UNIT 02 :- AC FUNDAMENTALS eae) aS cso mis one cycle Times Tre, D Instantoneous volue:. it is the value ob alterna Suankity oF a ParHeway instante. For.eg C,) a cg 2) The graph ¢t iastenroneoun valuen againih hme or ongie dd Totation 1's culedas waveform, 3) sme complete sret of pofive ond negative volues is couled of cycle. 4) Time requived fo complete one cycle is cased as time Period. ‘T' 7 SD The number db cycles per Second is called at frequency, 6) Amplitude:. The maximum Gojue abroined during is Posivive ev Pegohive half is called as ampitude Peed Sy RMs and AU vojues:. In order to compare the cFtectivenes SF Ac cuvtent arcompared be De cuvrenk ese Uotuen are deduced. f dernved in neam The theme to devrive the Rms oolue ig heas enevay ond the avtrage vasue is tanster oF charges. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerIt Is @quc te that voiue of Oc current which with transfer across Same amount of Charges through the same circuir in the same time as equal to AC curvenk then, thor value oF OC currenk Vasue of Ac currenk. $ average. ('N_€2r0 5:08 Since the Sinusoda) wave form is the symmeticad wave hence to Had average out Span D hak cycle has to be consideved. — og e Area under the curve Aength oF base = Im a ae eee ee a. The average volue of sine wave is equal bo O:G63F times the peak volue, @ scanned with OKEN ScannerRMS vaue. CRoot mean S0.uG@ Ts is equa te thot uolue of De curvenh which will Produce Same amount of heat through +e Same circuit in the same Hme as equal to Ac current then, thak value of De current is called as RMs vaue of Ac current, i \ | > carrentt ~kde T\ por rms = [A¥ea Under the squeved curve ME. Atngth of bas. tu 7 < 3) tse 8 dntsie*sde aa 7 tn —— Tams = Im/ve 1 = 0-704 Im 4) Fotm Factor = it is defined as ratio of PMS to avemse i vows Kg Rms ha) Soe sernusal Avwrage ts ray Peak Factor: It is defined os ratio of Peakuolue fo Rms volue _ i t i Nps Meximasn iui for sinusoidal aty x Rms @ scanned with OKEN ScannerUnit 03 - AC Circuits Cc) Ac through Pure Resishan (iii) soe =e Sm Stee R eR b y chert Im 3 = Ge . ee ——_____Vegmeiaioie _tfievent (eis pave cmbh _ voltage a xz. “Instantaneous Power: Ven Sin wt - Im Sinwk Pic Anil = = hm Sian wt = Vm im ¢ ceszwe) = Vm im Vn Im cos 2b, = = 7 4 +S + rank Fluctuating “the FluctuaHieg park is cosine wave with double Frequency of which the average volue over one complare cycle is zero: ep. Vmim | Vm Im. yr iw. v =VmSin (at) £=ImSin(ot) Vmim _y, t = | 2 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner(Fae, = Ac through Pure Inductance® ) —onena. . L SUE induced emF asl) alwoys ed oppose applied voltage as a Per lenz law a # Nest. Vanes dt Ven sink = t dé ae ae Ldc= Vm Sin WE Fb des YS sinwt de. Lotegeating bath siden get bs 2m fe), SS, tin tee- oD =e Bt fov puve inductance current lags sltage by T° E > Je Im Sin Cwt- 2) where Im= WL is tolled as inductive reactance. ie. eqwudent ohmic vdue oF the inductance. Tnstantaneoun Pour pou w-¢ = Ve Sin wk » Im SinCwt-W)= min Set per = =Vetm sin zw, This is Huctuating component having double the Supply Frequency hence its average value oven —___ane complete cycle is Zero. Pave inductance does par consume any Power, @ scanned with OKEN Scannerwaveforms for Pure Tedwetonce..) wr v= Vm Sin (wt) current t= ImSin (wt ~ 5) OTs ty i P=- Sin (2wt) 3 : =— @ le Power - 1 x aay Oo value zero o 5 OF Soy one cycte. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner—} ut Ve Q acy. bur current is = rake db Flow oF (a3) Charge. VY w¢2 dQ od cy pees SVesin oS t= eve ¢ sincak = CVm Coosint Te 55 c= we Vn Cosi = Vm sion Cuts 1) Yooe 7 vhs Ee Im Sie Cwt+T2) Shere Ime azn Re eqnivetenr Capacitive veactance 2a ™ ohmic value dh Capacitance. fox pure Capacitor cuvrenk teads voltage b ate S Instantaneoun Power Trot Coswe = Mae, = Ven Sin wet » tm Sin (wt Nm im sip doe = This Hactuating component hoving double ney hence its average she pply Free gs Jolue ave ne. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner PsPAGENG.. ma wave forms fox Pure Capacitance Stemi) i voltage \r ar: \__ J [ae ( ] os i cure 0 1 a am Leasing by 3¢ m2 | my ] mG | v=VmSin(wt) — i= ImSin (wt + 5) Vm \_ P= mim sin (2ot) 7 f— Power 2 T@ | a\ ox Bate } fs exo for one = Tr oe 7 cycle Ss] le @ scanned with OKEN Scannerz rs ay cen Applied voltage is oh * Ve Vey Sin ot Are Vantin C= Im Sin CHE=BD Vs Ve + ¥ =—IR 4 Ix = CR = LZ where Z = impedance ie. opposition be Ae current, VA Valtage Tmangle a Mie s where Viz Vsing Af = vas Voos x Dividing each side by 1 = ; : = |——we-gek impedance _biangle = XL= Z Sieg. —_ DE R= 2g YR ER a oe or Rj xy E 9g | re gt pene vising where LE | Active Power = Vicos £ Vics wart Reactive Pamexs VI Sing vag A = V Mi @ scanned with OKEN Scannerwhere cos gs — power Factor. ro S 7 actin power te apparent power Also_defined as factex by which opparenk powty is _conuerted. The instantoneous Power is given as. P = vei = Vey Sinwt - Im Sin Cwt-S) = Vn Im Sinwt Sin Cwt-g) a Vein [ces gf = tor (OE =e} = Vm FT? cos — VO cos owt -g) = = herve the first term is constank and the second term bas deuble of Supply Frequency. Hence the average oolue of second term over one comprere cycre is Zero ps Vain ¢ eta = os gh =e =—VI_cos gy matns v=VmSin(ot) i=ImSin(wt— ) P= VICoso @ scanned with OKEN ScannerSeries R-c cireuwir. z iS a . AN 4 + pplied voltage i Ke i . Ve Vm Sinwe urrent civewated 6 5 > C= Im Sin Cott Zs tmpedance vee Opposition fo AC current, Ye >t NE voltage tdangle where Ves Vsing Vaz veoss. vicosg Muthplying ¢ach side by NG WE gek Power triangle where Vising aig = o Nz Ott. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerApplied voltage to Re Civculhis V=Vm Sinwt : ae ; The instantaneous power is given as. Ps V-¢ = VmSinwt .Im Sin Cwk +a _ = Vmim Sinwt SinCwt +s) _ & Vo tim ¢ 51 oa [ cos #— cos Cates] = Vato gp Nmim caste 2) = = t ‘i —____+s1m_has_deuble of Supply frequency . Hence the Pz Vim cong « VO. Em cord = VE cosy, = ae w ot, \r wave form oF \ ms voltage. } Guiana y wave form oF 7 carrer v=VmSin(at) Im Sin(ot+~) REViCord wae fore oF Power. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerSenes R-L-c ez Si = == = conn {4 = Ve + +¥, : aie “4 SER Bite “ == eT CR + cmt ) —sLz_where oditions as below Consider three oc Me ) VL > Ve Xi > Xe Nea ey, Ve Ve + C¥i-Ve) 58 >t 2 Te + CTX,-Ixe) ve L - TE Xe} vv : eae where Ze VRtecm xe) ee 2) Vid Ve xL4 Xe SE —rz Sone ven Sree CI%e= TK) TL CR+ ¢xXe-x)J vt eV dy. = 2 2, pele =e AD Vis ve 1 Xp te | hence cancel) eachother =Ve “This is called as serie Veva, | ve jf @ scanned with OKEN ScannerAt any frequency cancellation of reactances in R-L-C Series Circuit is called as. series resonance when of certain Frequency XL=Xe this is calied as Series resonance condiHen, At senes resonance. D Xva xe 2) Tmpedance offered is Mimimum, 3) Current dvawn by cizcuik is maximum. 