XI – MATHEMATICS

BOOK BACK

IMPORTANT

5 MARKS QUESTIONS

CHAPTER WISE

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 1. Sets, Relations and Functions
Example 1.2 In a survey of 5000 persons in a town, it was found that 45% of the persons
knowLanguage A; 25% know Language B; 10% know Language C; 5% know Languages A
and B; 4%know Languages B and C; and 4% know Languages A and C. If 3% of the persons
know all thethree Languages, find the number of persons who knows only Language A:
Example 1.13 In the set Z of integers, define mRn if m- n is a multiple of 12. Prove that R is
anequivalence relation.
Exercise - 1.2
9. In the set Z of integers, define mRn if m - n is divisible by 7. Prove that R is an
equivalencerelation.
Example 1.29 Let f , g : R  R be defined as f(x) = 2x  x and g(x) = 2x  x . Find f  g.
Example 1.30 If f : R  R is defined by f(x) = 2x - 3 prove that f is a bijection and find its
inverse.
Exercise - 1.3
 x  4 if    x  3
 x4 if  3  x  2

2. Write the values of f at -4, 1,-2, 7, 0 is f(x) =  x 2  x if  2  x  1
 x  x2 if 1  x  7


 0 otherwise
 x2  x  5 , x  (, 0)
 2
3. Write the values of f at -3, 5,2,-1, 0 if f(x) =  x  32x  2 , x  (3, )
 x , x  (0, 2)

 x 3
2
, otherwise
10. If f , g : R  R are defined by f(x) = x  x and g(x) = x  x , find g  f and f  g.
12. If f : R  R is defined by f(x) = 3x - 5, prove that f is a bijection and find its inverse.
Illustration 1.8: Consider the functions:(i) f(x) = x (ii) f(x) = x  1 (iii) f(x) = x  1
Illustration 1.9: Consider the functions: (i) f(x) = x (ii) f(x) = x  1 (iii) f(x) = x  1
Illustration 1.14: Let us now draw the graph of y = 2 sin(x - 1) + 3.
Exercise - 1.4
5. From the curve y = sin x, graph the functions(i) y=sin(-x)(ii) y= -sin(-x)
(iii) y=sin    x  which is cos x(iv) y = sin    x  which is also cos x
 2   2 
7. From the curve y = x , draw (i) y = x  1 + 1 (ii) y = x  1 -1 (iii) y = x  2 -3.

2. Basic Algebra
Exercise - 2.4
2
4. If one root of k(x- 1) = 5x - 7 is double the other root, show that k = 2 or - 25.
5. If the difference of the roots of the equation 2x2- (a + 1)x + a - 1 = 0 is equal to their
product,then prove that a = 2.
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Example 2.19 Use the method of undetermined coefficients to find the sum of
1 + 2 + 3 + …+ (n -1) + n, n  N
Example 2.24Solve x  1  3
x3
Exercise - 2.8
x  x  1 3
1. Find all values of x for which 0
 x  2
2x  3
2. Find all values of x that satisfies the inequality 0
 x  2  x  4 
x2  4
3. Solve 0
x 2  2 x  15
x
Example 2.25 Resolve into partial fractions: .
 x  3 x  4 
2x
Example 2.26 Resolve into partial fractions:
 x  1  x  1
2

x 1
Example 2.27 Resolve into partial fractions:
x  x  1
2

Exercise - 2.9
Resolve the following rational expressions into partial fractions.
 x  1 x2  x  1 x3  2 x  1
2
x x
3. 2 4. 6. 7. 2 8. 2
 x  1  x  1 x  2   x  1
3
x3  x x  5x  6 x  5x  6
x1  12 6 x2  x  1 2 x 2  5 x  11 7 x
9. 10. 3 2 11. 2 12.
 x  1  x  2 
2
x  x  x 1 x  2x  3 1  x  1  x 2 
Example 2.36 Prove log 75  2log 5  log 32  log 2
16 9 243
Example 2.40 Given that log10 2 = 0.30103, log10 3 = 0.47712 (approximately), find the
number of digits in 28.312.
Exercise - 2.12
5. If a2 + b2 = 7ab, show that log a  b  1  log a  log b 
3 2
16 25 81
7. Prove that log 2  16log  12log  7 log 1
15 24 80
9. Prove log a + log a2 + log a3 + _ _ _ + log an = n(n  1) log a
2
log x log y log z
10. If   then prove that xyz = 1.
yz zx x y

3. Trigonometry
Theorem 3.1 (Law of Sines): In any triangle, the lengths of the sides are propotional to the
sines ofthe opposite angles. That is, in ABC , a  b  c  2R , where R is
sin A sin B sin C
circumradius.

