Diploma in

Systems Engineering
MODULE 3.
COMPUTING
GRAPH.
 Content:
•(1)
Computing Graph, computer.
definition. • Shading.
• Origin of Computer Graphics. • Rendering.
• Basic elements of Computer • Image-based representation
Graphics.
• Textured.
• Sampling and Quantization.
• Objective of Computer
• Representation 2D of Graphics.
computer.
• Representation 3D of
Content:
(2)
• Importance of computer graphics in different areas of knowledge.
1. Computer Graphics, definition.
Computer graphics or computer graphics is the field of visual
computing, where computers are used to both generate visual images
synthetically and integrate or modify visual and spatial information
obtained from the real world.

We can also define it as the most natural means of

communication with a computer that takes advantage of highly
developed human skills of 2D and 3D pattern recognition that allow
rapid perception and processing of graphic data.
2. Origin of Computer Graphics.
 Ships appear inconspicuous and require a lot of hardware to

1910 cartoons are created by drawing each frame. A process that

was accelerated by the appearance of cel animation invented by
Bray and Hurd in the 1910s.

In 1962, programmer Ivan Sutherland introduced Sketchpad, the

first computer program that allowed direct manipulation of
graphic objects.
1967 GE introduces the first color flight simulator. The

execute.
1970 Pierre Bezier develops a way of representing
soft curves.
This technique was soon used in cinema, and the first
reference we have of its use is in the film Futureworld
(1976).
3. Basic Elements in Computing
Graph. (1)

>Cathode ray tube.

>Raster technology, frame buffer, refresh rate.
> RGB color model.
> Rendering (complete 3D scene visualization process).
> 3D surface modeling of objects (based on polygon meshes).
> Basic geometric transformations and projection transformations
3. Basic Elements in Computing
Graph.(2)
(also geometric).
> Scene lights.
> Lighting model.
> Algorithms (raster algorithms, hidden surface removal, clipping
algorithms, etc.).
>Cathode Ray Tubes.
The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a technology that allows images to
3. Basic Elements in Computing
Graph.(3)
be displayed by means of a beam of cathode rays constantly directed
against a glass screen coated with phosphor and lead. The phosphor
allows the image from the cathode ray beam to be reproduced, while
the lead blocks the X-rays to protect the user from their radiation.
>Raster technology.
Raster technology or bitmap image, raster image (English tracings) or
pixel image, is a structure or data file that represents a rectangular
grid of pixels or colored points, called a matrix, which can be
displayed on a monitor, paper or other representation device.
3. Basic Elements in Computing
Graph.(4)
> RGB Color Model.
RGB is a color model based on additive synthesis, with which it is
possible to represent a color by mixing the three primary light colors
by addition. The RGB color model itself does not define exactly what
red, green, or blue means, so the same RGB values can display
noticeably different colors on different devices that use this color
model. Even if they use the same color model, their color spaces can
vary considerably.
> Rendering.
3. Basic Elements in Computing
Graph.(5)
Rendering is a term used in computer jargon to refer to the process of
generating an image, photorealistic or not, from a 2D or 3D model.
4. Computer Graphics Processes.
(1)
To create a digital image, we need to convert the input continuous
data into a digital form. This The space is
involves two processes: sampled on a
grid continuous
sampling image
regular
and
quantization.
Each sample is quantized (rounded, for
Images are
created and
manipulated
. discreet_______J
4. Computer Graphics Processes.
(2)
example, to the nearest integer).
There are many ways to generate digital images: from sensed data, by
generating 3D scenes that are synthesized in the same, etc.
The output of most sensors is a continuous signal (voltage) whose
amplitude and spatial location are related to the sensed phenomenon,

3D scenes can be compositions of object models represented as

continuous or discrete.
5.2D Computer Rendering.

