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Week 3-Sets - Slides

The document outlines the basic properties of sets, including definitions, methods for defining sets, and examples of set notation. It covers concepts such as complements, subsets, Venn diagrams, and set operations, providing exercises for practice. The document serves as a guide for understanding fundamental mathematical concepts related to sets in a modern mathematics course.

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15 views49 pages

Week 3-Sets - Slides

The document outlines the basic properties of sets, including definitions, methods for defining sets, and examples of set notation. It covers concepts such as complements, subsets, Venn diagrams, and set operations, providing exercises for practice. The document serves as a guide for understanding fundamental mathematical concepts related to sets in a modern mathematics course.

Uploaded by

ryzaclarissepondavilla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Math 111

Mathematics
in the Modern World
Instructor: Cristover N. Vidal
Week 3 (Should Be)
Section 1 Section 2
Basic Properties of Sets Complements, Subsets,
and Venn Diagrams

Section 3
Set Operations
Basic Properties of Sets
1
Definition:

Any group or collection of objects is


called a set. The objects that belong in a
set are the elements, or members, of
the set.
Example:

The set consisting of the four seasons


has spring, summer, fall, and winter as
its elements.
Example:

The set consisting of the four seasons


has spring, summer, fall, and winter as
its elements.
Methods in Defining Sets:

The following two methods are often used


to designate a set.

• Describe the set using words.


• List the elements of the set inside a pair
of braces, {}. This method is called the
roster method. Commas are used to
separate the elements.
Example:

Let us use S to represent the set


consisting of the four seasons. Using
the roster method, we would write

S ={spring, summer, fall, winter}.


The order in which the elements of a set
are listed is not important. Thus the set
consisting of the four seasons can also
be written as

S={winter, spring, fall, summer}.


Example:
Example:

Use the roster method to represent the


set of the days in a week.

Solution:
{Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday, Friday, Saturday}
Your Turn!

Use the roster method to represent the


set of months that start with the letter
A.
Example:

Write a word description for the set


A={a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p,
q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z}

Solution: Set A is the set of letters of the


English alphabet.
Your Turn!

Write a word description for the set


{March,May}.
The following sets of numbers are used
extensively in many areas of mathematics.
• the integers ... , 24, 23, 22, 21 are negative
integers.
• the integers 1, 2, 3, 4, ... are positive
integers.
• the integer zero is neither a positive nor a
negative integer.
• If a number in decimal form terminates or
repeats a block of digits without end, then
the number is a rational number. Rational
�
numbers can also be written in the form ,
�
where p and q are integers and � ≠ 0.
• A decimal that neither terminates nor
repeats is an irrational number. For instance,
0.35335333533335. . . is a nonterminating,
nonrepeating decimal and thus is an
irrational number.

• Every real number is either a rational


number or an irrational number.
Your Turn!

Use the Roster method to Represent a set of


numbers.
a. The set of natural numbers less than 5
b. The solution set of x + 5 = -1
c. The set of negative integers greater than -4
• The empty set, or null set, is the set that
contains no elements.
• The symbol {} or ∅ is used to represent the
empty set.

• As an example of the empty set, consider


the set of natural numbers that are negative
integers.
• Another method of representing a set is set-
builder notation.
• set-builder notation, the set of natural
numbers greater than 7 is written as follows:
• read as “the set of all elements x such that x
is an element of the set of natural numbers
and x is greater than 7.”
• It is impossible to list all the elements of the
set, but set-builder notation de nes the set
by describing its elements.
Example:

Use set-builder notation to write the


following sets.

a. The set of integers greater than -3.


b. The set of whole numbers less than
1000
Solution
• A set is finite if the number of elements in
the set is a whole number.
• The cardinal number of a finite set is the
number of elements in the set.
• The cardinal number of a finite set A is
denoted by the notation n(A).
Example:

• For instance, if A = {1, 4, 6, 9}, then


n(A)=4.

In this case, A has a cardinal number of 4,


which is sometimes stated as “A has a
cardinality of 4.”
Example:

• Find the cardinality of each of the


following sets.
a. J = {2, 5}
b. S = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ... , 31}
c. T = {3, 3, 7, 51}
Example:

• Find the cardinality of the following sets.


a. C={-1,5,4,11,13} b. D={0} c. E=∅
Your Turn!

• State whether each of the following pairs


of sets are equal, equivalent, both, or
neither.
a. {a, e, i, o, u}, {3, 7, 11, 15, 19}
b. {4, 22, 7}, {3, 4, 7, 9}
Complements, Subsets,
and Venn Diagrams 2
Definition:

The set of all elements that are being


considered is called the universal set. We
will use the letter U to denote the universal
set.
Definition:

Example:
Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, S = {2, 4, 6,
7}, and T ={x | x < 10 and x is an odd counting
numbers }.
Find a. S’ b. T’
Fact:
Definition:
Convention:

• The notation A⊊B is used to denote that A


is not a subset of B.

• To show that A is not a subset of B, it is


necessary to find at least one element of
A that is not an element of B.
Example:

Determine whether each statement is true or


false.
a. {5, 10, 15, 20} ⊆{0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30}
b. W⊆N
c. {2, 4, 6} ⊆ {2, 4, 6}
d. ∅ ⊆ {1, 2, 3}
Your Turn!

Determine whether each statement is true or


false.
a. {1, 3, 5} ⊆ {1, 5, 9}
b. The set of counting numbers is a subset of
the set of natural numbers.
c. ∅ ⊆ U
d. {-6, 0, 11} ⊆ I
Definition:

• used to illustrate sets and relationships


between sets.
• In a Venn diagram, the universal set is
represented by a rectangular region and
subsets of the universal set are generally
represented by oval or circular regions
drawn inside the rectangle.
The Venn diagram at the
left shows a universal set
and one of its subsets,
labeled as set A. The size
of the circle is not a
concern. The region
outside of the circle, but
inside of the rectangle,
represents the set A’.
Definition:

Your Turn!
For each of the following, determine whether
the first set is a proper subset of the second
set.
a. N, W b. {1, 4, 5}, {5, 1, 4}
Set Operations
3
Definition:
Your Turn!

Let A ={1, 4, 5, 7}, B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, and


C = {3, 6, 9}. Find a. A ⋂ B b. A ⋂ C
Definition:
Your Turn!

Let A ={1, 4, 5, 7}, B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, and


C = {3, 6, 9}. Find a. A ⋃ B b. A ⋃ C
Your Turn!

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