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Theorem 3.2: (Napier’s Formulae): In ABC we have(i) tan A  B  a  b cot c
2 ab 2
(ii) tan B  C  b  c cot A (iii) tan C  A  c  a cot B
2 bc 2 2 ca 2
b2  c 2  a 2
Theorem 3.3 (The Law of Cosines): In ABC , we have cos A  ;
2bc
c2  a 2  b2 a 2  b2  c 2
cos B =  ; cos C =  .
2ca 2ab
Theorem 3.4 (Projection Formula): In a ABC , we have
(i) a = b cosC + c cosB, (ii) b = c cosA + a cosC, (iii) c = a cosB + b cosA

4.Combinatorics andMathematical Induction

Example 4.35 If the letters of the word TABLE are permuted in all possible ways and the
words thus formed are arranged in the dictionary order (alphabetical order),find the ranks of
the words (i) TABLE, (ii) BLEAT
Exercise 4.2
14. How many strings are there using the letters of the word INTERMEDIATE, if
(i) The vowels and consonants are alternative (ii) All the vowels are together
(iii) Vowels are never together (iv) No two vowels are together.
15. Each of the digits 1, 1, 2, 3, 3 and 4 is written on a separate card. The six cards are then
laid out in a row to form a 6-digit number.
(i) How many distinct 6-digit numbers are there?
(ii) How many of these 6-digit numbers are even?
(iii) How many of these 6-digit numbers are divisible by 4?
16. If the letters of the word GARDEN are permuted in all possible ways and the strings thus
formed are arranged in the dictionary order, then find the ranks of the words (i) GARDEN
(ii) DANGER.
Example 4.61 By the principle of mathematical induction, prove that, for all integers n ≥ 1,
n(n  1)
1  2  3  ........  n  .
2
Example 4.63 By the principle of mathematical induction, prove that, for all integers n ≥ 1,
n(n  1)(2n  1)
12  22  32  ........  n2 
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Example 4.64 Using the Mathematical induction, show that for any natural number n,
1 1 1 1 n
   ........  
1.2 2.3 3.4 n(n  1) n  1
n n
Example 4.65 Prove that for any natural number n, a - b is divisible by a - b, where a > b.
2n+2
Example 4.66 Prove that 3 - 8n - 9 is divisible by 8 for all n ≥ 1.

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 Exercise - 4.4
1. By the principle of mathematical induction, prove that, for n ≥1,
 n(n  1) 
2

1  2  3  ........  n  
3 3 3 3

 2 
2. By the principle of mathematical induction, prove that, for n ≥1,
n(2n  1)(2n  1)
12  32  52  ........   2n  1 
2

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4. By the principle of Mathematical induction, prove that, for n ≥1,
n(n  1)(n  2)
1.2  2.3  3.4  ........  n.(n  1)  .
3
5. Using the Mathematical induction, show that for any natural number n≥2.
 1  1  1  1  (n  1)
1  2 1  2 1  2  ............ 1  2  
 2  3  4   n  2n
6. Using the Mathematical induction, show that for any natural number n≥2,
1 1 1 1 n 1
   ........  
1 2 1 2  3 1 2  3  4 1  2  3  .......  n n  1
7. Using the Mathematical induction, show that for any natural number n,
1 1 1 1 n(n  3)
   ........   .
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 n(n  1)(n  2) 4(n  1)(n  2)
8. Using the Mathematical induction, show that for any natural number n,
1 1 1 1 n
   ........   .
2.5 5.8 8.11 (3n  1)(3n  2) 6n  4
10. Using the Mathematical induction, show that for any natural number n,
2n 2n
x -y is divisible by x + y.
3
12. Use induction to prove that n -7n +3, is divisible by 3,for all natural numbers n.
n+1 n
13. Use induction to prove that 5 +4×6 when divided by 20 leaves a remainder 9, for all
natural numbers n.
n n+2
14. Use induction to prove that 10 + 3×4 + 5, is divisible by 9, for all natural numbers n.

5.Binomial Theorem,Sequences and Series

Theorem 5.1 (Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index).If n is any positive integer,
then (a + b)n = nC0 anb0 + nC1 an-1b1 + _ _ _ + nCr an-rbr + _ _ _ + nCn a0bn
Exercise - 5.2
1 1 1
7. If a, b, c are in geometric progression, and if a  b  c z , then prove that x, y, z are in
x y

arithmetic progression.
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9. If the roots of the equation (q - r)x + (r – p)x + p - q = 0 are equal, then show that p, q and
rare in AP.
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 th th h
10. If a, b, c are respectively the p , q and r terms of a GP, show that
(q – r) log a + (r – p) log b + (p – q) log c = 0.

