymer Matrix Composite Number (J/mm2) Strength (MPa)
Strength Average RHN AVG Strength AVG Strength AVG
10.80 38 0.30 21.5
C1 85% Epoxy+ 15% Banana fiber 9.60 10.21 33 35.6 0.20 0.252 19.6 20.7
10.25 36 0.26 21
11.30 35 0.28 20.6
82% Epoxy+ 15% Banana fiber+
C2 12.20 12.02 38 37.3 0.35 0.340 24.6 24.4
3% groundnut shell ash
12.60 39 0.39 28
10.80 31 0.56 26
80% Epoxy+ 15% Banana fiber+
C3 9.6 10.30 34 32.6 0.52 0.512 21 23.6
5% groundnut shell ash
10.5 33 0.46 24
8.15 33 0.70 19.5
77.5% Epoxy+ 15% Banana fiber+
C4 8.80 8.61 37 35.3 0.67 0.650 23.4 22.9
7.5% groundnut shell ash
8.90 36 0.60 26
 A. Lakshumu Naidu and S. Kona / IJE TRANSACTIONS A: Basics Vol. 31, No. 4, (April 2018) 659-665 662

Tensile Strength (MPa)

14
12.02
12
10.21 10.3
10 8.61
8

0
C1 C2 C3 C4

Figure 4. Variation of tensile strength of composites

This indicates that C2 composite have higher stiffness

compared to other composites, compared to all
specimens C2 composite have higher tensile strength.
Variation in the Rockwell hardness numbers are
shown in Figure 6. It is observed that hardness number of
the composite filled with 3 wt% ash (C2) have the higher
hardness number compared to the other composites. It
also shows that hardness number slightly increases with
addition of 3% of filler material, further addition of the
filler content decreases the hardness number. Change in
the impact strength of NFC,'s were shows in Figure 7.
Impact strength of NFC's were depending on the filler
material. Increase of filler material slightly increases the
impact strength of NFC's. It was found out that composite
C4 have the higher impact strength.
Variation in the Rockwell hardness numbers were
shown in Figure 6. It is observed that hardness number of
the composite filled with the ash with 3 wt% (C2) have
the higher hardness number compared to the other
composites. It also shows that hardness number slightly
increases with addition of 3% of filler material, further
addition of the filler content decreases the hardness
number. Change in the impact strength of NFC,'s are
shown in Figure 7. Impact strength of NFC's were
depending on the filler material. Increase of filler
material slightly increases the impact strength of NFC's.
It was found out that composite C4 have the higher
impact strength.
Change in the compressive strength of the NFC’s are
shown in Figure 8. Groundnut shell ash influences the
compressive strength of the composite. With addition of
the ash compressive strength of the composites also
increases. Composite C1 has the lower value compared
to the other composites. Composite C2 has the higher
compressive strength. Figure 5. Stress Vs Strain Diagrams for composite materials
663 A. Lakshumu Naidu and S. Kona / IJE TRANSACTIONS A: Basics Vol. 31, No. 4, (April 2018) 659-665

C2 composite had better mechanical behaviour excluding

38 37.3 the impact strength. Interfacial bonding and stress
37 concentration is the major parameters for a composite
36
35.6 35.3 which are influencing the mechanical properties. The
35 fiber pull-out and degree of adhesion are the parameters
34 influencing impact strength of the composite, by this
33
32.6 reason composite C4 had the better impact strength than
32 other composites.
31
30
C1 C2 C3 C4 5. REFERENCES
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‫‪Experimental Study of The Mechanical Properties of Banana Fiber and Groundnut‬‬

‫‪Shell Ash Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composite‬‬
‫‪A. Lakshumu Naidu, S. Kona‬‬

‫‪Department of Mechanical Engg, GMRIT, Rajam, India‬‬

‫‪PAPER INFO‬‬ ‫چكيده‬

‫‪Paper history:‬‬
‫‪Received 21 July 2017‬‬ ‫اثر افزودن مواد پرکننده به ترکیبات فیبر طبیعی به صورت آزمایشی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت‪ .‬کامپوزیت ها با استفاده از روش‬
‫‪Received in revised form 24 August 2017‬‬
‫دست خط معمولی تولید می شوند‪ .‬تمام کامپوزیت ها با فیبر موز ثابت با قطر وزن ‪ 15‬درصد و همچنین وزن متفاوت از‬
‫‪Accepted 11 October 2017‬‬
‫(‪ 7.5 ،5 ،3 ،0‬درصد)‪ ،‬خاکستر پوسته زمین زمین به کامپوزیت اضافه می شود‪ .‬کشش‪ ،‬سختی‪ ،‬ضربه و مقاومت فشاری‬
‫‪Keywords:‬‬ ‫برای یافتن رفتار مکانیکی کامپوزیت ها انجام می شود‪ .‬آماده سازی و آزمایش بر اساس استانداردهای ‪ ASTM‬انجام شد‪.‬‬
‫‪Reinforced Polymer Composites‬‬
‫‪Banana Fibers‬‬ ‫نتایج نشان می دهد که خواص مکانیکی با افزودن خاکستر پوسته زمین زمستانه به کامپوزیت فیبر موز بر پایه اپوکسی بهبود‬
‫‪Mechanical Properties‬‬
‫‪Groundnut Shell Ash‬‬ ‫یافته است‪ .‬کامپوزیت های فیبر طبیعی عمدتا در اتومبیل استفاده می شود (پانل های درب‪ ،‬قطعات داخلی و کابین روکش)‪،‬‬
‫هوا فضا و مواد بسته بندی‪ .‬الیاف طبیعی دارای مزایای بیشتری از قبیل کم هزینه‪ ،‬تخریب زیستی و چگالی کم نسبت به مواد‬
‫غیر آلی هستند‪ ،‬تاثیر محیطی الیاف طبیعی نسبت به الیاف مصنوعی کمتر است‪.‬‬
‫‪doi: 10.5829/ije.2018.31.04a.18‬‬