Physiology chaper

Choose question
General Concepts

1. Which system directly innervates skeletal muscle?

a) Autonomic nervous system
b) Somatic nervous system
c) Enteric nervous system
d) Parasympathetic nervous system
2. What is a motor unit?
a) A single muscle fiber
b) A group of muscle fibers within a muscle
c) A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
d) A collection of sarcomeres
3. What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?
a) Norepinephrine
b) Serotonin
c) Acetylcholine
d) Dopamine
4. What is the effect of acetylcholine (Ach) on the muscle cell membrane?
a) Hyperpolarization
b) Repolarization
c) Depolarization
d) No change in membrane potential
5. What triggers contraction in muscle cells?
a) Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane
b) A change in membrane potential
c) Release of sodium ions
d) The absence of calcium ions
6. What is the term for the connective tissue layer that surrounds the entire muscle?
a) Endomysium
b) Perimysium
c) Epimysium
d) Sarcolemma
7. What are the minute blood vessels that supply muscle cells?
a) Arteries
b) Veins
 c) Capillaries
d) Arterioles
8. Which of the following is not a characteristic of muscle tissue?
a) Excitability
b) Contractility
c) Extensibility
d) Inelasticity
9. Which of the following is NOT a primary function of muscle?
a) Body movement
b) Communication
c) Blood cell production
d) Body temperature regulation
10. What type of muscle is attached to bones and moves the skeleton?
a) Cardiac muscle
b) Smooth muscle
c) Skeletal muscle
d) Visceral muscle
11. What is a distinguishing feature of skeletal muscle that is present due to sarcomeres?
a) Smooth texture
b) Striations
c) Branching structure
d) Involuntary nature
12. Which type of muscle is primarily found in the heart?
a) Skeletal muscle
b) Smooth muscle
c) Cardiac muscle
d) Voluntary muscle
13. Which type of muscle is involuntary and present in walls of blood vessels?
a) Cardiac muscle
b) Skeletal muscle
c) Smooth muscle
d) Voluntary muscle
14. Which is TRUE about smooth muscle?
a) It is striated
b) It is voluntary
c) It is composed of actin and myosin
d) It has well defined sarcomeres

Muscle Structure

1. What is the functional connection between a nerve fiber and a muscle fiber called?
a) Synaptic cleft
 b) Neuromuscular junction
c) Ganglion
d) Axon hillock
2. Where do motor neurons originate in the spinal cord?
a) Dorsal horn
b) Ventral horn
c) Lateral horn
d) Central canal
3. What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle contraction called?
a) Myofibril
b) Sarcomere
c) Myofilament
d) Fascicle
4. What are the protein molecules responsible for contraction called?
a) Actin and Myoglobin
b) Tropomyosin and Troponin
c) Myosin and Actin
d) Myosin and Myoglobin
5. Which protein makes up the thick filaments?
a) Actin
b) Troponin
c) Tropomyosin
d) Myosin
6. Which protein primarily makes up the thin filaments?
a) Myosin
b) Actin
c) Myoglobin
d) Tropomyosin
7. What are the small heads that protrude from the thick filaments called?
a) Actin heads
b) Myosin heads
c) Cross-bridges
d) Troponin heads
8. What does a myosin head bind to?
a) Tropomyosin
b) Myoglobin
c) Actin
d) Troponin
9. What are the proteins that cover the binding sites on actin called?
a) Myosin and Actin
b) Tropomyosin and Troponin
 c) Myosin and Tropomyosin
d) Actin and Troponin
10. What are the alternating white and dark bands seen in striated muscle?
a) Fascia and Tendons
b) Myofilaments and Sarcomeres
c) Striations
d) Fibers and Matrix
11. What is the protein that holds the actin molecules in the thin filament together?
a) Myosin
b) Tropomyosin
c) Troponin
d) G-actin
12. What is the Z line/disk?
a) The midline of a sarcomere
b) The boundary of a sarcomere
c) The center of the A-band
d) Where the thick filaments are located
13. What is the I band?
a) The area containing only thick filaments
b) The area containing only thin filaments
c) The entire length of the thick filament
d) The area where thick and thin filaments overlap
14. What is the A-band?
a) The area containing only thin filaments
b) The area containing only thick filaments
c) The zone of the thin filaments
d) The region containing both thick and thin filaments
15. What are the tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma called?
a) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
b) T tubules
c) Myofibrils
d) Cisternae
16. What is the modified endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells that stores calcium?
a) T tubule
b) Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
c) Myofibril
d) Sarcolemma
17. Which structures invaginate the sarcolemma and are vital for muscle contraction?
a) Myofibrils
b) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
c) T tubules
d) Actin filaments
 18. What is the sarcoplasm?
a) The cell membrane of the muscle cell
b) The modified endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell
c) The cytoplasm of the muscle cell
d) The contractile unit of the muscle cell
19. What is the function of T-tubules?
a) Store calcium ions
b) Conduct electrical signals into the cell
c) Manufacture contractile proteins
d) Form a network around myofibrils
20. Where are myofibrils found in the muscle cell?
a) Sarcolemma
b) Cytoplasm
c) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
d) T-Tubules