Exercise - 5.3
3. Compute the sum of first n terms of the following series:
i. 8 + 88 + 888 + 8888 + …….. ii. 6 + 66 + 666 + 6666 + ……
8. A man repays an amount of Rs.3250 by paying Rs.20 in the first month and then increases
the payment by Rs.15 per month. How long will it take him to clear the amount?
9. In a race, 20 balls are placed in a line at intervals of 4 meters with the first ball, 24 meters
away from the starting point. A contestant is required to bring the balls back to the starting
place one at a time. How far would the contestant run to bring back all balls?
10. The number of bacteria in a certain culture doubles every hour. If there were 30 bacteria
present in the culture originally, how many bacteria will be present at the end of 2 nd hour, 4th
th
hour and n hour?
11. What will Rs.500 amounts to in 10 years after its deposit in a bank which pays annual
interest rate of 10% compounded annually?
12. In a certain town, a viral disease caused severe health hazards upon its people disturbing
their normal life. It was found that on each day, the virus which caused the disease spread in
Geometric Progression. The amount of infectious virus particle gets doubled each day, being
5 particles on the first day. Find the day when the infectious virus particles just grow over
1,50,000 units?
Example 5.24Find 3 65
1
Example 5.25Prove that 3
x3  7  3 x3  4 is approximately equal to when x is large.
x2
Exercise - 5.4
3
2. Find 1001 approximately (two decimal places).
3. Prove that 3 x3  6  3 x3  3 is approximately equal to 12 when x is sufficiently large.
x
1 x x 2
4. Prove that is approximately equal to 1  x  when x is very small.
1 x 2
1
x
5x -2x 2
5. Write the first 6 terms of the exponential series (i) e , (ii) e , (iii) e
1  3x 
6. Write the first 4 terms of the logarithmic series (i) log(1+4x), (ii) log(1-2x),(iii) log  
 1  3x 
1 2x
(iv) log  
 . Find the intervals on which the expansions are valid.
 1 2x 
x 2 x3 x 4 y 2 y3 y 4
7. If y  x     .... then show that x  y     ....
2 3 4 2! 3! 4!
p (n  1) p  (n  1)q
8. If p - q is small compared to either p or q, then show that n 
q (n  1) p  (n  1)q
15
Hence find 8
16

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 6.Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry
Example 6.19 Express the equation 3 x - y + 4 = 0 in the following equivalent form:
(i) Slope and Intercept form(ii) Intercept form(iii) Normal form
Exercise - 6.2
1. Find the equation of the lines passing through the point (1,1)
(i) with y-intercept (-4)(ii) with slope 3(iii) and (-2, 3)
(iv) and the perpendicular from the origin makes an angle 60 with x- axis.
5. The normal boiling point of water is 100 C or 212 F and the freezing point of water is
0 C or32 F. (i) Find the linear relationship between C and F.Find (ii) the value of C for 98.6
F and (iii) the value of F for 38 C
6. An object was launched from a place P in constant speed to hit a target. At the 15th second
it was1400m away from the target and at the 18th second 800m away. Find (i) the distance
between theplace and the target (ii) the distance covered by it in 15 seconds.(iii) time taken
to hit the target.
10. Show that the oints (1, 3), (2, 1) and  , 4  are collinear, by using (i) concept of slope (ii)
1
2 
usinga straight line and (iii) any other method
12. A 150m long train is moving with constant velocity of 12.5 m/s. Find (i) the equation of
the motionof the train, (ii) time taken to cross a pole. (iii) The time taken to cross the bridge
of length 850mis?
13. A spring was hung from a hook in the ceiling. A number of different weights were
attached to thespring to make it stretch, and the total length of the spring was measured each
time shown in thefollowing table.

Weight,(kg) 2 4 5 8
Length,(cm) 3 4 4.5 6
(i) Draw a graph showing the results.
(ii) Find the equation relating the length of the spring to the weight on it.
(iii) What is the actual length of the spring.
(iv) If the spring has to stretch to 9 cm long, how much weight should be added?
(v) How long will the spring be when 6 kilograms of weight on it?
15. In a shopping mall there is a hall of cuboid shape with
dimension 800 x 800 x 720 units, which needs to beadded the facility
of an escalator in the path as shownby the dotted line in the figure.
Find (i)the minimumtotal length of the escalator. (ii) the heights at
whichthe escalator changes its direction.
(iii) the slopes of theescalator at the turning points.

