DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

SOUTH LA UNION CAMPUS

AGOO, LA UNION
 MODULE

PATHFIT 103
INDIVIDUAL/DUAL AND TEAM
SPORTS

MARY GRACE M. RONQUILLO

INSTRUCTOR
 MODULE 1-Track Events

Lesson 1 A. Brief History, Nature and Development of

Athletics
(Track events)
B. Nature and Development of Athletics
C. Short/Sprints Events

Lesson 2 A. Middle Distance Events

B. Long Distance Events
C. Rule of the game
D. Equipment used in the game

Lesson 3 A. Hurdles
B. Relays
C. Rules of the game
D. Equipment used in the game
 Lesson 4 A. Walkathon
B. Rules of the game
C. Equipment used in the game
D. Officials on Track and Field

MODULE 1-Track Events

This module focuses on Individual Sports particularly in Athletics Events. It is

expected that when you

finish the semester, you will be either coaching athletics team or to pursue
your Athletics career. In this

module, an overview of Athletics will be presented.

Objectives:

1. Understand the nature, historical background and purpose of Athletics.

2. Identify the three types of Athletics.

 3. Identify the different facilities, equipments and officials of the games.

4. Interpret the different events, safety rules, mechanics, and regulation

of the game.

5. Familiarize the some popular athletes in athletics.

6. To gain insight in the competitions in national and international level in

the Philippine sports setting.

7. To submit a complete learning outcomes in this module.

Direction

You are advised to coordinate with your tutor/ teacher for any
clarification regarding the composition of the activities, as you go over with
your learning in this module. Learning outputs or assignment must be
submitted before the final examination of this school year.

LESSON 1

ATHLETICS

History of Track and Field (Athletics)

The roots of track and field, or athletics, may be traced back to the first
ancient Olympic Games, held in 776 B.C. in the valley of Olympia on the
southwestern coast of the Greek peninsula. The only event at those Games –
the “stadion” – was a sprinting race of approximately 200 meters, or the
length of the ancient Olympic stadium. Coroebus won the stadion in 776
B.C., and thus is history’s first Olympic champion.

Man, in order to survive, has to be a sprinter. He has to perform the role of

man and beast in his quest for basic needs. In order to do this, he has to
keep himself physically fit. The term athletics is derived from the greek
word “athlos” which means “contest”. Another term for athletics is track
and field. It is a branch of competitive sports involving running, walking,
throwing, and jumping.

Athletics is claimed to be the oldest sport known to mankind. When

mankind was young, the use of a spears to kill a prey for foods is likened to
javelin throwing; running after this prey is like one of the races today, and
avoiding obstacles by jumping over them is just like the jumping events
today.

The ancient Olympic Games, held every four years, eventually grew to
contain other athletics events such as the discus, javelin and the broad jump.
The marathon has its origins in the legend of the Greek soldier
Pheidippides. Legend has it that in 490 B.C., following the Greeks’ victory
over the Persian invaders in the Battle of Marathon, Pheidippides ran 25
miles from Marathon to Athens with news of the victory.
Development of Athletics

In 776 BC, the Greeks held the first recorded Olympic Game wherein
athletics was the only event to be played. At that time, the single athletic
event was known as the stadion footrace which covered the length of the
Athenian Olympic stadium. This Olympic games were held every five
years and then four years until AD 392 when they were abolished by the
Romans.

In 1894, the games were organized by a congress led by French

historian Pierre de Coubertin. Since then they have been conducted as an
international festival. In 1896, the first modern Olympic Games edition
was held in Athens and athletics were the main element of the games,
wherein the competition was divided into track and field events.

In 1912, the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF),

which is the international governing of athletics, was establish in which
developed a number of international standards, rules and regulations and
which regulated the sports since then. In 1928, Olympic Games in
Amsterdam, the Netherland, women were allowed to participate in the track
and field events. In 1980, women’s began to improve and in 1984, teams
became a world contender.
Olympics Rules
• Only men, boys and unmarried girls were allowed to go to the
Olympic Games.
• Married women were not allowed.
• However, women could still own horses in the chariot races at the
Olympics.
• Princess Cynisca of Sparta was the first woman to win a race as
a chariot owner against men.
• Unmarried women had their own festival at Olympia every four
years. This was called the Heraean Games.
• It was held in honour of Hera, Zeus's wife.
• Winners were given crowns of special olive branches, the same as
men.

Events

Track and Field consist of three types-running, jumping, and throwing.

The running activities make up the track events, the jumping and throwing
events make up the field events. The track events are sprints, hurdles,
relays, walk racing, middle and long distance. The field are the long jump,
jump, high jump, triple jump and pole vault.

Track events - running activities

⮚ sprints
⮚ middle distance
⮚ long distances

Field events - Jumping and Throwing

Jumping events Throwing events

⮚ long Jump ⮚ Shot put
⮚ High Jump ⮚ Discus Throw
⮚ Triple Jump ⮚ Javelin Throw
⮚ Pole Vault ⮚ Hammer Throw
 LESSON 2

RUNNING EVENTS

RUNNING EVENTS

The length of a standard running track shall be 400m. It shall consist of

two parallel straights and two bends whose radii shall be equal. The
inside of the track shall be bordered by a kerb of suitable material,
approximately 5cm in height and minimum 5cm in width. The oval has 8
lanes (1-8) and National/International competition usually held at rubberized
track oval. The players must be wear spike shoes (prescribed running shoes
with nails).

SPRINT MIDDLE LONG SPECIAL

DISTANCE DISTANCE EVENTS
100 Meter 800 Meter 3000 Meter Steeple chase
200 meter 1500 meter 5 kilometer heptathlon
400 meter 3000 meter 10 kilometer Decathlon
steeplecahse
110m Hurdle Full marathon
(men)
100m hurdle
(women)
4x100m relay
4x400m relay

METER/DISTANCE EQUIVALENT

⮚ 400 meter ⮚ 1 round

⮚ 200 meter ⮚ half of the oval

⮚ 800 meter ⮚ 2 rounds

⮚ 1500 meter ⮚ 3 3/4 rounds

 ⮚ 3000 met ⮚ 7 ½ rounds
⮚ 5000 meter ⮚ 12 rounds

⮚ 10,000 meter ⮚ 25 rounds

Standard Track and Field

 Start and Finish on the Oval Track

Basic Requirements

The start and finish of a race shall be denoted by white lines 50mm
wide, at right angles to the lanes lines for straight parts of the track and
along a radius line for curved parts of the track.
1. The requirements for the finish line are that, if all possible, there
should be only one for all the different lengths of races, it shall be
on a straight part of the track and as much of that straight as
possible should be before the finish.

2. The essential requirement for all start line, straight, staggered or

curved, is that the distance for every athlete, when taking the
shortest permitted route, shall be the same.

Conduct of Races

3. Races of up to, and including, 300m shall be run entirely in lanes.

4. Races over 300m, and less than 800m shall start and continue in
lanes until the break line marked at the end of the second bend.
5. Races longer than 800m shall be run without lanes using an arced
start line or group starts.

Sprints

This activity includes 100, 200 and 400 meter dash.

 Starting blocks are essential to the sprinters. They provide a solid base from which to push off
and prevent slipping or injury to the runner.

In the starting Fundamentals “on Your mark” the runner moves in

front of the starting blocks and back into position, carefully placing the feet
in the blocks one at a time.

“set”, the runner raise the hips to the desired level and extends the
knee joints to the appropriate angles”

“Go”, the starting action is initiated by reacting immediately to the

sound of the gun

For the Finish phase, the sprinter runs through the tape at the finish
in the regular form.

For the “Finish

phase”, the
sprinter runs
through the tape
at the finish in the
regular form.