Muscle Contraction

1. What is the first event in muscle contraction?

a) Calcium release from the SR
b) Binding of myosin heads to actin
c) Nerve stimulation
d) Hydrolysis of ATP
2. What generates an action potential in a muscle fiber?
a) Calcium release
b) Myosin binding to actin
c) A motor nerve
d) Release of ADP
3. Which ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to initiate muscle contraction?
a) Sodium (Na+)
b) Potassium (K+)
c) Calcium (Ca2+)
d) Chloride (Cl-)
4. Which protein does calcium bind to during muscle contraction?
a) Actin
b) Myosin
c) Tropomyosin
d) Troponin
5. What exposes the binding sites on actin filaments?
a) Calcium binding to Myosin
b) Calcium binding to Troponin
 c) ATP binding to Myosin
d) Acetylcholine binding to its receptor
6. What is the theory that describes muscle contraction?
a) Sliding filament theory
b) Cross-bridge theory
c) Action potential theory
d) Summation theory
7. What is the "power stroke" in muscle contraction?
a) ATP binding to myosin head
b) Release of ADP and phosphate
c) Movement of actin filament over myosin
d) Calcium binding to troponin
8. What is the role of ATP in the contraction cycle?
a) Bind to troponin
b) Binds to actin
c) Provides the energy to "cock" the myosin head
d) Causes calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
9. How does muscle shortening occur in the sliding filament model?
a) Actin filaments slide past each other
b) Myosin filaments shorten
c) Actin filaments slide over myosin
d) Myosin filaments slide over actin
10. What is the role of active transport in muscle relaxation?
a) Calcium release from the SR
b) Calcium uptake into the SR
c) Sodium influx into the muscle fiber
d) Potassium efflux from the muscle fiber
11. Which substance is required for the separation of the cross-bridges and muscle relaxation?
a) ADP
b
12. Muscle Contraction (continued) & Length-Tension
1. Which substance is required for the separation of the cross-bridges and muscle relaxation?
a) ADP
b) Calcium
c) ATP
d) Troponin
2. What is the purpose of the active transport of calcium after contraction?
a) To bind calcium to troponin
b) To release calcium into the sarcoplasm
c) To return calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
d) To initiate muscle fiber contraction
 3. What term describes the state where myosin remains bound to actin after death?
a) Muscle Fatigue
b) Muscle Hypertrophy
c) Rigor Mortis
d) Muscle Atrophy
4. What is the main determinant of the amount of tension generated in a muscle fiber?
a) The speed of contraction
b) The resting length of the fiber
c) The fiber's metabolic reserves
d) The thickness of the fiber
5. What does optimal overlap between thick and thin fibers produce?
a) Decreased muscle tension
b) Greatest muscle tension
c) No muscle tension
d) Reduced muscle efficiency