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Example 6.30 Suppose the Government has decided to erect a new
Electrical Power TransmissionSubstation to provide better power
supply to two villages namely A and B. The substation hastobe on the
line l. The distances of villages A and B fromthe foot of the
perpendiculars P and Q on the line l are3 km and 5 km respectively and the distance between
P andQ is 6 km. (i) What is the smallest length of cable required to
connect the two villages. (ii) Find the equations of the cablelines that connect the power
station to two villages. (Using theknowledge in conjunction with the principle of reflection
allowsfor approach to solve this problem.)
Exercise - 6.3
4. Write the equation of the lines through the point (1,-1)
(i) parallel to x + 3y - 4 = 0 (ii) perpendicular to 3x + 4y = 6
6. Find the equation of the lines passing through the point of intersection lines 4x -y + 3 = 0
and5x+2y +7 = 0, and (i) through the point (-1, 2) (ii) Parallel to x-y +5 = 0
(iii) Perpendicularto x - 2y + 1 = 0
Example 6.38 If the equation λx2- 10xy + 12y2+ 5x- 16y- 3 = 0 represents a pair of straight
lines, find (i) the value of λ and the separate equations of the lines (ii) point of intersection of
thelines (iii) angle between the lines.
Example 6.39 A student when walks from his house, at an average speed of 6 kmph, reaches
hisschool ten minutes before the school starts. When his average speed is 4 kmph, he reaches
his school five minutes late. If he starts to school every day at 8.00 A.M, then find (i) the
distance between his house and the school (ii) the minimum average speed to reach the
school on time and time taken to reach the school (iii) the time the school gate closes (iv) the
pair of straight lines of his path of walk.
Example 6.40 If one of the straight lines of ax2+2hxy+by2 = 0 is perpendicular to
px + qy = 0,then show that ap2 + 2hpq + bq2 =0
Example 6.41 Show that the straight lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of
3x - 2y + 2 = 0 and 3x2 + 5xy - 2y2 + 4x + 5y = 0 are at right angles.
Exercise - 6.4
4. Show that the equation 2x2 – xy- 3y2 - 6x+19y – 20 = 0 represents a pair of intersecting
lines.Show further that the angle between them is tan-1(5).
5. Prove that the equation to the straight lines through the origin, each of which makes an
angle α with the straight line y = x is x2 - 2xy sec 2α + y2 = 0.
8. The slope of one of the straight lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is twice that of the other, show
that8h2 = 9ab.
9. The slope of one of the straight lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is three times the other, show
that3h2 = 4ab.
12. Find the value of k, if the following equation represents a pair of straight lines. Further,
findwhether these lines are parallel or intersecting, 12x2 + 7xy - 12y2 - x + 7y + k = 0

8
14. Show that the equation 9x2-24xy+16y2-12x+16y-12 = 0 represents a pair of parallel lines.
Find the distance between them.
15. Show that the equation 4x2 + 4xy + y2 - 6x - 3y - 4 = 0 represents a pair of parallel lines.
Findthe distance between them.
16. Prove that one of the straight lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 will bisect the angle
betweenthe co-ordinate axes if (a + b)2 = 4h2
17. If the pair of straight lines x2 - 2kxy - y2 = 0 bisect the angle between the pair of straight
linesx2 -2lxy - y2 = 0, Show that the later pair also bisects the angle between the former.
18. Prove that the straight lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of
3x2 + 5xy - 3y2 + 2x + 3y = 0 and 3x - 2y - 1 = 0 are at right angles.

7. Matrices and determinants

Example 7.11
A fruit shop keeper prepares 3 different varieties of gift packages. Pack-I contains 6 apples, 3
oranges and 3 pomegranates. Pack-II contains 5 apples, 4 oranges and 4 pomegranates and
Pack –III contains 6 apples, 6 oranges and 6 pomegranates. The cost of an apple, an orange
and a pomegranate respectively are 30, 15 and 45. What is the cost of preparing each
package of fruits?
4 6 2  0 1 1
Example 7.12 If A  0 1 5  and , B   3 1 4  verify
0 3 2   1 2 1 

(i)(AB)T =BT AT (ii) (A+B)T = AT +BT (iii) (A-B)T = AT -BT (iv) (3A)T =3AT

Example 7.13
 1 3 5
Express the matrix A   6 8 3 as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrices
 4 6 5
Exercise 7.1
1 0 2
(9) If A   0 2 1  and A3-6A2+7A+KI = O find the value of k.
 2 0 3 
cos x  sin x 0 
(11) Show that. f  x  f  y   f  x  y  ,where f  x    sin x cos x 0
 0 0 1 
(13) Verify the property A(B + C) = AB + AC, when the matrices A, B, and C are given by
 3 1 4 7 
 2 0 3
A  , B   1 0  , c   2 1 
 
1 4 5   4 2 1 1

9
  4 5
 2 1 1 
(15) If A   1 0 and , B  
T
verify the following
 7 5 2 
 2 3
(i) (A+B)T = AT +BT= BT+AT (ii) (A-B)T = AT -BT (iii)( BT)T=B.
(17) Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a
 3 3 1
skew-symmetricmatrix (ii)  2 2 1  .
 4 5 2 
(24) A shopkeeper in a Nuts and Spices shop makes gift packs of cashew nuts,
raisins and almonds.
Pack I contains 100 gm of cashew nuts, 100 gm of raisins and 50 gm of almonds.
Pack-II contains 200 gm of cashew nuts, 100 gm of raisins and 100 gm of almonds.
Pack-III contains 250 gm of cashew nuts, 250 gm of raisins and 150 gm of almonds.
The cost of 50 gm of cashew nuts is 50, 50 gm of raisins is 10, and 50 gm of almonds is
60. What is the cost of each gift pack?
Example 7.18
a  a x  a  ax 
x 2 x 2
1

If a, b, c and x are positive real numbers, then show that.  b  b  b x 

2 2
x
 b x x
1 is zero.