Middle and Long Distance

Techniques may consider the following: Stride length, Arm Action and
Foot placement.
 The goal of training is to develop aerobic endurance and maintain
speed for the full distance of the race, stamina first.

The best way to maintain the middle and long distance athletes
is on a program that requires the following weekly mileage: 800m- runner-
30-50 min.,1500m runner-40-60 min., and the 3000m, 50-70 min. It is
strongly recommended that athletes do not train more than 70 min/week
for any event.

Disqualification of athletes may arise, when a runner intent to push

another contender. Any verbal abuse to the officiating officials may the
runner disqualify the event.

Other Training
Perspective for Middle
long Distance Running

The objective of tactics

and strategies is twofold.

Relays

⮚ 4x100 meter relay-

compose of 4 members each team, each runner will run 100 meters.

The relays are a popular and exciting event. They require teamwork and
timing from participants.
 HURDLES

Hurdling Technique

Start

First Strides

Event Distance In between Distance

from Start to Hurdle from last
1st hurdle hurdle to
finish
100 MH 13 m 8.5 m 13.5 m
110 MH 13.72 m 9.14 m 14.02 m
400 MH 45 m 35 m 40 m

Height of Hurdle

Event U18/ U20/ Men

Girl U18/Boy Women U20/Men Women

100 MH 0.762 0.836 m 0.836 m

m
110 MH 0.914 m 0.991m 1.067
m
400 MH 0.762 0.838 m 0.762 m 0.914 m 0.762 m 0.914
m m
Steeplecha 0.762 m 0.914 m 0.762 m 9.14 m
se

Hurdling is an event that requires outstanding sprinting ability to be

successful. The best hurdlers are excellent sprinters. Other necessary
physical characteristics are rhythm, flexibility, coordination, balance, and
efficient techniques

Hurdle Technique – START (110m Hurdle for Men)

Hurdle Technique – Finish (110 m hurdle for men)

 Hurdle Technique – Flight (100 m hurdles for women)

The Start, get a good start as sprint, and have a fast and smooth
approach to finish hurdles. Most high hurdles take eight steps to finish
hurdle and three steps in between. Low hurdles take 10 steps to first hurdle
and seven steps in between.
Hurdle Clearance, The following are to be done in hurdling:
1. Body leans sharply forward.
2. Opposite arm in thrust forward parallel to lead leg.
3. Other arm bent as elbow is swung particularly backward.
4. On top of the bar, take-off leg is brought up and bent at almost right
angles and trip, as it passes over Bar, the knee and foot are almost
in line.
5. Shoulder is pushed downward to get as close as possible to knee.
6. As trailing leg is above hurdle, leading leg is snapped down sharply
and land is slightly flexed position.

The finish. After clearing the last hurdle, the hurdler finished like a sprinter.

400m Hurdle

The 400m hurdles is a demanding short-distance track and field event

where athletes race one lap of a standard 400m track. Throughout the lap,
runners must jump cleanly over 10 hurdles that are spaced evenly apart.

400m hurdle – (In between approaching 9 th hurdle for women)

 400mhurdle- (last /10 th Hurdle for men)

Disqualification
There are several ways an athlete may be disqualified:
● A false start
● Stepping out of their assigned lane
● Impeding another competitor
● Deliberately knocking over a hurdle
● Passing beside the top bar of the hurdle
● Bypassing a hurdle

Steeplechase

The steeplechase
became an Olympic event
in the 1920’s. It was
standardized by the
International Amateur
Federation in 1954

A steeplechase race is a track race that takes runners over 28 large, fixed
barriers and seven water jumps. It's important to note that this isn't a normal
hurdles race—steeplechase uses large barriers that span several lanes.
(Hurdles, on the other hand, take up just one lane and fall down when
they're hit.)

The barriers are different heights for men and women. For men, the barriers
are nearly one metre (approx.) high; for women, they are 0.8 metres
(approx.) high. There is one barrier placed right at the front of the water
jump. The water jump is almost 4 metres long and has a pit with an
upwards slope that's deeper near the barrier.

"The first 200 metres are without a barrier, and then the last seven laps
involve going over barriers", Barreau said.

Jumping on the water area

Ground Rules
1. In the competition, each player must follow their respective lane. If
a player cross the lane, he/she must be disqualified in the game.
2. The width of each lane shall be 1.25m. All the start lines are color
white and 5cm wide.
3. Starting blocks-shall be used for all races up to and including 400m
(including the first leg of the 4x100m and 4x400m relay) and shall
not be used for any race.
4. The Finish of a race shall be denoted by a white line 5cm wide.
5. The athletes shall be placed in the order in which any part of their
bodies (i.e, torso, as distinguished from the head, neck, arms legs,
hands or feet) reaches the vertical plane of the nearer edge of the
finish line as defined above.
6. Entries must be 2 players only in each team.
 7. Participants must wear the prescribe running official uniforms.
8. Attached the 2 bib numbers (front and back).
9. The Rules shall apply the IAAF, International association of Athletics
Federations.

Equipment’s used in the game

STEEPLECASE

WATER JUMPING
PIT
 CONES/MARKER

LESSON 3

RUNNING EVENTS

Relays employ 2 types of baton

passes: the nonvisual pass,
which could not be seen by the
receiver and is used mostly in
sprint relays, and the visual
pass which is seen by the
Relays

⮚ 4x100 meter relay-compose of 4 members each team, each runner will

run 100 meters.
⮚ 4x400 meter relay-compose of 4 members each team, each runner will
run 400 meters.

The relays are a popular and exciting event. They require teamwork and
timing from participants.

4X100M RELAY PASSING OF BATON – 3RD RUNNER

 4X400M RELAY –STARTING AREA

4X400M RELAY –LAST RUNNER RECIEVER OF BATON

 POSITION OF PLAYERS FOR RECEIVING OF BATON

PROPER PASSING OF BATON

Relay Races
⮚ Disqualification of one runner disqualifies the entire team.
⮚ The baton must be passed inside the 20 meter passing zones.
⮚ The baton must be carried in the hand.
⮚ If the baton is dropped, it must be recovered legally.
 ⮚ The last runner of the race must have the baton.
⮚ After passing the baton, the runner must not interfere with the
opponent

LESSON 4

RUNNING EVENTS

Brief History Of Walkathon

● History of race walking may have originated during the Victorian era
(1837-1901), when noblemen used to wager on their footmen, who
walked alongside their employer’s horse-driven coaches, to see who
would win.

The First Olympic Gold Medal in Race Walking

At the 1908 London Games, British race walker George Larner won the first
gold medal in race walking for men in the 10-mile category. Larner also was
the leading in the gold-medal game in the 3500-meter event.

Tommy Green won the first Olympic gold in the 50km race walk in Los
Angeles in 1932, while Leonid Spirin became the first winner in the 20km
race walk in 1956.
In 1992, Chen Yueling of China won the first gold in the 10km women’s race,
while Wang Liping of China was the gold-medal game winner in the 20km
women’s race walk in 2000.

In 1980, Ranjit Singh became the first Indian to compete in Olympic race
walking. In the 20km walk, he finished in 18th place.

Race walking is a long-distance event where the athletes walk instead of

running. According to the “straight leg rule,” athletes are prohibited from
bending their knees when the supporting foot contacts the ground and until
the leg passes under the body’s center. Form and technique are essential in
this sport, as athletes are penalized for bending their knees or passing their
knees under their bodies.

Distance
Standard distances for race walking events are 3000m and 5000m for indoor
competitions and 5000m, 10,000m, 20,000m, and 50,000m for outdoor
matches. Metalled roads are used for the 10km, 20km, and 50km events,
which are labeled separately.