2D computer graphics corresponds to the set of techniques that

aim to generate a digital image from two-dimensional geometric
models. These techniques are mainly used in graphical user interfaces
and in applications developed from printing and drawing technologies,
such as typography, cartography and technical drawing, among others.
6.Computer 3D Rendering.
3D graphics, based on vector graphics. Instead of the computer
storing information about points, lines, and curves in a two-
dimensional plane, the computer stores the position of points, lines,
and typical faces in three-dimensional space.
Three-dimensional polygons are the lifeblood of virtually all
computer-generated 3D graphics. As a result, most 3D graphics engines
are based on storing points, lines connect those groups of points, faces
are defined by the lines, and then a sequence of faces creates the
three-dimensional polygons.
7.Shading.
The process of shading (in the context of computer graphics)
involves the computer simulation (or more accurately; calculation) of
how the faces of a polygon will behave when illuminated by a virtual
light source. The exact calculation varies depending on the data
available on the shaded face and the shading technique used.
Generally this affects specularity properties and intensity,
reflection and transparency values.
8. Rendering.
(1) Rendering is a term used in computer jargon to refer to the
process of generating an image, photorealistic or not, from a 2D or 3D
model.
The rendering process is developed in order to generate in a 3D
space formed by polygonal structures: a realistic simulation of the
behavior of both lights, textures and materials as well as physical
behaviors.
8. Rendering.
(2)
Rendered Images.
9. Image-based Representation. (1)
Image-based rendering (IBR) uses images taken from particular
viewpoints and attempts to obtain new images from other viewpoints.
Techniques applied in image-based representation:
It is generally applied to materials in any 3D simulation system, they are
• Shader
also known as shaders.
A technique that shades each polygon of an object based on its normal
• Flat Shading
vector and the position and intensity of a light source.

Invented by Henri Gouraud in 1971, a fast and resource-conscious

•Shading of
technique used to simulate smoothly shaded surfaces by interpolating
Gouraud
vertex colors across the surface of a polygon.
9.Image-based Representation. (2)

A technique for simulating surface detail by mapping images

• Texture map
(textures) onto polygons.
A smooth shading technique that approximates a curved
illuminated surface by interpolation of the vertices normals of a
• Phong shading
polygon across the surface; the illuminated model includes
reflection brightness with a controllable level of brightness.

A normal perturbation technique (the direction in which a polygon

•Bump mapping
points) used to simulate uneven or wrinkled surfaces and relief.
10. Image-based Representation. (2)

A method based on the physical principles of geometric optics that

•Ray Tracing Ray
can simulate multiple reflections and transparency.
A technique for global illumination that uses radiative transfer
•Radiosity theory to simulate indirect (reflected) illumination in scenes with
diffuse surfaces.