c  c  c x 
2 2
x
 c x x
1

Example 7.19
Without expanding the determinants, show that | B | = 2| A |.
b  c c  a a  b a b c 
Where B   c  a a  b b  c  and A  b c a 
 
 a  b b  c c  a   c a b 
Exercise 7.2
a 2
bc ac  c 2

(3) Prove that a  ab

2
b 2
ac  4a 2b 2c 2
ab b 2  bc c2

1 a 1 1
(4) Prove that 1 1  b 1  abc 1    
1 1 1
 a b c
1 1 1 c

a b a  b
2
(8) If b c b  c  0 prove that a, b, c are in G.P. or 𝛼 is a root of ax + 2bx + c=0
a  b b  c 0

a b c
th th th
(10) If a, b, c are p , q and r terms of an A.P, find the value of p q r
1 1 1

10
 log a p 1
th th th
(12) If a, b, c are all positive, and are p , q and r terms of a G.P., show that log b q 1 0
log c r 1

1 log x y log x z
(13) Find the value of log y x 1 log y z if x,y,z≠1.
log z x log z y 1

1 
2   1
 det  A   3 1  4
n
1
(14) If A    , prove that
k
n 
.
0 1 k 1 
 2 
T
(16) If A is a square matrix and | A | = 2, find the value of | AA |.
 4 3 2   1 3 3
(20) Verify that det(AB) = (det A) (det B) for A  1 0 7  and B   2 4 0 .
 
 2 3 5  9 7 5 
x 1 3 5
Example 7.23 Using Factor Theorem, prove that 2 x  2 5   x  1  x  9 
2

2 3 x4
1 x2 x3
Example 7.24 Prove that 1 y 2 y 3   x  y  y  z  z  x  xy  yz  zx  .
1 z2 z3

q  r 
2
p2 p2
Example 7.25 Prove that A  q2 (r  p) 2 q2  2 pqr ( p  q  r )3 .
r2 r2 ( p  q)2

1 1 1
Example 7.26 In a triangle ABC, if 1  sin A 1  sin B 1  sin C 0
sin A 1  sin A sin B 1  sin B  sin C 1  sin C 
prove that ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle.

Exercise 7.3
Solve the following problems by using Factor Theorem :
x a a
(1) Show that a x a   x  a   x  2a  .
2

a a x
b c a c a b
(2) Show that b  c c  a b  a  8abc .
c b c a a b

11
 xa b c
(3) Solve a xb c 0
a b xc
b  c a a2
(4) Show that c  a b b 2   a  b  c  a  b  b  c  c  a  .
a  b c c2
4 x 4 x 4 x
(5) Solve 4  x 4  x 4  x  0
4 x 4 x 4 x
1 1 1
(6) Show that x y z   x  y  y  z  z  x  .
x2 y2 z2
b2  c 2
2
0 c b ab ac
Example 7.28 Show that c 0 a  ab c  a2
2
bc .
b a 0 ac bc a  b2
2

2bc  a 2
2
c2 b2 a b c
Example 7.29 Show that c2 2ca  b 2 a2 b c a .
b2 a2 2ab  c 2
c a b
Example 7.30
1  2x2  x2  x2
2
1 x x
Prove that x 1 x   x 2 1 x2  2x .
x x 1  x2 x2  2x 1
Example 7.31
a1 b1 c1
If Ai, Bi, Ci are the cofactors of, ai, bi, ci respectively, i= 1 to 3 in , A  a2 b2 c2 ,show that
a3 b3 c3
A1 B1 C1
C2  A .
2
A2 B2
A3 B3 C3
Exercise 7.4
cos  sin 
2
0
(5) If cos 2  0 , determine cos  sin  0 .
sin  0 cos 
log3 64 log 4 3 log 2 3 log8 3
(6) Find the value of the product ;  .
log3 8 log 4 9 log3 4 log3 4

12
 8.Vector Algebra – I

Theorem 8.1 (Section Formula - Internal Division)

Let O be the origin. Let A and B be two points. Let P be the point which divides the line
 
segment AB internally in the ratio m : n. If a and b are the position vectors of A and B, then
 
 n a m b 
the position vector op of P is given by op  .
nm
Theorem 8.2 Section Formula - External Division
Let O be the origin. Let A and B be two points. Let P be the point which divides the line
 
segment AB externally in the ratio m : n. If a and b are the position vectors of A and B, then
 
 n a m b 
the position vector op of P is given by op  .
nm
Theorem 8.3
The medians of a triangle are concurrent.
Theorem 8.4
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if and only if its diagonals bisect each other
Exercise 8.1
(5) Prove that the line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to
the third side whose length is half of the length of the third side.
   
(10) If G is the centroid of a triangle ABC, prove that GA GB GC  0
(11) Let A, B, and C be the vertices of a triangle. Let D, E, and F be the midpoints of the
   
sides BC, CA, and AB respectively. Show that AD BE  CF  0 .
(12) If ABCD is a quadrilateral and E and F are the midpoints of AC and BD respectively,
    
then prove that AB AD CB CD  4 EF .
Example 8:9
Prove that the points whose position vectors 2𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 3𝑘, 4𝑖 + 𝑗 + 9𝑘and 10𝑖 − 𝑗 + 6𝑘
form a right angled triangle.
Example 8.10
Show that the vectors 5𝑖 + 6𝑗 + 7𝑘, 7𝑖 − 8𝑗 + 9𝑘, 3𝑖 + 20𝑗 + 5𝑘 are coplanar.
Exercise 8.2
(4) A triangle is formed by joining the points (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1). Find the
direction cosines of the medians.
        