What Are the Race Walking Rules?

The sport’s name explains its objective, where participants sprint to the
finish line. Despite its name, it is bound by strict rules regarding its
technique. Differences between running and race walking come from where
athletes often lift both feet during their strides in a sprint. It may sound
simple enough to walk, but you’d be surprised at this event’s complexity.

The major differences between race walking techniques and other forms of
walking relate to the strict adherence to rules assessed by judges along the
course. If you want to watch the action from home, or if you’re going to get
into the sport, here are the rules of race walking:
 ● No Lifting Rule

To begin with, one foot must always remain on the ground – and race
walking judges keep a close eye on their feet. Lifting is a significant violation.

● Straight Leg Rule

The tricky bit is that contestants can’t bend their leading leg once it hits the
ground, and the leg must remain straight until their body passes over it.
Also, watch this Race Walking Rules For Beginners on YouTube.
The Penalty System in Major Championships
● Major championships will feature nine-race walking judges dotted
around a 2km course. In addition to the chief judge, who will be
holding a red paddle, eight other judges will be watching the race
walkers to ensure that they follow the rules.

● The other eight qualified judges (not the chief) will give a yellow
paddle to an athlete if they have questions about their technique and
compliance with the rules, such as when a bent knee or loss of contact
occurs. A yellow paddle does not disqualify a player.

Yellow and Red Cards

● Five to nine race walking judges examine the race with their naked
eyes, depending on the category of the event. There are paddles
containing symbols indicating ‘loss of contact’ (~) and ‘bent knee’ (<).

● If athletes receive a yellow paddle, they know that the judge will pay
close attention to their technique. The judge will then award a red card
if they are sure that the athlete is not following the rules.

● If a race walker receives three warnings (paddles) from different

qualified judges, including the chief judge, they are disqualified. The
disqualified athlete is shown the red paddle. When judges give three
penalties, a competitor is disqualified. It is also a case of three strikes
and they’re out.

The technical officials show red Card to the players

(Disqualified Player)
 The technical officials show yellow Card to the players
(Disqualified Player)

Technical Officials in Track Events

Track and field athletics officials or track and field athletics technical officials
are referees responsible for judging the various events within track and field.
They can be sub-divided into four main groups: field judges, track judges,
timekeepers, and starters.

Duties of Management Officials:

1. Competition Director:
● Plan Technical organization in cooperation with Technical
Delegate(s)
• He shall direct the interaction between the participants in the
competition and, through the communication system, shall be in
contact with all the officials.

2. Meeting Manager :
● Responsible for the correct conduct of meeting, Check Officials
reporting for duty-substitute when necessary
● Authority to remove any Official who is not abiding by the Rules.
● In cooperation with the appointed Marshal, he shall arrange that
only authorised persons are allowed in the centre of the arena.
● For competitions of longer than four hours or over more than one
day, it is recommended that the Meeting Manager has an
adequate number of Assistant Meeting Managers.

3. Technical Managers;
● Responsible for ensuring the track, runway, circles, sector and
equipments are in accordance with Rules

4. Event presentation Manager: (EPM)

• The Event Presentation Manager shall plan, in conjunction with the
Competition Director, the event presentation arrangements for a
competition, in cooperation with the Organizational and Technical
Delegate(s), as and where applicable.
•He shall ensure that the plan is accomplished, resolving any relevant
problems together with the Competition Director and the relevant
Delegate(s).
•He shall also direct the interaction between the members of the event
presentation team, using the communication system to be in contact
with each of them.

Duties of Competition Officials

Referee
 • One or More Referee appointed for Call Room , Track, Field, Combined
events,
Running & Race Walking Events outside the stadium
• Ensure that the rules are observed.
• Not act as Judge or Umpire.
• Authority to rule on any protest on conduct of the competition Warn or
exclude any
athlete for improper conduct (Yellow & Red card)

Judges

● Chief Judges for track, and for each field event shall co-ordinate
the work of the judges.

Judges (Track)

• All the judges must operate from same side, decide the order of finish, any
dispute, refer to Referee, who shall decide. • Provided with the elevated
platform, placed at least 5 m from and in line with finish line.

Umpires (Running & Race Walking Events)

• They are assistant to the referee with out authority to make final
decisions.
• Positioned by the Referee.
• Make an immediate written report of Foul/ Violation to the Referee.
• Any such breach of rules should be indicated by raising Yellow flag.(mark
the place
of infringement with suitable materials )
• Sufficient number of Umpires shall appointed to supervise the Take over
Zone.

Time Keeper & Photo Finish Judges:

• Chief time keeper allot the duties for time keepers

• These time keepers shall act as back-up time keepers when fully automatic
photo finish equipment is in use
• The.timekeeper shall be in line with finish & out side the track(at least 5m
away-elevated platform)
• The time shall be taken from the flash/smoke of the gun to the moment at
which any part of the body (torso) reaches vertical plane of the nearer edge
of the finish line.
• Three official time keepers (including chief) & one /two additional time
keepers shall time winner of every event (additional watches considered only
when main watches fails

Each time keeper shall act independently wit out showing his watch to, or
discussing his time with any other person, shall enter the time in the official
form, after singing hand it to the chief time keeper. For hand time races on
the track time shall be read to the next longer 1/10th of a second (eg:11.11
read as 11.2.)

Start Coordinator

The Start Coordinator will be in charge of the following tasks:

(a) To allocate the duties of the start team judges, assigning the task of
giving the start to the member of the team who, in his opinion, is the best for
the event.
(b) To supervise the duties to be fulfilled by each member of the team.
(c) To inform the Starter, after receiving the relevant order from the
Competition Director, that everything is in order to initiate the start
procedure (eg. that the Timekeepers, the Judges and when applicable the
Chief Photo Finish Judge and the Wind Gauge Operator are ready).
(d) To act as an interlocutor between the technical staff of the timing
equipment company and the Judges.
(e) To keep all papers produced during the start procedure including all
documents showing the reaction times and/or false start waveform images if
available.
(f) To ensure that the rules related to starting are observed

The Start Coordinator shall assign a specific task and position to each
Recaller, who is obliged to recall the race if any infringement of the rules is
observed
• After a recalled or aborted start the Recaller shall report his observations
to the Starter who decides whether and to whom a warning shall be issued.

Starter

• Entire control of the competitors .

• Before the start signal is given the starter shall ascertain the readiness of
 Timekeepers, Judges,Photo Finish Judge & Wind Gauge Operator.
• He shall position himself so that he has the full visual control over all
runners
during the start.
• The warning and disqualification during start may be applied only by the
starter.

Recallers

• One or more Recallers shall be provided to assist the starter. (for

Staggered start
events, There shall be at least two recallers).

• They shall place themselves so that he can see each competitor assigned
to him

Starter’s Assistant

• Check the competitor

• Stations the Competitors from left to right Facing the direction of the run.
Assemble the competitor approximately 3m behind the start line
. • The shall be responsible for readiness of batons for relays .

Lap Scorers

• One Lap Scorer for 4 competitors (6for Walking) shall be appointed.

• One lap scorer shall be responsible for maintaining the display of laps
remaining at
the finish line.
• The final lap shall be signaled to each competitor usually by ringing a bell

Competition Secretary

● Collect results from Referee & Convey to the Announcer &

Competition Director.
Marshal

● Control the arena – not allow any person other than the
Competitors & Officials. •
 Announcer

He shall inform the public the relevant details regarding the

events.

Official Surveyor

● Check the Marking & Furnish appropriate certificate to the

Technical Manager.