a technique for representing surfaces without specifying a difficult

• Blob dividing representation, usually implemented as a procedural
surface such as a Van der Waals equipotential (in chemistry).
11.Textured.
Polygonal surfaces (sequence of faces) can contain data
corresponding to more than one color, but in more advanced software,
they can be a virtual canvas for an image, or another raster image. Such
an image is placed on a face, or series of faces, and is called a Texture.
Textures add a new level of customization as to how faces and
polygons will ultimately take care of how they are shaded, depending on
the shading method, and how the image is rendered during shading.
11. Objective of Computer
Graphics. Provide a
context within
which the activity of Computer
Graphics is developed, covering historical and
technological aspects, in order to understand
the importance of this area of development.
The field of computer graphics is often divided
into six areas:
• 3D rendering in real time
• Animation
 12. Areas of Computer
•Graphics.
Video capture and creation of interpreted video
• Special effects editing
• Image editing.
• Modeling.
13. Applications of Computer
Graphics.
Computer Graphics covers a wide range of areas, from scientific
(1)
or engineering visualization to art and photographic processing.
• Graphical User Interfaces (GUI).
• Statistical graphs.
• Mapping.
• Medicine.
• Computer Aided Design (CAD).
• Multimedia (educational).
• Entertainment (games).
13. Applications Computer
of the
• 3D modeling.
Graphics.
(2) Computer modeling animation is
the process of creating three-
dimensional models of animated
objects. This is usually achieved by
representing objects using the following
methods: wire meshes, faces or facets
and solids, with programs such as 3D
Studio Max or any other that performs
3D modeling.
13. Applications Computer
of the Graphics.
• Computer Animation.
(3) It is the creation of the illusion
of movement through a process of
computer-generated still images.
Animation can also be used to
establish special effects and to
simulate images that are impossible to
generate with other techniques.
13. Applications of Computer
Graphics.
• Graphic imputation applied in Plastic Surgery.
(4) Plastic surgery as a surgical specialization deals with improving
and/or restoring the form and function of the human body and
includes multiple procedures for the reconstruction of body and facial
defects due to congenital malformations, accidents, burns and
diseases.
As a basic classification, two types of surgeries are practiced:
aesthetic and reconstructive.
13. Applications Computer
of the Graphics.
In cosmetic surgery, the primary goal is to increase the
(5) stability of the patient by
emotional
improving the body image or personal
perception of physical appearance,
taking as a reference the parameters
of the beauty stereotype of the time
or those that govern the specific
patient.
13. Applications Computer
of the Graphics.
In reconstructive surgery, on the
(6) hand, the aim is to restore or
other
improve function and physical
appearance in injuries caused by
accidents and burns, in diseases and
tumors of the skin and supporting
tissues, and in abnormalities
congenital,
mainly of the face (skull, lip, palate,
nose, ears), hand and genitals.
 14. Importance of Computer
Graphics
• Geography.
in
different areas
It is used of knowledge (1)
to represent
geographic areas in 3D and even
replicas of cities with the possibility of
exploring them as if the user were
walking in those places.
 14. Importance of Computer
Graphics in
• Character animation.
different
A simplifiedareas of of
representation knowledge (2)
the character's body is created,
analogous to a skeleton. In
characters
humans and animals, many parts of
the skeleton model correspond to
the actual location of the bones. It
has been used for the making of
animated films.
 14. Importance of Computer
Graphics in
•different
Industrial areas of knowledge (3)
Industrial parts and more complex machines for
Design. their
manufacture are outlined.

THE CREATION OF A NEW PRODUCT, IN TERMS OF ITS FORM, INVOLVES AN INTELLECTUAL

EFFORT THAT DESERVES TO BE PROTECTED
 14. Importance of Computer
Graphics
• Video games.
in
different
Video gamesareas of knowledge (4)
are being made
with increasingly realistic graphics.
 14. Importance of Computer
Graphics
• Aeronautics.
in
different areas
Flight simulators of knowledge (5)
are systems
that are developed for both education
and entertainment. They attempt to
replicate the experience of flying an
aircraft as accurately and realistically as
possible. There are full-size replicas of
cabins mounted on actuators
hydraulic
either
electromechanical controlled by
computerized systems.
 14. Importance of Computer
Graphics
• Architecture.
in
different areasis of
Graphic computing usedknowledge
in (6)
this area to provide graphic solutions
to architectural studios, support to
development groups real estate and
individuals who require such services.
 14. Importance of Computer
Graphics
• Medicine.
in
different areas
A complement is soughtof knowledge (7)
in the
medical study where, through
animations, cells, tissues, systems,
anatomy, physiology, neurology,
among others, can be observed that
support knowledge.
 14. Importance of Computer
Graphics
• Sports.
in
different areas
With the help of knowledge (8)
of 3D graphics,
an analysis of the athletes'
performance can be made.
 14. Importance of Computer
Graphics
• Anthropology.
in
different areas
Through virtual oftryknowledge
visits we to (9)
make the buildings known further
amazing of humanity.
 14. Importance of Computer
Graphics
• Paleontology.
in
different areas
Each Jurassic of knowledge
silhouette is (10)
outlined, trying to use the most
realistic colors to bring dinosaurs to
life. wearing are
animations as material
educational (documentaries).
 14. Importance of Computer
Graphics
• History.
in
different
Thanks areas
to of knowledge (11)
computer
animations, it has been possible to
recreate historical events in order to
have a
better understanding of them.
 14. Importance of Computer
Graphics
• Art.
in
different areas
The artist has of knowledge
always been able (12)
to choose the means of expression
appropriate to his talent. Computer
graphics are another means available
to you to expand your freedom of
expression.
 14. Importance of Computer
Graphics
• Mapping.
in
different areas
With computer graphicsof knowledge (13)
we have
weather maps and therefore hence,
forecasts
more accurate weather forecasts.