(7) Show that the vectors 2 i  j  k ,3 i  4 j  4 k , i  3 j  5 k form a right angled triangle.
(9) Show that the following vectors are coplanar
                
(i) i  2 j  3 k , 2 i  3 j  4 k ,  j  2 k .(ii) 5 i  6 j  7 k ,7 i  8 j  9 k ,3 i  20 j  5 k .
          
(10) Show that the points whose position vectors 4 i  5 j  k ,  j  k ,3 i  9 j  4 k and 4 i  4 j  4 k
are coplanar.

13
            
(11) If a  2 i  3 j  4 k , b  3 i  4 j  5 k , and c  3 i  2 j  3 k find the magnitude and direction
     
cosines of (i) a  b  c (ii) 3 a  2 b  5 c
     
(12) The position vectors of the vertices of a triangle are i  2 j  3 k ,3 i  4 j  5 k , and
  
2 i  3 j  7 k . Find the perimeter of the triangle.
(17) Show that the points A (1, 1, 1), B (1, 2, 3) and C(2, - 1, 1) are vertices of an isosceles
triangle.
Example 8.19
Show that the points (4, - 3, 1), (2, - 4, 5) and (1, - 1, 0) form a right angled triangle.
Exercise 8.3
        
(7) Show that the vectors  i  2 j  6 k , 2 i  j  k , and  i  3 j  5 k form a right angled triangle.
            
(8) If a  5, b  6, c  7 and , a  b  c  0 find a . b  b . c  c . a .
(9) Show that the points (2, - 1, 3), (4, 3, 1) and (3, 1, 2) are collinear.
         
(14) Three vectors a , b and c are such that a  2, b  3, c  4 , and a  b  c  0 .
     
Find 4 a . b  3 b . c  3 c . a .
Example 8.23
       
Find the cosine and sine angle between the vectors a  2 i  j  3 k and b  4 i  2 j  2 k .
Exercise 8.4
  
(7) If a , b , c are position vectors of the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC, show that the area
1     
of the triangle ABC is a b  b c  c  a . Also deduce the condition for collinearity of the
2
points A, B, and C.
9. Differential Calculus – Limits And Continuity

Exercise 9.3
1  2  3  ...  n 1 12  22  32  ...  (3n)2 9
(8) Show that (i) lim  (ii) lim 
n  3n 2 7n  2 6 n  (1  2  ...  5n)(2n  3) 25
1 1 1 1
(iii) lim    ...  1
n  1.2 2.3 3.4 n(n  1)
sin  1  cos 
Result 9.1 (a) lim 1 (b) lim 0
 0   0 
ex 1
Result 9.2 lim 1
x 0 x
a x 1
Result 9.3 lim  log a, a  0
x 0 x
log(1  x)
Result 9.4 lim 1
x 0 x

14
Example 9.32 Evaluate lim(1  sin x)2cos ecx
x 0

Example 9.35
Do the limits of following functions exist as x  0 ? State reasons for your answer.
x  x sin  x   x  
(iii)  
sin x sin x
(i) (ii) (iv)
x x sin x x   x 
Exercise 9.5
(4) At the given point x0 discover whether the given function is continuous or discontinuous
citing the reasons for your answer :
 x2 1  x2  9
 x 1  x3
(i) x0  1, f ( x)   x  1 (ii) x0  3, f ( x)   x  3
 2 x 1  5 x3
 
 x 1
3
 x 1
(5) Show that the function  x  1 is continuous on (- ∞, ∞)
 3 x 1

0 x0

(7) Let f ( x)   x 2 0  x  2 .Graph the function. Show that f ( x) continuous on (- ∞, ∞).
4 x2

(8) If f and g are continuous functions with f ( x)  5 and lim
x 3
 2 f ( x)  g ( x)  4 , find g(3).
(9) Find the points at which f is discontinuous. At which of these points f is continuous from
the right, from the left, or neither? Sketch the graph of f.
2 x  1 x  1
 ( x  1)3 x0
(i) f ( x)   3x 1  x  1 (ii) f ( x)  
( x  1) x0
3
2 x  1 x 1

(10) A function f is defined as follows:
 0 x0
 0  x 1
 x
f ( x)   2 Is the function continuous?
 x  4 x  2 1  x  3
 4  x x3
(11) Which of the following functions f has a removable discontinuity at x  x0 ? If the
discontinuity is removable, find a function g that agrees with f for x  x0 and is
continuous on R .
x2  2 x  8 x3  64 3 x
(i) f ( x)  , x0  2 (ii) f ( x)  , x0  4 (iii) f ( x)  , x0  9
x2 x4 9 x
10. Differential Calculus.
Exercise 10.2
Find the derivatives of the following functions with respect to corresponding independent
variables: (15) y = x sin x cos x (17) y   x2  5 log 1  x  e3x
1
Example 10.11 Find f ' ( x) if f ( x)  .
3
x  x 1
2