4) Circuit behaves like Pure resistance, 8) Citeui operates ar unity PF. condirien. Ler fx be the Frequency ab resonance eccurs, ty Ste oar tab ie a In fra! ne @ scanned with OKEN ScannerAdmittance Troongie. Admittance :- iS defined as receprocas of impedance. 4 It is denoted as Y. unit is mho Co) z or Siemens. Conductance :- is defined as Tate ef resistance te the z Squore of impedance, Tt is denoted as G, Ze unit is mho Ct) oF Siemens, Susceptance.. is defined as ratio of reactance to the Square oF impedance. Tt is denoted as B_ a unit is mho Ct) oF Siemens. For 2-1 eiveuit Empedecce Tangle. Admittance Trangle. & Ne z B A ¥ rc SY gq R+jx et Xe @ scanned with OKEN ScannerShow / prove that the average power taken by pure Inductor or pure Capacitor over a cycle is zero. For Pure Inductive circuit Instantaneous power, p = v +i p= Vin sin ot + Im sin (ot — 72/2) = Vm Im sin at - (— cos ot) Vin Im P=—Vm Im: sin ot: cos ot =-—3— sin 2at Average power over one complete cycle, Vin Im * vm Im P= Average of |-—5— sin 2a | sin ot 0 For Pure Capacitive circuit Instantaneous power, p = v +i p=Vm sin ot - Im sin (ot + 2/2) =Vm Imsin at - (cos ot) Vin Im P= Vin lm: sin ot cos ot = 2 sin 2at Average power over one complete cycle, Vin Im ) 22 (Vin Im ) P= Average of |—7— sin2o1, = | 7 sin 2ent) =0 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerVoltage 7 Current = Phase relation = Power = Voltage = Current = Phase relation = Power = Pure Resistance Vm Sin (ot ) Im Sin ( ot ) current is in phase with voltage Pure Inductance Vin Sin ( wt ) In Sin ( wt — 2/2) current is lagging voltage by 90° Vm Im ance Sin 2ot =- VISin 2ot Since average value of the power over period of 0 to 27 is zero we say pure inductance does not consume any power Voltage 7 Current Phase relation = Power = Pure Capacitor Vn Sin (ot) Im Sin ( @t + 7/2) current is leading voltage by 90° VISi = 3 Sin 2@t = VISin 2ot Since average value of the power over period of 0 to 27 is zero we say pure capacitor does not consume any power @ scanned with OKEN ScannerR-~L Series Circuit Voltage = Vm Sin ( wt ) Current = Im Sin (@t- @) Impedance = Z<-® or Z=R-jX Xe = @L ohm Phase relation . current is lagging voltage by ®° Active Power (P) = VICos ® Watt It is the product of voltage and active component of the current Reactive Power (Q) = VISin ® Volt-Ampere reactive VAR It is the product of voltage and reactive component of the current Apparent Power (S) = VI Volt-Ampere VA It is the product of voltage and current Power Factor (p.f.) = Cos ® (Lagging) Power Triangle R-L Series Circuit iP S=P+j Q=SZ0 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerR-C Series Circuit Voltage = Vm Sin ( wt ) Current = Im Sin ( @t+ ®) Impedance = Z<@® or Z=R+jXe Xe = 1/oC ohm Phase relation . current is leading voltage by P° Active Power (P) = VICos ® Watt It is the product of voltage and active component of the current Reactive Power (Q) = VISin ® Volt-Ampere reactive VAR It is the product of voltage and reactive component of the current Apparent Power (S) = VI Volt-Ampere VA It is the product of voltage and current Power Factor (p.f.) = Cos ® (Leading) Power Triangle R-C Series Circuit P XQ S=P-j Q=SZ-0 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner