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mod-2-CCNA v7 - SRW E - Module 2 Switching Concepts

The document discusses frame forwarding in networking, detailing how switches use ingress and egress interfaces along with a MAC address table to make forwarding decisions. It explains the two-step process of learning and forwarding MAC addresses, as well as the differences between store-and-forward and cut-through switching methods. Additionally, it covers the concepts of collision and broadcast domains, highlighting how switches alleviate network congestion through various features.

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46 views12 pages

mod-2-CCNA v7 - SRW E - Module 2 Switching Concepts

The document discusses frame forwarding in networking, detailing how switches use ingress and egress interfaces along with a MAC address table to make forwarding decisions. It explains the two-step process of learning and forwarding MAC addresses, as well as the differences between store-and-forward and cut-through switching methods. Additionally, it covers the concepts of collision and broadcast domains, highlighting how switches alleviate network congestion through various features.

Uploaded by

itort4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 2: Switching Concepts

Switching, Routing, and Wireless


Essentials v7.0 (SRWE)
2.1 Frame Forwarding

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 39
Frame Forwarding
Switching in Networking
Two terms are associated with frames entering or
leaving an interface:
• Ingress – entering the interface
• Egress – exiting the interface
A switch forwards based on the ingress interface and
the destination MAC address.
A switch uses its MAC address table to make forwarding
decisions.

Note: A switch will never allow traffic to be forwarded


out the interface it received the traffic.
Frame Forwarding
The Switch MAC Address Table
A switch will use the destination MAC address to determine the egress interface.
Before a switch can make this decision it must learn what interface the destination is
located.
A switch builds a MAC address table, also known as a Content Addressable Memory (CAM)
table, by recording the source MAC address into the table along with the port it was
received.
Frame Forwarding
The Switch Learn and Forward Method
The switch uses a two step process:
Step 1. Learn – Examines Source Address
• Adds the source MAC if not in table
• Resets the time out setting back to 5 minutes if source is in the table
Step 2. Forward – Examines Destination Address
• If the destination MAC is in the MAC address table it is forwarded out the specified port.
• If a destination MAC is not in the table, it is flooded out all interfaces except the one it was
received.
Frame Forwarding
Switch Forwarding Methods
Switches use software on application-specific-integrated circuits (ASICs) to make very quick
decisions.
A switch will use one of two methods to make forwarding decisions after it receives a frame:
• Store-and-forward switching - Receives the entire frame and ensures the frame is valid.
Store-and-forward switching is Cisco’s preferred switching method.
• Cut-through switching – Forwards the frame immediately after determining the
destination MAC address of an incoming frame and the egress port.
Frame Forwarding
Store-and-Forward Switching
Store-and-forward has two primary characteristics:
– Error Checking – The switch will check the Frame Check Sequence (FCS) for CRC errors. Bad
frames will be discarded.
– Buffering – The ingress interface will buffer the frame while it checks the FCS. This also allows the
switch to adjust to a potential difference in speeds between the ingress and egress ports.
Frame Forwarding
Cut-Through Switching • Cut-through forwards the frame immediately
after determining the destination MAC.
• Fragment (Frag) Free method will check the
destination and ensure that the frame is at least
64 Bytes. This will eliminate runts.
Concepts of Cut-Through switching:
• Is appropriate for switches needing latency
to be under 10 microseconds
• Does not check the FCS, so it can propagate
errors
• May lead to bandwidth issues if the switch
propagates too many errors
• Cannot support ports with differing speeds
going from ingress to egress
2.2 Switching Domains

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 46
Switching Domains
Collision Domains
Switches eliminate collision domains and
reduce congestion.
• When there is full duplex on the link the
collision domains are eliminated.
• When there is one or more devices in half-
duplex there will now be a collision domain.
• There will now be contention for the
bandwidth.
• Collisions are now possible.
• Most devices, including Cisco and Microsoft
use auto-negotiation as the default setting
for duplex and speed.
Switching Domains
Broadcast Domains
• A broadcast domain extends across all Layer 1 or
Layer 2 devices on a LAN.
• Only a layer 3 device (router) will break the
broadcast domain, also called a MAC broadcast
domain.
• The broadcast domain consists of all devices
on the LAN that receive the broadcast traffic.
• When the layer 2 switch receives the broadcast it
will flood it out all interfaces except for the ingress
interface.
• Too many broadcasts may cause congestion and
poor network performance.
• Increasing devices at Layer 1 or layer 2 will cause
the broadcast domain to expand.
Switching Domains
Alleviated Network Congestion
Switches use the MAC address table and full-duplex to eliminate collisions and avoid congestion.
Features of the switch that alleviate congestion are as follows:

Protocol Function
Fast Port Speeds Depending on the model, switches may have up to 100Gbps port speeds.
Fast Internal Switching This uses fast internal bus or shared memory to improve performance.
Large Frame Buffers This allows for temporary storage while processing large quantities of frames.
High Port Density This provides many ports for devices to be connected to LAN with less cost. This also
provides for more local traffic with less congestion.

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