15
Example 10.13 Differentiate (2x + 1)5 (x3 - x + 1)4.
1 x 
Example 10.24 If y  tan 1  '
 , find y .
 1 x 
Exercise 10.3
Differentiate the following :
t3 1
(13) (2x - 5)4 (8x2 - 5)-3. (14) y  ( x2  1) 3 x2  2 (16) s(t )  4
t3 1
(24) y  1  cos2 x  (27) y  e
6 x cos x
(23) y  sin 2 x(cos kx)
 1  x2 
(28) y  x  x  x (29) y  sin(tan( sin x )) (30) y  sin 1  2 
 1 x 
Example 10.25 Find f ' ( x) if f ( x)  cos1 (4 x3  3x) .
dy
Example 10.26 Find if x  at 2 ; y  2at , t  0 .
dx
dy
Example 10.27 Find if x = a (t - sin t), y = a (1 - cos t).
dx
Example 10.29 Find the derivative of tan 1 (1  x2 ) with respect to x2  x  1.
Example 10.30 Differentiate sin  ax2  bx  c  with respect to cos  lx2  mx  n  .
Example 10.31 Find y ' , y" and y"' if y  x3  6 x2  5x  3 .
Example 10.34 Find y" if x4  y 4  16 .
Example 10.35 Find the second order derivative if x and y are given by x = acost,y = asint.
d2y
Example 10.36 Find 2
if x2  y 2  4 .
dx
Exercise 10.4
(20) Find the derivative of sin 1   2x
2 
with respect to tan 1 x .
 1 x 
1  x2 1 du
(21) If u  tan 1 and v  tan 1 x ,find .
x dv
(22) Find the derivative with tan 1 
sin x  1  cos x 
 with respect to tan  
 1  cos x   1  sin x 
-1
(23) If y = sin x then find y" .
tan 1 x
(24) If y  e show that (1  x2 ) y"  (2 x 1) y'  0
sin 1 x
(25) If y  , show that (1  x2 ) y2  3xy1  y  0 .
1 x 2

 1
(26) If x = a (θ + sin θ), y = a (1 - cos θ) then prove that at   , y"  .
2 a
dy sin (a  y) 2
(27) If sin y = x sin (a+y) then prove that  , a  n .
dx sin a
d2y
(28) If y   cos1 x  , prove that (1  x 2 ) 2  x  2  0. Hence find y2 when x=0.
2 dy
dx dx
16
 11. Integral Calculus
  2x
Example 11.34 Evaluate:  tan 1  2 
dx
 1 x 
Example 11.35Integrate the following with respect to x.
(i) x 2e5x (ii) x3 cos x (iii) x3e x
Exercise 11.7
Integrate the following with respect to x:
(2) (i) x log x (ii) 27 x2e3 x (iii) x2 cos x (iv) x3 sin x
x sin 1 x  8x   2x
(iii) tan 1  (iv) sin 1 
2
(3) (i) (ii) x5e x 2  2 
1  x2  1  16 x   1 x 

Examples 11.39 Evaluate the following integrals

1 1 1
(i) x 2
 2x  5
dx (ii)  x 2  12 x  11
dx (iii)  12  4 x  x 2
dx

Exercise 11.10
Find the integrals of the following :
1 1 1
(2) (i) (ii) (iii)
6 x  7  x2  x  1  25
2
x  4x  2
2

1 1 1
(3) (i) (ii) (iii)
2  x 1 x2  4 x  5 9  8x  x 2
2

Examples 11.40 Evaluate the following integrals

3x  5 x 1 5x  7
(i)  x  4 x  7dx
2
(ii)  x  3x  1dx
2
(iii)  3x  x 2  2
dx

Exercise 11.11
Integrate the following with respect to x :
2x  3 5x  2 3x  1
(1) (i) (ii) (iii)
x  4 x  12
2
2  2 x  x2 2x  2x  3
2

2x 1 x2 2x  3
(2) (i) (ii) (iii)
9  4 x  x2 x2 1 x2  4 x  1
Examples 11.41
Evaluate the following : (iii)  x 2  x  1dx (iv)  ( x  3)(5  x)dx
Exercise 11.12
Integrate the following functions with respect to x:
(1) (i) x2  2 x  10 (ii) x2  2 x  3 (iii) (6  x)( x  4)