Types of Contraction & Shortening

1. What type of contraction occurs when muscle tension develops but the muscle doesn't
shorten?
a) Isotonic contraction
b) Concentric contraction
c) Isometric contraction
d) Eccentric contraction
2. Which type of contraction occurs when the muscle shortens while generating force?
a) Isometric
b) Concentric
c) Eccentric
d) Isotonic
3. What type of contraction occurs when a muscle elongates under tension?
a) Isometric
b) Concentric
c) Eccentric
d) Isotonic
4. Which statement is correct about isotonic contractions?
a) Muscle length remains constant
b) Muscle tension remains constant
c) Muscle tension changes with length
d) There is no change in muscle length
5. During what type of isotonic contraction does a muscle have the greatest risk of injury?
a) Isometric
b) Concentric
 c) Eccentric
d) Tetantic
6. What happens to the force a muscle can produce as its shortening velocity increases?
a) Force Increases
b) Force Decreases
c) Force remains the same
d) Force first increases then decreases
7. What happens to the force a muscle can produce as its shortening velocity decreases?
a) Force Decreases
b) Force Remains the same
c) Force Increases
d) Force first decreases then increases

Muscle Twitch, Summation, Tetanus

1. What is a muscle twitch?

a) A prolonged muscle contraction
b) A smooth, sustained muscle contraction
c) A single, sudden muscle contraction
d) A rhythmic, wave-like muscle contraction
2. What is meant by the term summation in muscle contraction?
a) A decrease in muscle fiber tension
b) The adding together of individual twitch contractions
c) A single, prolonged contraction
d) A decrease in muscle fiber length
3. Which of the following increases the intensity of overall muscle contraction?
a) A single muscle twitch
b) Summation of muscle contractions
c) Muscle fiber relaxation
d) Muscle atrophy
4. What are the two ways summation occurs in muscle?
a) Isometric and Isotonic
b) Concentric and Eccentric
c) Multiple Fiber Summation and Frequency Summation
d) Twitch and Tetanus
5. What is multiple fiber summation?
a) Adding more frequent stimuli
b) Increasing the number of active motor units
c) Combining concentric and eccentric contractions
d) Decreasing the intensity of stimulation
6. What is frequency summation?
a) Combining isometric and isotonic contractions
 b) Increasing the number of motor units
c) Increasing the frequency of stimuli
d) Decreasing the force of contractions
7. What happens to the muscle tension during wave/frequency summation?
a) It increases with increasing frequency
b) It decreases with increasing frequency
c) It remains constant
d) It fluctuates randomly
8. Which is true about low frequency stimulation?
a) It leads to tetanus
b) Individual twitches occur one after another
c) It produces smooth muscle contraction
d) It leads to muscle fatigue
9. Which is true about high frequency stimulation?
a) Individual twitches occur one after another
b) It leads to smooth sustained contraction
c) It will always lead to muscle fatigue
d) Individual twitches are easily separated
10. What is tetanus in muscle physiology?
a) A single muscle twitch
b) A state of prolonged muscle relaxation
c) A state of sustained maximal contraction
d) A state of muscle fatigue
11. What happens when rapid muscle stimulation continues and the muscle is not allowed to
relax?
a) The muscle atrophies
b) Twitches reach maximum tension
c) The muscle becomes hypertonic
d) The muscle undergoes a concentric contraction