Wind Gauge Operator

● Communicate the details of wind velocity to the competition

secretary

Measurement judge (electronics)

● Ensure the equipment relating to the electronics& overall charge

of the Operation

Call Room Judges

● Ensure the Uniform, Bibs, Shoes, Spikes, Advertisements. Non –

authorized material cannot be taken in to the arena.

Advertising Commissioner

Supervise the advertising rules & regulation

LEARNING TASK

1. Draw a Standard track Oval and point the Starting area of the following
events.
a. 100 meter
b. 200 meter
c. 400 meter
d. 1500 meter
e. 3000 meter

2. What are the components of physical fitness need to improve in order to

become a good runner?

3. Have you been experienced to participate in track events? When?

Tell something about your experienced?

4. Who is the most important official in track events?

5. When a technical officials declare for a disqualification in the event? Cite

any situation

6. How to improve the level of fitness of our national athletes in running

events?
 MODULE 2-Field Events (Jumping)

Lesson 1 A. Long Jump

B. Nature and Development of Athletics
C. Equipment use in the game

Lesson 2 A. Triple Jump

B. Rule of the game
C. Equipment used in the game

Lesson 3 A. High jump

B. Rules of the game
 C. Equipment used in the game

Lesson 4 A. Officials in the Jumping Events

B. List of outstanding athletes in Jumping Events

MODULE 2 – Field Events

 LESSON 1

JUMPING

Jumping Event

Like the running event, jumping events like long jump and triple jump
can enhance the development of speed, coordination, strength and
endurance. The take- off area must be sand-filled pit or soft soil.

Long Lump

The long jump is one of the most simple and natural events in track
and field. Despite its apparent simplicity, a great deal of skill and
conditioning is required to run full speed down a runway, consistently hit an
inch board, the take off and land. For this reason it is imperative that the
coach and athlete treat the long jump as a technique skill that can be
improved only through proper training and conditioning.

The objective is to take off from behind the specific and cover the
longest distance possible before landing in a sand-filled pit. The long jumper
must possess good speed and powerful jumping ability.
 Four Stages in Long
Jump

1. Approach Run

2. Take off

Runway

The minimum length of the runway, measured from the relevant take-
off line shall be 40m, and, where conditions permit, 45m. It shall have a
width of 1.22-0.01m and shall be marked by white lines 50mm in width.

Take-off board

The take of-board shall be marked by a board sunk level with the
runway and the surface of the landing area. The edge of the board which is
nearer to the landing area shall be the take-off line. Immediately beyond the
take off line there shall be placed a plasticine indicator board for the
assistance of the Judges.

Stepping Board with Plasticine –color yelow

The take-off board shall be rectangular, made of wood or other suitable

rigid material in which the spikes or an athlete’s shoe will grip and not skid
and shall measure 1.22m-0.01m long.,0.02m-0.002m wide and not more
than 0.10m deep. It shall be white.

The plasticine indicator shall consist of a rigid board, 0.10m-0.002m

wide and 1.22m-0.01m long made up of wood or any suitable material.

The landing area shall have a minimum width of 2.75m and a

maximum width of 3m. It shall, if possible, be so placed that the middle of
the runway, if extended, would coincide with the middle of the landing area.

The Flight
 The landing

Distance Measurement

The measurement of each jump shall be made immediately after each

valid trial (or after an immediate oral protest made under the rule). All jumps
shall be measured from the nearest break in the landing area made by any
part of the body or anything that was attached to the body at the time it
made a mark, to the take-off line, or take-off line extended. The
measurement shall be taken perpendicular to the take-off line or its
extension.
 Distance ready-made measurement use in
national/International competition

Proper distance measurement

Competition

1. An athlete fails if:

(a) He while taking off, touches the ground beyond the take-off line
with any part of his body, whether running up without jumping or in
act of jumping; or
(b)He takes off from outside either end o the board
(c) He employs any form of somersaulting whilst running up or in the
act of jumping or
 (d)After taking off, but before his first contact with the landing area, he
touches the runway or the ground outside the runway or outside the
landing area,
2. An athlete shall not be regarded to have failed if;
(a) He run outside the white lines marking the runway at any point or;
(b)He takes off before reaching the board; or
(c) A part of his shoe/foot is touching the ground outside either end of
the take-off board, before the take-off line or
(d)If in the course of landing, he touches with body, or any part of his
body, or anything attached the landing area, unless such contact
contravens.
(e) He walks back through the landing area after having left the landing
area in the manner described.

Equipments used in the Game

Jumper markers

Wind gauge
 Tape measure Stepping Board with Plasticine -
blue

LEARNING TASK
 1. What are the Approaches in Long Jump?
2. Give examples of equipment used in the game.

LESSON 2 -FIELD

Triple Jump TRIPLE JUMP

 Triple Jump
Technique

Approach

The Hop

The triple Jump is unique techniques event requiring a combination of

speed, strength and balance. It is composed of three distinct phases (parts)
that must flow into one another. They are the hop take- off and landing on
the same foot), the step (landing on the opposite foot), and the Jump
(performed similar to the long jump). The hop and jump are relatively easy to
master but the link between the two, the step, is the difficult skill. The triple
jump was previously called the hop-step-jump but the name changed to
emphasize the equal importance of each phase.

Triple Jump – Hop Approach

Competition

1. The triple Jump shall consist of a Hop, a step and a jump in that order.
2. The hop shall be made so that an athlete lands first on the same foot
as that from which he has taken off; in the step he shall land on the
other foot from which subsequently, the jump is performed. It shall be
 considered a failure if an athlete, while jumping touches the ground
with the “sleeping leg.

Take-off Line

The distance between the take off line foe men and the far end of the
landing area shall be at least 21m.

For international Competitions there should be separate take-off board

for men and women

HIGH JUMP LESSON 2 –FIELD

EVENT
Competition
1. An athlete shall take off from one foot.
2. An athlete fails if

He touches the ground including the landing area beyond the vertical
plane through the nearer edge of the crossbar, either between or outside the
upright with any parts of his body, without clearing the bar.

Runway and Take-off Area

The minimum width of the runway shall be 16m and the minimum
length of the runway shall be 15m.

1. The maximum overall downward inclination in the last 15m of the

runway and take-off are not exceed 1;250 (0.4%) along any radius
of the semi-circular area centred midway between the uprights and
having the minimum radius specified in the Rule. The landing area
should be placed so that the athlete’s approach is up in the
inclination.
2. The take-off area shall be level or any inclination shall be
accordance with the requirements and the IAAF manual.

High Jump – take off

Apparatus

3. Any style of uprights o posts may be used, provided they are rigid. They
shall have supports for the crossbar firmly fixed to them.
4. The crossbar supports shall be flat and rectangular, 40mm wide and
60mm long.
5. There shall be a space of at least 10mm between the ends of the crossbar
and the upright

Flop High Jump

Technique

Need Consistency- on
the ability of the high
Pole Vaulting

Three Checkmarks

most vaulters use 18-21

strides

first checkmark is at the

beginning stride, with two
additional marks to double
check the strides.

Second is the coach’s mark 30-

The Pole Vault is the most complex event in track and field. There has been a tremendous
amount of research in the Physiological, biomechanical and kinetic factors of the vault. But the real keys
to good vaulting are mastering the basic elements of the vault and proper training.

Phases of the Vault

Approaches

The length of approach varies with the individual, but usually ranges
from 100-150 feet. It is very important that the approach run be consistent.
It should be made with maximum controllable speed in an erect position: the
faster the run, the more potential energy stored in the pole.

Pole Carry

The most important element in the carry is that it is comfortable and

suitable for an effective pole plant. The distance between the hands varies
with the individual, ranging from 18” to 36”. The pole should be carried in a
position near the hip, with the back arm bent. And the back hands
approximately the same distance from the hip.