17
 12. IntrodutionTo Probability Theory
Example 12.14 Given that P( A)  0.52, P( B)  0.43 and P( A  B)  0.24 , find
(i) P( A  B) (ii) P( A  B) (iii) P( A  B) (iv) P( A  B)
Exercise 12.2
3 1
(1) If A and B are mutually exclusive events P( A)  and P( B)  ,then find
8 8
(i) P( A) (ii) P( A  B) (iii) P( A  B) (iv) P( A  B)
(2) If A and B are two events associated with a random experiment for which
P( A)  0.35, P( AorB)  0.85, and P( A and B)  0.15 Find (i) P( only B) (ii) P( B) (iii) P( only A)
(4) The probability of an event A occurring is 0.5 and B occurring is 0.3. If A and B are
mutually exclusive events, then find the probability of
(i) P( A  B) (ii) P( A  B) (iii) P( A  B)
Example 12.19
A coin is tossed twice. Events E and F are defined as follows
E= Head on first toss, F = Head on second toss. Find
(i) P( E  F ) (ii) P( E / F ) (iii) P( E / F ) (iv) Are the events E and F independent?
Example 12.23
A main road in a City has 4 crossroads with traffic lights. Each traffic light opens or closes
the traffic with the probability of 0.4 and 0.6 respectively. Determine the probability of
(i) a car crossing the first crossroad without stopping
(ii) a car crossing first two crossroads without stopping
(iii) a car crossing all the crossroads, stopping at third cross.
(iv) a car crossing all the crossroads, stopping at exactly one cross.
Exercise 12.3
(10) Given P( A)  0.4 and P( A  B)  0.7 Find P( B) if
(i) A and B are mutually exclusive (ii) A and B are independent events
(iii) P( A / B)  0.4 (iv) P( B / A)  0.5
(12) Suppose the chances of hitting a target by a person X is 3 times in 4 shots, by Y is 4
times in 5 shots, and by Z is 2 times in 3 shots. They fire simultaneously exactly one
time. What is the probability that the target is damaged by exactly 2 hits?
Example 12.24 Urn-I contains 8 red and 4 blue balls and urn-II contains 5 red and 10 blue
balls. One urn is chosen at random and two balls are drawn from it. Find the probability that
both balls are red.
Example 12.25 A factory has two machines I and II. Machine-I produces 40% of items of
the output and Machine-II produces 60% of the items. Further 4% of items produced by
Machine-I are defective and 5% produced by Machine-II are defective. If an item is drawn at
random, find the probability that it is a defective item.
Example 12.26 A factory has two machines I and II. Machine I produces 40% of items of
the output and Machine II produces 60% of the items. Further 4% of items produced by
Machine I are defective and 5% produced by Machine II are defective. An item is drawn at
random. If the drawn item is defective, find the probability that it was produced by
18
Machine II.
Example 12.27 A construction company employs 2 executive engineers. Engineer-1 does
the work for 60% of jobs of the company. Engineer-2 does the work for 40% of jobs of the
company. It is known from the past experience that the probability of an error when
engineer-1 does the work is 0.03, whereas the probability of an error in the work of engineer-
2 is 0.04. Suppose a serious error occurs in the work, which engineer would you guess did
the work?
Example 12.28 The chances of X, Y and Z becoming managers of a certain company are 4 :
2 : 3. The probabilities that bonus scheme will be introduced if X, Y and Z become managers
are 0.3, 0.5 and 0.4 respectively. If the bonus scheme has been introduced, what is the
probability that Z was appointed as the manager?
Example 12.29 A consulting firm rents car from three agencies such that 50% from agency
L, 30% from agency M and 20% from agency N. If 90% of the cars from L, 70% of cars
from M and 60%of the cars from N are in good conditions (i) what is the probability that the
firm will get a car in good condition? (ii) if a car is in good condition, what is probability that
it has come from agency N?
Exercise 12.4
(1) A factory has two Machines-I and II. Machine-I produces 60% of items and Machine-II
Machine-I are defective whereas 4% produced by Machine-II are defective. If an item is
drawn at random what is the probability that it is defective?
(2) There are two identical urns containing respectively 6 black and 4 red balls, 2 black and 2
red balls. An urn is chosen at random and a ball is drawn from it. (i) find the probability
that the ball is black (ii) if the ball is black, what is the probability that it is from the first
urn?
(3) A firm manufactures PVC pipes in three plants viz, X, Y and Z. The daily production
volumes from the three firms X, Y and Z are respectively 2000 units, 3000 units and 5000
units. It is known from the past experience that 3% of the output from plant X, 4% from
plant Y and 2% from plant Z are defective. A pipe is selected at random from a day’s total
production,
(i) find the probability that the selected pipe is a defective one.
(ii) if the selected pipe is a defective, then what is the probability that it was produced by
plant Y ?
(4) The chances of A, B and C becoming manager of a certain company are 5 : 3 : 2. The
probabilities that the office canteen will be improved if A, B, and C become managers
are 0.4, 0.5 and 0.3 respectively. If the office canteen has been improved, what is the
probability that B was appointed as the manager?
(5) An advertising executive is studying television viewing habits of married men and
women during prime time hours. Based on the past viewing records he has determined
that during prime time wives are watching television 60% of the time. It has also been
determined that when the wife is watching television, 40% of the time the husband is also
watching. When the wife is not watching the television, 30% of the time the husband is
watching the television. Find the probability that (i) the husband is watching the television
during the prime time of television (ii) if the husband is watching the television, the wife
is also watching the television.

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