Muscle Fatigue and Hypertrophy

1. What is muscle fatigue?

a) An increase in muscle size
b) An increase in muscle tone
c) The inability to maintain force of muscle contraction
d) Muscle hypertrophy
2. Where does the process of muscle fatigue begin during continuous muscle activity?
a) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
b) Sarcolemma
c) Muscle fiber itself
d) Synapse
 3. Which of the following is NOT a cause of muscle fatigue?
a) Decrease in Acetylcholine
b) Depletion of ATP
c) Damage to sarcolemma and SR
d) Increase in calcium ions
4. What term describes the increase in the size of muscle fibers due to exercise?
a) Muscle atrophy
b) Muscle hypertrophy
c) Muscle twitch
d) Muscle fatigue
5. What happens to the number of myofibrils during muscle hypertrophy?
a) Decreases
b) Increases
c) Stays the same
d) Can increase or decrease
6. What change happens to the diameter of muscle fibers during muscle hypertrophy?
a) Decreases
b) Increases
c) Remains same
d) May decrease or increase
7. What is muscle atrophy?
a) An increase in muscle size
b) A decrease in muscle size
c) A state of maximal tension
d) A prolonged muscle contraction
8. Which of the following is most likely to lead to muscle atrophy?
a) Heavy lifting
b) Lack of muscle activity
c) Steroid hormone use
d) Endurance training
9. What effect do steroid hormones generally have on muscles?
a) Stimulate muscle atrophy
b) Stimulate muscle hypertrophy
c) Have no effect on muscle growth
d) Decrease calcium release
10. Which of the following is NOT a hormone that stimulates muscle hypertrophy?
a) Growth Hormone
b) Testosterone
c) Thyroid hormones
d) Insulin

Smooth and Cardiac Muscle

 1. What is the primary function of smooth muscle in the body?
a) Movement of limbs
b) Pumping of blood
c) Movement of substances in hollow organs
d) Body posture
2. Which characteristic distinguishes smooth muscle from skeletal muscle?
a) Presence of sarcomeres
b) Involuntary nature
c) Multi-nucleation
d) Use of calcium for contraction
3. Where are myofilaments found in smooth muscle?
a) In the sarcolemma
b) In the sarcoplasmic reticulum
c) In aggregates within the cytoplasm
d) Throughout the extracellular matrix
4. Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle?
a) Voluntary contraction
b) Striations
c) Branching structure
d) Lack of sarcoplasmic reticulum
5. How is cardiac muscle contraction regulated?
a) Voluntary nervous control
b) No nervous control at all
c) Somatic nervous system
d) Autonomic nervous system
6. What is a similarity between cardiac and smooth muscle?
a) They are both striated
b) They are both involuntary
c) They both have multi-nucleated cells
d) They both are attached to bone
7. Which type of muscle uses intracellular calcium for contraction?
a) Only Skeletal
b) Only Cardiac
c) Only Smooth
d) All three muscle types

Molecular Aspects & Mechanisms

85. What is the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction?
a) Glucose
b) Glycogen
c) ATP
d) Creatine Phosphate
86. Which protein hydrolyzes ATP during contraction?
a) Actin
b) Troponin
c) Myosin
d) Tropomyosin

1. What happens when ATP binds to myosin?

a) Myosin heads bind to actin
b) Myosin heads detach from actin
c) Calcium is released
d) The power stroke occurs
2. What effect does troponin have on tropomyosin?
a) Binds to it
b) Blocks it
c) Moves it away from the binding sites
d) Moves it closer to the binding sites
3. What does the activation of Ryanodine receptors result in?
a) Binding of calcium to troponin
b) Release of calcium from SR
c) Active transport of calcium into the SR
d) Hydrolysis of ATP
4. Where are L-type calcium channels located?
a) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
b) T tubules
c) Plasma membrane
d) Myofibrils
5. What is meant by calcium-induced calcium release?
a) Calcium influx from the cell membrane
b) Calcium influx from the extracellular matrix
c) Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
d) Calcium release from the t-tubules
6. What process moves calcium back into the SR after muscle contraction?
a) Passive transport
b) Active transport
c) Diffusion
d) Osmosis
7. What role do "cross-bridges" play in muscle contraction?
a) They are the attachment sites on actin
b) They are the attachment sites on myosin
c) They form between actin and myosin
d) They block actin binding sites
 8. What is the final result of all the steps in muscle contraction?
a) Sarcomere lengthening
b) Myofilament elongation
c) Shortening of sarcomere
d) Increase in calcium ions
9. Which of the following is not directly needed for muscle contraction?
a) ATP
b) Acetylcholine
c) Calcium ions
d) Potassium ions
10. What is a primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in muscle cells?
a) Calcium release
b) Calcium uptake
c) Membrane repolarization
d) Membrane depolarization
11. What effect does acetylcholinesterase have on muscle contraction?
a) Promotes muscle contraction
b) Inhibits muscle contraction
c) Maintains muscle tone
d) Has no effect on muscle activity
12. Which region of the sarcomere contains both actin and myosin?
a) I-band
b) Z-disc
c) A-band
d) H-zone
13. What is the H-zone of the sarcomere?
a) The region of thin filaments
b) The region of thick filaments
c) The region of overlapping myofilaments
d) The boundary of the sarcomere
14. What does the M-line of the sarcomere do?
a) It is the site of thin filament attachment
b) It is the site of thick filament attachment
c) It stabilizes the thick filaments
d) It contains only thin filaments

Advanced Concepts

1. What is a primary function of myoglobin in muscle cells?

a) Calcium transport
b) Oxygen transport
 c) ATP synthesis
d) Glycogen storage
2. What is the role of creatine phosphate in muscle metabolism?
a) Directly powers muscle contraction
b) It is not used for muscle contraction
c) Regenerates ATP
d) Provides the energy for muscle relaxation
3. How does the number of muscle fibers in a single muscle change during training?
a) The number increases
b) The number decreases
c) The number stays the same
d) They increase only during puberty
4. Which type of muscle tissue is primarily responsible for peristalsis?
a) Skeletal muscle
b) Cardiac muscle
c) Smooth muscle
d) Voluntary muscle
5. What would be the primary effect of a drug that blocks the release of acetylcholine?
a) Prolong muscle contraction
b) Muscle hypertrophy
c) Muscle weakness
d) Enhanced muscle relaxation
6. What would be a consequence of a mutation that causes calcium channels on the SR to be
constantly open?
a) Complete Muscle relaxation
b) Prolonged muscle contraction
c) Muscle atrophy
d) Normal muscle function
7. What would be the result of increased sodium permeability in a muscle cell?
a) Repolarization
b) Depolarization
c) Hyperpolarization
d) No change in membrane potential
8. What effect would a calcium pump inhibitor have on muscle contraction?
a) Prolonged contraction
b) Shortened contraction
c) Muscle atrophy
d) No effect on contraction
9. Which of the following is NOT true about eccentric contractions?
a) The muscle contracts while lengthening
b) They cause muscle injury
 c) The tension generated is very high
d) Load is greater than the force the muscle can generate
10. Which of the following is true about the relationship between speed and force of contraction?
a) The higher the speed, the higher the force
b) The lower the speed, the lower the force
c) Force and speed are directly proportional
d) Force and speed are inversely proportional