Plant
 The approach and plant are the most important phases of the vault.
The plant phase is where most of the problem occurs. What goes wrong in
the air is usually a result of what happens on the ground by a poor plant. The
vaulter should make the plant through the box, not to the box.

Take-Off

There are many variation of the take-off because of the different in

style, grips, speed and physique.

The basic elements required for a good take-off are the following:

1. The Pole should be directly over the take-off foot.

2. The right arm should be as high as possible.
3. The lead knee should have a quick hard drive in leaving the ground,
driving forward and upward.
4. The left arm keeps the pole away from the body, but will collapse at a
point to a right angle. The left arm then becomes the control point of
the vaulter.
5. The left leg should be completely extended and pulled through to
catch up with the right leg. The left leg, kept straight, will enable the
hips to lift.

Swing and Rockback

The swing transfer horizontal speed into vertical speed. During this period
the left leg begins to catch up with the right. This catching up process will
continue into the rockback position. The rockback phase maintains the
momentum that attain in the approach, plant, and take-off.

Pull-Turn-Release

The pull and turn start when the pole is almost straight and are almost
simultaneously because the turn is started by the pull. In releasing the pole,
the vaulter gets off the pole and up and away from the bar, then lands in the
pit. A premature release can cause incomplete extension of the pole.

Competition

Athletes may have the crossbar moved only i the direction of the
landing area so that the edge of the crossbar nearest the athlete ca e
positioned at ay point from the directly above the back of the ox to a point
80cm in the direction of the landing area. Inform the appropriate official of
the position of the crossbar he requires for his first trial.
 1. A athlete fail if:

After the vault, the bar does not remain o both pegs because of the
action of a athlete whilst vaulting ;or

(a) He touches the ground, including the landing area, beyond the
vertical plane through the backed of the box with ay part of his
body or with the pole, without first clearing the bar; or
(b)After leaving the ground, he places his lower had above the
upper one or moves the upper had higher o the pole; or
(c) During the vault, he steadies or replace the bar with his hands.

2. Athletes may, during the competition, place a substance o their

hands or o the pole, I order to obtain a better grip. The use of gloves
is permitted.
3. After the release of the pole, one including the athlete shall e
allowed to touch the pole unless it is falling away from the bar or
uprights.
4. If in making a trial, an athlete’s pole is broken, it shall not be
counted as a failure ad he shall be awarded a new trial.

Runway

5. The minimum length of the runway, measured from the “zero” lie,
shall e 40m ad where condition permit, 4m. It shall have a width of
1.22m0.01m shall e marked y white lies 0.01mm in width.

Apparatus

6. The take off for the Pole Vault shall e from a ox. It shall e
constructed of suitable material, with rounded upper or sot edges
ad shall e suk level with the runway. It shall e 1.00m in length,
measured along the inside of the bottom of the ox, 0.05m width at
the front end ad tapering to 0.14m in width at the bottom of the
stop board. The length of the ox at runway level and the depth of
the stop board are determined y the angle of one hundred five
formed between the base and the stop board
7. Any style of uprights or post may be used, provided they are rigid.
The crossbar shall rest of horizontal pegs.

Vaulting Poles

8. Athletes may use their own poles. No athlete shall use any other
athlete’s pole except with the consent of the owner.
Landing Area
 9. For competition, the landing area shall be not smaller than 6m long
(behind the zero line and excluding the front pieces) x 6m wide x
0.8m high. For other competitions, the landing area should measure
not less than 5m long (excluding the front pieces) x 5m wide. The
front pieces, in all cases, must be at least 2m long. The sides of the
landing area nearest to the box shall be placed 0.10m to 0.15 from
the box and shall slope away from the box at an angle of
approximately 45 degree.

Equipments used in the game

High Jump Foam and Bar

High Jump Marker

LESSON 4

OFFICIALS IN FIELD EVENTS

Officials in Feld Events

Judges (Field)

● Record each trial and measure each valid trial.

● At least two judges to keep record of all trials.
● Indicate the validity or non-validity of a trial by raising a white or red
flag as appropriate.

A. High Jump

● 1& 2 Two Judges on either side of the landing area 3:

● A Recorder keeping the results sheet and calling the athletes 4:
● A Judge in charge of the scoreboard (trial-number-result). 5:
● A Judge in charge of the clock indicating to the athletes that they have a certain time to take
trial 6:
● A Judge in charge of athletes

B. Pole vault

● Two Judges (1) and (2), on either side of the back of the box
● A Recorder (3) keeping the results and calling the athletes.
● A Judge (4) in charge of the scoreboard (trial-number-result).
● A Judge (5) in charge of the clock indicating that the athletes have certain time to take trial.
● A Judge (6) in charge of athletes.

C. Long Jump

o A Judge at the landing point will hold the tape on the 0, 3

o A Recorder keeping the Results sheet and calling athletes.
o A Judge in charge of the scoreboard for the results
o A Judge in charge of the wind Gauge (20 metres from the takeoff board)
o One or more judges or Assistants in charge of leveling the landing zone after each trial.
o A Judge or assistant in charge of replacing the plasticine .
o A Judge in charge of the clock indicating to the athletes that they have a certain time to
take their trial .
o A Judge in charge of the athletes
 D. SHOTPUT

● The Chief Judge must supervise the whole of the event and check
the measurements. - Judge (2) holding the measuring apparatus
in such a way that it passes through the centre of the circle.
● A Judge (3) placing, immediately after the throw, a marker
enabling the throw to be measured.
● A Judge (4) holding the measuring apparatus on the zero mark
on the point where the marker has been placed.
● A Judge (5) in charge of placing the small flags indicating each
athlete’s best throw. The small flag is placed along a strip or line
outside the sector in order to avoid it being hit by an implement.
● A Recorder (6) keeping the results sheet and calling the athletes.
● A Judge (7) in charge of the results score-board.
● A Judge in charge of the clock indicating to the athletes that they
have a certain time to take their trial
● A Judge in charge of the athletes

E. Discus

Discus Near the circle:

● Two judges checking that the throw has been made correctly and
measuring the throw. In a large number of national competitions the
Chief Judge, takes on this duty.
● A Judge (2) placed opposite judge (1) checking from his side that the
throw is correct.
● A Judge (3) holding the tape measure so that it is held taut and passes
through the centre of the circle.

At the landing:
● A Judge (4) responsible for the landing zone and indicating with the
help of flags whether the throw is valid or not.
● Two Judges (5 and 6) who will watch the exact place of landing will
have a marker which he will place in the ground to enable the
measuring of the throw.
● A Judge (7) who will hold the tape measure on the zero mark at the
spot where the marker has been placed.
● A Judge (8) in charge of placing the small flags indicating each
athlete’s best throw along a strip or line outside the sector in order to
avoid them being hit by an implement. In important
● At the landing, one person or two responsible for sending back the
discus that has been thrown (13).
Near the circle:
● A Recorder (9) keeping the results sheet and calling the athletes.
● A Judge (10) in charge of the results scoreboard (trial-number-result).
● A Judge in charge of the clock indicating to the athletes that they have
a certain time to take their trial (11).
● A Judge in charge of the athletes and of the discus near the circle (12).
● Half-way between the circle and the landing zone:
● A Judge will make sure that the tape measure is taut in order to
ensure a correct measurement (14).

D.HAMMER

● The Chief Judge, must supervise the whole event and check the
measurements.
Near the circle:
● Two judges checking that the throw has been made correctly and
measuring the throw. In a large number of national competitions the
Chief Judge, takes on this duty
● Three Judges (1), (2) and (3) placed around the cage to check that the
throw, at the start, is correct.
● A Judge (4) holding the tape-measure so that it is held taut and passes
through the centre of the circle.
At the landing:
● A Judge (5) responsible for the landing zone and indicating with the
help of flags whether the throw is valid or not.
● A Judge (6) who will watch the exact place of the landing. He will have
a marker which he will place in the ground to enable the measuring of
the throw.
● A Judge (7) who will hold the tape measure on the zero mark at the
spot where the marker has been placed.
● A Judge (8) in charge of placing the small flags indicating each
athlete’s best throw along a strip or line outside the sector in order to
avoid them being hit by an implement. In important
● At the landing one person (or two) responsible for sending back the
hammer that has been thrown (13).
Near the circle:
● Recorder (9) keeping the results sheet and calling the athletes.
● A Judge (10) in charge of the results scoreboard (trial-number-result).
● A Judge in charge of the clock indicating to the athletes that they have
a certain time to take their trial (11).
● A Judge in charge of the athletes and of the hammers placed near the
circle (12). Half-way between the circle and the landing zone:
● A Judge will make sure that the tape measure is taut in order to ensure
a correct measurement (14)
E JAVELIN

● The Chief Judge, must supervise the whole event and check the measurements. Near the
runway:
● One judge (1) checking that the throw has been made correctly and measuring the throw. In a
large number of national competitions the Chief Judge, takes on this duty.
● A judge (2) holding the tape-measure so that it passes through the centre of the arc of the
circle. At the landing:
● A judge (3), responsible for the landing zone, and indicating with the whether the throw is valid
or not. Two Judges (4) and (5) who watch the place where the tip of the metal head touched
the ground. One of these judges holds a marker which he pushes in the ground.
● A Judge (6) who will hold the tape-measure and who must place the zero point on the spot
where the marker has been placed.
● A Judge (7) in charge of placing the small flags indicating each athlete’s best throw. These flags
must be placed along a strip or line outside the sector in order to avoid them being hit by a
javelin. - one person (or two) responsible for sending back the javelins that have been thrown
(12). Near the runway zone:
● A Recorder (8) keeping the results sheet and calling the athletes.
● A Judge (9) in charge of the results scoreboard (trial-number-result).
● A Judge in charge of the clock indicating to the athletes that they have a certain delay to take
their trial (10);
● A Judge in charge of the athletes and of the javelins placed near the runway (11). Half-way
between the runway and the landing zone:
● A judge will make sure that the tape-measure is taut in order to ensure a correct measurement
LEARNING TASK

I. Write T if the Statement is correct and F if it is wrong.

______1. A long Jump is formerly called “hop, stop, and Jump”.
______2. The approach and plant are the most important phases of the vault.
______3. Most vaulters use 18-21 strides.
______4. One of the special Exercises for the Triple jump is Skipping with
weight on
the shoulder.
______5.In the Triple Jump, the sequence must Left, Left, Right, and both
(landing
after the jump).
______6. The long Jump is one of the most simple and natural events in track
and
field.
______7. The triple Jump is unique techniques event requiring a combination
of
speed, strength and Balance.
______8. The take off line there shall be placed a plasticine indicator board.
______9. In high Jump the minimum width of the runway shall be 16m and the
minimum length of the runway shall be 15m.
_____10. Mountain climbing is an excellent way to strengthen the leg muscles
and
improving stamina.

II. Enumerate what is asked

1. Technique in Triple Jump

2. Different Training method for High Jump
3. Men Pole Vault gold medallist in SEAGAMES 2019

III. Think About These

1. An athlete commence to jump over the high Jump bar, but the bar was fall
due of strong wind. What will be happen to the event? What will the official
decision?

2. In Long Jump, the athletes fail to report to the Call Room. What will be
happen?
3. In Jumping event due of inadequate officials, would the Jumper (player) is
authorized to officiate the game? Why?

LESSON 1

THROWING EVENTS -

THROWING EVENT

The Throwing events can be divided into two general categories- the
nonerodynanic events (the shot put and hammer throw) and the
aerodynamic events (the discus throw and Javelin throw).

In the nonaerodynamic events, there are only three factors that

determine how far the implement will go- the speed of the implement at the
moment release, the angles of release, and the height of release. In
aerodynamic events, however, besides the speed, angle and height of
release there is one other important factors- the effect air resistance has on
the implement as it travels through the air.

Official Implements

Girls Women Boys Men Men

Under 18 U20/ U18 U20 Senior

Implement Senior
Shot Put 1.000kg 4.000kg 5.000kg 6.000kg 7.260kg

Discus 1.000kg 1.000kg 1.5000kg 1.750kg 2.000kg

Hammer 1.000kg 4.000kg 5.000kg 6.000kg 7.260kg

Javelin 500 grams 600g 700g 800g 800g

TECHNIQUE IN SHOT PUT

The Grip
Shot Put is the simplest of all
the throws.Position
It is basically
of the Shotaon
linear
the Neck
action confined to a small area,
Position
strength, and at theThe
size. Rearmodern
of the Ring
technique of throwing is
The new,
relatively Glide being invented
by Perry Position
O’ Brien in the early
in the center of the Ring
1950’s. The shot shall be of solid iron,
brass or any metal not softer than
brass, or a shell of such metal filled
with lead or other solid material.

Technique
The Grip

The shot should be held high on the fingers (while still maintaining
control). The higher it is held, the better and quicker the release the athlete
will have. The shot may be held in the palm of the hand and rolled up onto
the fingers before or at release.

Position of the Shot on the Neck

 To get the correct positioning of the shot put on the neck, look at the
release of the shot as it delivered. The shot is delivered with the thumb
down. Too any times, the shot put is placed against the neck with the palm
in towards the neck and elbow dropped near the torso. The athlete has to
apply hold pressure against the neck to hold the shot in.

Position at the Rear of the Ring

The position at the back of the ring is the most important part of the
throw because if anything is out of alignment at this point, it will have an
adverse effect on the distance of the throw. The angles of both knees should
be approximately the same-120 degree.

Position in the Center of the Ring

The supporting foot should be at 90 degree and the free leg placed
slightly in the bucket (a toe-heel relationship). The right (supporting) foot
should contact at least the center of the ring for most athletes and should
continue to rotate forward. The knee of the supporting leg will rotates
forward so the belt buckles points in the direction of the put.

The Put
The action initiated by the forward rotation of the supporting foot
creates an upwards explosion. As this is all taking place, the free arm, which
is hanging relaxed and loose, opens and straightens in a manner so that it
becomes parallel to the shoulder.

The Follow Throw

The follow through its nothing more than a natural following of the
supporting arm across the body after the shot is released.

Competition

1. The shot shall be put from the shoulder with one hand only. At the time
an athlete takes a stance in the circle to commence a put, the shot
shall touch or be in close proximity to the neck or the chin and the
hand shall not be dropped below this position during the action of
putting. The shot shall not be taken behind the line of the shoulders .
Stop Board

2. The stop board shall be white and made of wood or other suitable
material in the shape of an arc so that the inner surface aligns with the
inner edge of the rim of the circle and is perpendicular to the surface
of the circle.
3. The stop board shall measure 0.112m to 0.30m wide, with a chord of
1.21 for an arc.
 LESSON 1

THROWING EVENTS -

General Description of Discus

Technique

Starting Position

Transition

Turn

Drive Foot landing

Discus Throw

The body of the discus may be solid or hollow and shall be made of
wood, or other suitable material, with a metal rim, the edge of which shall be
circular. The cross section of the edge shall be rounded in a true circle
having a radius of approximately 6mm. There may be circular plates set
flush into the centre of the sides.