Clinical and Applied Concepts

1. What clinical condition is characterized by involuntary muscle spasms?

a) Tetanus
b) Atrophy
c) Rigor mortis
d) Hypertrophy
2. Which clinical condition is associated with muscle degeneration and weakness?
a) Rigor mortis
b) Muscular dystrophy
c) Tetanus
d) Hypertrophy
3. What happens to muscle fibers when denervated for extended periods?
a) Muscle fiber size will increase
b) Muscle fiber size will decrease
c) Muscle fiber size does not change
d) Muscle fiber will convert to other types
4. What is the primary cause of muscle cramping?
a) Overhydration
b) Muscle fatigue and electrolyte imbalance
c) Rigor mortis
d) Muscle hypertrophy
5. Which of the following is an example of an isometric contraction?
a) Lifting a heavy weight
b) Lowering a heavy weight
c) Pushing against a wall
d) Walking on a treadmill
6. Which of the following is an example of an eccentric contraction?
a) Lifting a heavy weight
b) Lowering a heavy weight
c) Pushing against a wall
d) Flexing your bicep with no weight
7. Which of the following is an example of a concentric contraction?
a) Lifting a heavy weight
 b) Lowering a heavy weight
c) Pushing against a wall
d) Maintaining posture
8. What mechanism do botulinum toxins work by?
a) Increasing Acetylcholine release
b) Decreasing Acetylcholine release
c) Increasing Calcium uptake
d) Blocking Actin binding sites
9. Which ion imbalance can cause muscle spasms?
a) Low potassium
b) High Sodium
c) Low calcium
d) Low magnesium
10. Which of the following best describes muscle tone?
a) Sustained muscle contraction
b) Involuntary constant muscle contraction
c) Maximum muscle tension
d) Complete muscle relaxation
11. A patient with a spinal cord injury is likely to experience:
a) Increased muscle strength
b) Muscle hypertrophy
c) Muscle atrophy
d) Increased muscle tone
12. Which mechanism is not required for muscle relaxation?
a) Removal of calcium ions
b) Binding of ATP to myosin
c) Tropomyosin covering binding sites
d) Binding of Acetylcholine to receptors
13. What is the primary use for muscle glycogen stores?
a) Long distance exercise
b) Immediate muscle contraction
c) Muscle hypertrophy
d) Muscle relaxation
14. Which is true about the relation of nerve and muscle?
a) Nerve cells have the same membrane as muscle cells
b) Nerves use different neurotransmitters than muscles
c) Nerves cause membrane change in muscles
d) Nerves are not related to muscle function
15. What effect would a drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase have?
a) Prolong contraction
b) Prevent contraction
 c) Increase muscle force
d) Increase muscle relaxation