All discuss throws shall be made from an enclosure or cage to ensure

the safety of spectators, officials and athletes. The cage should be U –shaped
the mouth width should be 6m, the netting for the cage can be made from
suitable natural or synthetic fibre cord or alternatively, from mild or high
tensile steel wire.
 The maximum distance a discus will travel is dependent upon the
release speed (velocity), and the optimal release conditions, the latter being
influenced mainly by aerodynamic factors. The discus thrower rotates
through 1 1/34 turns (approximately 630 degrees) and while rotating the
total system moves linearly only 8’ 2 ½ at the most.

There are two major training objectives for discus throwers: (1) the
development of strength and size. (2) the mastery of technique. The
development of strength and size is produced by application of a scientific
functional weight training program. Technique including the progression and
drills, some exercises and training devices along with a list of common form
faults and corrections.

LEG AND HIP DRIVE

RELEASE
 LESSON 1

THROWING EVENTS -

Javelin Thrower
Has to developed strength, speed,
flexibility, agility, coordination and
explosiveness

Javelin Throws

Javelin throw is one of the most complex events in track and field. The
main goal of the javelin throw is to achieve maximum distance. This is
accomplished through awareness of the fundamentals of the biomechanics
of the throws, refined technique, and proper training methods. There is a
vast range of exercises which help to develop power: exercises with weights,
medicine balls with a partner and on a gymnastic apparatuses. Weight
training plays the most prominant role in power development. Speed and
strength are essential components of (power=speed x strength) and both
must be worked to develop it.
Javelin Throw Runway

The minimum length of the runway shall be 30m except in

competitions held, where the minimum length should be 33.50m. Where
conditions permit, the minimum length should be 36.50m. It shall be made
from two parallel white lines 50mm wide and 4m apart. The throws shall be
made from behind an arc of a circle drawn with a radius of 8m.

JAVELIN THROWING SECTOR

 The landing sector shall consist of cinder or grass or other suitable
material on which the implement makes an imprint. The sector angle is
28.96 degrees.
Measurement

In Javelin Throw, from where the head of the javelin first struck the
ground to the inside edge of the arc, along a line to the center of the circle of
which the arc is part.

EQUIPMENTS USED IN THE GAMES

JAVELIN IMPLEMENT MEASURING TAPE

Hammer Throw

Technique

Swing
Hammer Throw

-Hammer Throw is a rhythm event.

-It involves balanced movements in which the lower body parts
predominate (hips and legs)
- The concept of the throw as a whole must supersede that of the throw
as a series of links in a chain, e.g., swings, low point, entry.
Swing

The sped of the swings is determined by the entry speed which the
athlete can reasonably handle. The function of the swings is five-old:

1. To set the rhythm

2. To establish the correct plane of the hammer.
3. To set the correct position of the high/low points.
4. To establish correct balance prior to the entry (transition)
5. To establish the range at entry.

The maximum range the hammer plane should be kept fairly flat, the
hammer not raising above head height at its high point.

Transition or Entry

The entry links the swings to the turns: As the hammer is swung up to
the left in the final swing, the thrower turns under his hands to the right in
anticipation of the hammer passing through the high point.

Learning Progression for the Hammer throw

(Intended for Right handed Hammer Thrower)

Wind
1. Grasp the hammer handle in the left hand and swing it around the head.
Straighten the arms out as the ball passes in front of the body and bend
the arms when the ball passes in back.
2. Repeat the same movement with the right arm.
3. Now use both arms. Grasp the handle with the left hand under the right
hand. Most throwers use either two or three swings over the head. This
is called the Wind.
Turns
4. Do a left face Pivot on the heel of the left foot and push from the ball of
the right foot. Begin with a 90 degree pivot and work towards having
both feet facing in the same direction.
5. When both feet are facing in the same direction, take the body weight
off of the heel and place it on the ball of the left foot. Pick the right foot
off the ground and pivot 360 degrees on the ball of the left foot.
 Throughout the whole pivot, keep the left leg slightly bent. This
complete a turns.
6. Now combine two or three preliminary winds with an entry of the
hammer and a turn. Enter the hammer at 12 o’clock.
7. Entry is the transition between the winds and the turn,
8. When turning with the hammer, keep both arms fully extended and keep
the hammer with the body.
9. After mastering one turn, work for two. When two turns are mastered,
work for three.
10. The delivery is done by stopping and bracing both legs at the
completion of the last turn and lifting upward

Learning Task

1. Get a stone (normal size ) that you can lift, throw the stone as far as you can. Measure it with
tape measure or ruler. What is the distance How’s your experience?
2. To become a good thrower ,insight some strategies or training program to develop the skill.
3. In the throwing competition, all participants are Right handed, one of the player is Left handed
are you going to follow the style of that player? Why?
4. Who is the Filipino Gold Medalist in Throwing Events latest SEAGAMES

F. SHOTPUT

● The Chief Judge must supervise the whole of the event and check
the measurements. - Judge (2) holding the measuring apparatus
in such a way that it passes through the centre of the circle.
● A Judge (3) placing, immediately after the throw, a marker
enabling the throw to be measured.
● A Judge (4) holding the measuring apparatus on the zero mark
on the point where the marker has been placed.
● A Judge (5) in charge of placing the small flags indicating each
athlete’s best throw. The small flag is placed along a strip or line
outside the sector in order to avoid it being hit by an implement.
● A Recorder (6) keeping the results sheet and calling the athletes.
 ● A Judge (7) in charge of the results score-board.
● A Judge in charge of the clock indicating to the athletes that they
have a certain time to take their trial
● A Judge in charge of the athletes

G. Discus

Discus Near the circle:

● Two judges checking that the throw has been made correctly and
measuring the throw. In a large number of national competitions the
Chief Judge, takes on this duty.
● A Judge (2) placed opposite judge (1) checking from his side that the
throw is correct.
● A Judge (3) holding the tape measure so that it is held taut and passes
through the centre of the circle.

At the landing:
● A Judge (4) responsible for the landing zone and indicating with the
help of flags whether the throw is valid or not.
● Two Judges (5 and 6) who will watch the exact place of landing will
have a marker which he will place in the ground to enable the
measuring of the throw.
● A Judge (7) who will hold the tape measure on the zero mark at the
spot where the marker has been placed.
● A Judge (8) in charge of placing the small flags indicating each
athlete’s best throw along a strip or line outside the sector in order to
avoid them being hit by an implement. In important
● At the landing, one person or two responsible for sending back the
discus that has been thrown (13).

Near the circle:

● A Recorder (9) keeping the results sheet and calling the athletes.
● A Judge (10) in charge of the results scoreboard (trial-number-result).
● A Judge in charge of the clock indicating to the athletes that they have
a certain time to take their trial (11).
● A Judge in charge of the athletes and of the discus near the circle (12).
● Half-way between the circle and the landing zone:
● A Judge will make sure that the tape measure is taut in order to
ensure a correct measurement (14).

D.HAMMER
 ● The Chief Judge, must supervise the whole event and check the
measurements.
Near the circle:
● Two judges checking that the throw has been made correctly and
measuring the throw. In a large number of national competitions the
Chief Judge, takes on this duty
● Three Judges (1), (2) and (3) placed around the cage to check that the
throw, at the start, is correct.
● A Judge (4) holding the tape-measure so that it is held taut and passes
through the centre of the circle.
At the landing:
● A Judge (5) responsible for the landing zone and indicating with the
help of flags whether the throw is valid or not.
● A Judge (6) who will watch the exact place of the landing. He will have
a marker which he will place in the ground to enable the measuring of
the throw.
● A Judge (7) who will hold the tape measure on the zero mark at the
spot where the marker has been placed.
● A Judge (8) in charge of placing the small flags indicating each
athlete’s best throw along a strip or line outside the sector in order to
avoid them being hit by an implement. In important
● At the landing one person (or two) responsible for sending back the
hammer that has been thrown (13).
Near the circle:
● Recorder (9) keeping the results sheet and calling the athletes.
● A Judge (10) in charge of the results scoreboard (trial-number-result).
● A Judge in charge of the clock indicating to the athletes that they have
a certain time to take their trial (11).
● A Judge in charge of the athletes and of the hammers placed near the
circle (12). Half-way between the circle and the landing zone:
● A Judge will make sure that the tape measure is taut in order to ensure
a correct measurement (14)

E JAVELIN

● The Chief Judge, must supervise the whole event and check the
measurements. Near the runway:
● One judge (1) checking that the throw has been made correctly and
measuring the throw. In a large number of national competitions the
Chief Judge, takes on this duty.
● A judge (2) holding the tape-measure so that it passes through the
centre of the arc of the circle. At the landing:
● A judge (3), responsible for the landing zone, and indicating with the
whether the throw is valid or not. Two Judges (4) and (5) who watch
the place where the tip of the metal head touched the ground. One of
these judges holds a marker which he pushes in the ground.
● A Judge (6) who will hold the tape-measure and who must place the
zero point on the spot where the marker has been placed.
● A Judge (7) in charge of placing the small flags indicating each
athlete’s best throw. These flags must be placed along a strip or line
outside the sector in order to avoid them being hit by a javelin. - one
person (or two) responsible for sending back the javelins that have
been thrown (12). Near the runway zone:
● A Recorder (8) keeping the results sheet and calling the athletes.
● A Judge (9) in charge of the results scoreboard (trial-number-result).
● A Judge in charge of the clock indicating to the athletes that they have
a certain delay to take their trial (10);
● A Judge in charge of the athletes and of the javelins placed near the
runway (11). Half-way between the runway and the landing zone:
● A judge will make sure that the tape-measure is taut in order to ensure
a correct measurement
 Lesson 4

Technical Officials in Track

and Field

Olympics Records in Track

A Technical Official is defined as any person who controls the play of a

competition by applying the rules and regulations of the sport to make
judgments on rule infringement, performance, time or ranking. A Technical
Official acts as an impartial judge of sporting competition.

Technical Officials of the Games

Management Officials

One Competition Director

One Meeting Manager
One Technical manager
One Event Presentation manager

Competition Officials

One (or more) Referees (s) for the Call Room

One (or more) Referee(s) For Track Events
One (or more) video referee (s)
One chief Judge and an
adequate number of Judges for Track events (lane umpires)
Recorder
Time keepers
Posting board operators
lap scorer
Wind gauge operator
Marshalls
 Announcers
Statistician
Stewards
Media
One (or more) Referee(s) For Field Events
Reader

OFFICIAL RESULTS OF RIO OLYMPICS 2016 GOLD MEDALIST IN

TRACK AND FIELD EVENTS
Men’s 20km Race walk Time / Distance
Zhen Wang (CHN) 1:19:14
Women’s 100 m
Elaine Thompson (JAM) 10.71
Men’s 100 m
Usain Bolt (JAM) 9.81
Women’s 3000m Steeplechase
Ruth Jebet (BRN) 8:59.75
Men’s 110m Hurdle
Omar Mcleod (JAM) 13.05
Men’s Marathon
Eliud kipchoege (KEN) 2:08:44
Women’s 400m Hurdle
Dalilah Muhammad (USA) 53.13
Women’s 4x400m relay
USA Team 3:19.06
Women’s 1500m
Faith Chepngetich Kipyegon (KEN) 4:08.92
Women’s Discus Throw
Sandra Perkovic (CRO) 69.21
Men’s triple Jump
Christian Taylor (USA) 17.86
Women’s 100m Hurdle
Brianna Rollins (USA) 12.48
Women’s Javelin Throw
Sara Kolak (CRO) 66.17
Men’s Shot Put

OFFICIAL RESULTS OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN GAMES (SEAGAMES ) 2021

IN TRACK EVENTS
MEN’S EVENT GOLD SILVER BRONZE

100 METER THAILAND THAILAND SINGAPORE

200M THAILAND VIETNAM THAILAND
400M THAILAND VIETNAM SINGAPORE
800M THAILAND THAILAND VIETNAM
1500M VIETNAM VIETNAM PHILIPPINES
3000M STEPPLE VIETNAM VIETNAM INDONESIA
CHASE
5000M VIETNAM EAST TIMOR PHILIPPINES
10,000 M VIETNAM EAST TIMOR VIETNAM
110M HURDLES PHILIPPINES SINGAPORE THAILAND
400M HURDLES PHILIPPINES VIETNAM SINGAPORE
4X100M RELAY THAILAND MALAYSIA SINAGAPORE
4X400M RELAY THAILAND VIETNAM SINGAPORE
MARATHON VIETNAM INDONESIA THAILAND
20K WALK VIETNAM INDONESIA VIETNAM
HIGH JUMP THAILAND MALAYSIA MA/THAI/VIET
POLE VAULT PHILIPPNES PHILIPPINES MALAYSIA
LONG JUMP VIETNAM PHILIPPINES INDONESIA
TRIPLE JUMP MALAYSIA PHILIPPINES VIETNAM
SHOTPUT PHILIPPINES THAILAND MALAYSIA
DISCUS THROW MALAYSIA THAILAND PHILIPPINES
HAMMER THROW MALAYSIA THAILAND MALAYSIA
JAVELIN THROW VIETNAM INDONESIA PHILIPPINES
DECATHLON THAILAND PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES

OFFICIAL RESULTS OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN GAMES (SEAGAMES ) 2021

IN TRACK EVENTS
WOMEN’S EVENT GOLD SILVER BRONZE

100 METER PHILIPPINES SINGAPORE THAILAND

200M SINGAPORE PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES
400M VIETNAM THAILAND VIETNAM
800M VIETNAM INDONESIA MALAYSIA
1500M VIETNAM VIETNAM SINGAPORE
5000M VIETNAM VIETNAM PHILIPPINES
10,000M VIETNAM MYANMAR SINGAPORE
100M HURDLES VIETNAM INDONESIA PHILIPPINES
400M HURDLES VIETNAM VIETNAM PHILIPINES
3000M STEEPLECHASE VIETNAM VIETNAM PHILIPPINES
4X100M RELAY THAILAND VIETNAM MALAYSIA
4X400M RELAY VIETNAM THAILAND PHILIPPINES
MARATHON INDONESIA PHILIPINES VIETNAM
20K WALK VIETNAM MYANMAR THAILAND
HIGH JUMP VIETNAM SINGAPORE VIETNAM
POLE VAULT VIETNAM THAILAND PHILIPPINES
LONG JUMP VIETNAM VIETNAM INDONESIA
TRIPLE JUMP THAILAND VIETNAM INDONESIA
SHOTPUT INDONESIA THAILAND THAILAND
DISCUS THROW THAILAND MALAYSIA MALAYSIA
HAMMER THROW MALAYSIA THAILAND THAILAND
JAVELIN THROW VIETNAM THAILAND PHILIPPINES
HEPTHATLON VIETNAM PHILIPPINES MALAYSIA
MIXED 4X40M RELAY THAILAND VIETNAM PHILIPPINES

Learning Task

1. Get a stone (normal size) that you can lift, throw the stone as far as
you can. Measure it with tape measure or ruler. What is the distance
How’s your experience?
2. To become a good thrower, insight some strategies or training program
to develop the skill.
3. In the throwing competition, all participants are Right handed, one of
the player is Left handed are you going to follow the style of that
player? Why?
4. Who is the Filipino Gold Medalist in Throwing Events latest SEAGAMES