Review and Synthesis

1. If a muscle contracts, but does not shorten, what type of contraction occurred?
a) Eccentric
b) Concentric
c) Isotonic
d) Isometric
2. Which protein acts like a "gate-keeper" for contraction?
a) Actin
b) Myosin
c) Troponin
d) Tropomyosin
3. When does the power stroke occur?
a) When ATP binds to Myosin
b) When ADP and P are released
c) When Calcium binds to Troponin
d) When Acetylcholine binds to receptors
4. Which organelle is MOST associated with calcium?
a) Nucleus
b) Endoplasmic reticulum
c) Mitochondria
d) Golgi
5. Which of the following is most directly involved in the generation of the action potential in
muscle cell?
a) Calcium ions
b) Potassium ions
c) Sodium ions
d) Chloride ions
6. A sarcomere is best described as?
a) A muscle fiber
b) A myofibril
c) A myofilament
d) A contractile unit
7. Which structure transmits the action potential to the inside of a muscle cell?
a) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
b) T tubule
c) Sarcolemma
d) Myofibril
8. The region of the sarcomere where only thin filaments are located is called?
a) I band
b) A band
c) H zone
d) M line
9. The region of the sarcomere where only thick filaments are located is called?
a) I band
b) A band
c) H zone
d) Z line
10. A key feature of the NMJ is?
a) It is a gap-junction
b) It is an electrical synapse
c) It is a chemical synapse
d) it uses adrenergic neurotransmitters
11. What best represents the correct sequence of events in muscle contraction?
a) AP, Calcium release, Troponin binding, Power stroke
b) Calcium release, AP, Troponin binding, Power stroke
c) Power Stroke, AP, Calcium release, Troponin binding
d) Troponin binding, Power Stroke, AP, Calcium release
12. Which best represents the sequence of events in muscle relaxation?
a) Calcium uptake, Acetylcholinesterase action, Binding of ATP to myosin
b) Acetylcholinesterase action, Calcium uptake, Binding of ATP to myosin
c) Binding of ATP to myosin, Calcium uptake, Acetylcholinesterase action
d) Calcium uptake, Binding of ATP to myosin, Acetylcholinesterase action
13. How does tetanization occur?
a) Low frequency stimulation of the muscle
b) High frequency stimulation of the muscle
c) Calcium pump inhibition
d) Low ATP levels
14. A person starts exercising after prolonged inactivity, their muscles will experience?
a) Muscle hypertrophy
b) Muscle atrophy
c) Muscle fatigue
d) Delayed onset muscle soreness
15. What is true about the speed of contraction of skeletal muscles?
a) It is constant in every type of muscle
b) It is faster for muscles that do not require much force
c) It is higher in muscles that require high amount of force
d) It is directly proportional to the force of contraction
16. How can muscle damage be avoided with exercise?
a) By performing exercises that require quick movements
 b) By avoiding resistance exercises
c) By progressively increasing the load
d) By keeping all movements static
17. Which of the following is the role of calcium ions in a muscle cell?
a) It repolarizes the membrane
b) It causes the myosin heads to detach
c) It initiates actin and myosin interaction
d) It causes the SR to release more calcium
18. If a muscle is stretched beyond its optimal length, what will happen to the tension produced?
a) Tension will increase
b) Tension will decrease
c) Tension will remain unchanged
d) Muscle will relax
19. During muscle contraction, which zone of sarcomere remains the same?
a) I Band
b) A Band
c) H Zone
d) Z Disc
20. During muscle contraction, which zone of sarcomere becomes shorter?
a) A Band
b) I Band
c) M line
d) Z Disc
21. What is the primary function of the sarcolemma?
a) To store calcium
b) To conduct impulses
c) To produce ATP
d) To synthesize proteins
22. Which molecule directly interacts with actin to initiate the muscle contraction?
a) Troponin
b) Tropomyosin
c) Myosin
d) Calcium
23. Which process is most associated with an increase in muscle mass?
a) Muscle atrophy
b) Muscle hypertrophy
c) Muscle fatigue
d) Rigor mortis
24. What is the function of satellite cells in muscle?
a) They are part of the sarcomere
b) They produce calcium
 c) They are responsible for muscle repair
d) They block the NMJ
25. The final step in muscle relaxation requires?
a) Calcium release
b) Myosin binding to actin
c) Calcium reuptake into the SR
d) Myosin hydrolysis of ATP

General Concepts

1. b) Somatic nervous system

2. c) A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
3. c) Acetylcholine
4. c) Depolarization
5. b) A change in membrane potential
6. c) Epimysium
7. c) Capillaries
8. d) Inelasticity
9. c) Blood cell production
10. c) Skeletal muscle
11. b) Striations
12. c) Cardiac muscle
13. c) Smooth muscle
14. c) It is composed of actin and myosin

Muscle Structure

1. b) Neuromuscular junction
2. b) Ventral horn
3. b) Sarcomere
4. c) Myosin and Actin
5. d) Myosin
6. b) Actin
7. c) Cross-bridges
8. c) Actin
9. b) Tropomyosin and Troponin
10. c) Striations
11. b) Tropomyosin
12. b) The boundary of a sarcomere
 13. b) The area containing only thin filaments
14. d) The region containing both thick and thin filaments
15. b) T tubules
16. b) Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
17. c) T tubules
18. c) The cytoplasm of the muscle cell
19. b) Conduct electrical signals into the cell
20. b) Cytoplasm

Muscle Contraction

1. c) Nerve stimulation
2. c) A motor nerve
3. c) Calcium (Ca2+)
4. d) Troponin
5. b) Calcium binding to Troponin
6. a) Sliding filament theory
7. c) Movement of actin filament over myosin
8. c) Provides the energy to "cock" the myosin head
9. c) Actin filaments slide over myosin
10. b) Calcium uptake into the SR
11. c) ATP
12. c) To return calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
13. c) Rigor Mortis
14. b) The resting length of the fiber
15. b) Greatest muscle tension

Types of Contraction & Shortening

1. c) Isometric contraction
2. b) Concentric
3. c) Eccentric
4. b) Muscle tension remains constant
5. c) Eccentric
6. b) Force Decreases
7. c) Force Increases

Muscle Twitch, Summation, Tetanus

 1. c) A single, sudden muscle contraction
2. b) The adding together of individual twitch contractions
3. b) Summation of muscle contractions
4. c) Multiple Fiber Summation and Frequency Summation
5. b) Increasing the number of active motor units
6. c) Increasing the frequency of stimuli
7. a) It increases with increasing frequency
8. b) Individual twitches occur one after another
9. b) It leads to smooth sustained contraction
10. c) A state of sustained maximal contraction
11. b) Twitches reach maximum tension

Muscle Fatigue and Hypertrophy

1. c) The inability to maintain force of muscle contraction

2. d) Synapse
3. d) Increase in calcium ions
4. b) Muscle hypertrophy
5. b) Increases
6. b) Increases
7. b) A decrease in muscle size
8. b) Lack of muscle activity
9. b) Stimulate muscle hypertrophy
10. d) Insulin

Smooth and Cardiac Muscle

1. c) Movement of substances in hollow organs

2. b) Involuntary nature
3. c) In aggregates within the cytoplasm
4. c) Branching structure
5. d) Autonomic nervous system
6. b) They are both involuntary
7. d) All three muscle types

Molecular Aspects & Mechanisms

1. c) ATP
2. c) Myosin
 3. b) Myosin heads detach from actin
4. c) Moves it away from the binding sites
5. b) Release of calcium from SR
6. c) Plasma membrane
7. c) Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
8. b) Active transport
9. c) They form between actin and myosin
10. c) Shortening of sarcomere
11. d) Potassium ions
12. c) Membrane repolarization
13. b) Inhibits muscle contraction
14. c) A-band
15. b) The region of thick filaments
16. c) It stabilizes the thick filaments

Advanced Concepts

1. b) Oxygen transport
2. c) Regenerates ATP
3. c) The number stays the same
4. c) Smooth muscle
5. c) Muscle weakness
6. b) Prolonged muscle contraction
7. b) Depolarization
8. a) Prolonged contraction
9. c) The tension generated is very high
10. d) Force and speed are inversely proportional

Clinical and Applied Concepts

1. a) Tetanus
2. b) Muscular dystrophy
3. b) Muscle fiber size will decrease
4. b) Muscle fatigue and electrolyte imbalance
5. c) Pushing against a wall
6. b) Lowering a heavy weight
7. a) Lifting a heavy weight
8. b) Decreasing Acetylcholine release
9. d) Low magnesium
 10. b) Involuntary constant muscle contraction
11. c) Muscle atrophy
12. d) Binding of Acetylcholine to receptors
13. b) Immediate muscle contraction
14. c) Nerves cause membrane change in muscles
15. a) Prolong contraction

Review and Synthesis

1. d) Isometric
2. c) Troponin
3. b) When ADP and P are released
4. b) Endoplasmic reticulum
5. c) Sodium ions
6. d) A contractile unit
7. b) T tubule
8. a) I band
9. c) H zone
10. c) It is a chemical synapse
11. a) AP, Calcium release, Troponin binding, Power stroke
12. b) Acetylcholinesterase action, Calcium uptake, Binding of ATP to myosin
13. b) High frequency stimulation of the muscle
14. c) Muscle fatigue
15. b) It is faster for muscles that do not require much force
16. c) By progressively increasing the load
17. c) It initiates actin and myosin interaction
18. b) Tension will decrease
19. b) A Band
20. b) I Band
21. b) To conduct impulses
22. c) Myosin
23. b) Muscle hypertrophy
24. c) They are responsible for muscle repair
25. c) Calcium reuptake into the SR