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Kurt Tucholsky

Kurt Tucholsky was a prominent German journalist, satirist, and writer known for his politically engaged commentary during the Weimar Republic. He wrote under various pseudonyms and was an outspoken critic of militarism and the rise of Nazism, leading to his works being banned and burned by the Nazis. Tucholsky's legacy includes numerous literary works and the establishment of awards in his name to honor persecuted writers.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
19 views9 pages

Kurt Tucholsky

Kurt Tucholsky was a prominent German journalist, satirist, and writer known for his politically engaged commentary during the Weimar Republic. He wrote under various pseudonyms and was an outspoken critic of militarism and the rise of Nazism, leading to his works being banned and burned by the Nazis. Tucholsky's legacy includes numerous literary works and the establishment of awards in his name to honor persecuted writers.
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Kurt Tucholsky

Kurt Tucholsky (German: [kʊʁt tu.ˈxɔls.ki] ⓘ; 9

January 1890 – 21 December 1935) was a German Kurt Tucholsky


journalist, satirist, and writer. He also wrote under the
pseudonyms Kaspar Hauser (after the historical
figure), Peter Panter, Theobald Tiger and Ignaz
Wrobel.

A politically engaged journalist and temporary co-


editor of the weekly magazine Die Weltbühne, he was
simultaneously a satirist, an author of satirical political
revues, a songwriter, and a poet. He saw himself as a
left-wing democrat and pacifist and warned against
anti-democratic tendencies — above all in politics and
the military — and the threat of Nazism. His fears
were confirmed when the Nazis came to power in
January 1933. In May of that year he was among the
authors whose works were banned as "un-German"[1]
and burned;[2] he was also among the first authors and
intellectuals whose German citizenship was
revoked.[3][4]
Tucholsky in Paris, 1928
According to Istvan Deak, Tucholsky was Weimar Born 9 January 1890
Germany's most controversial political and cultural Berlin, German Empire
commentator. He published over 2,000 essays, Died 21 December 1935 (aged 45)
manifestos, poems, critiques, aphorisms, and stories. Gothenburg, Sweden
Occupation Journalist, author
In his writings he hit hard at his main
enemies in Germany, whom he identified as
haughty aristocrats, bellicose army officers, brutal policemen, reactionary judges, anti-
republican officials, hypocritical clergymen, tyrannical professors, dueling fraternity
students, ruthless capitalists, philistine burghers, opportunistic Jewish businessmen,
fascistic petty-bourgeois, Nazis, even peasants, whom he considered generally dumb and
conservative….He is admired as an unsurpassed master of satire, of the short character
sketch, and of the Berlin jargon.[5]

His literary works were translated into English, including the 1912 Rheinsberg: Ein Bilderbuch für
Verliebte, translated as Rheinsberg: A Storybook for Lovers; and the 1931 Schloss Gripsholm: Eine
Sommergeschichte, translated as Castle Gripsholm: A Summer Story.

Youth, school and university


Kurt Tucholsky was born in a German Jewish family. His parents'
house, where he was born on 9 January 1890, was at 13 Lübecker
Straße in Berlin-Moabit. However, he spent his early childhood in
Stettin (now in Poland), where his father had been transferred for
work reasons. Alex Tucholsky had married his cousin Doris
Tucholski in 1887 and had three children with her: Kurt, their
oldest son, Fritz and Ellen. Tucholsky's relationship with his
mother was strained throughout his life; he had a more
Kurt Tucholsky (right), 14 years old
harmonious relationship with his father, who, however, died in
with his siblings Ellen and Fritz
1905, during Kurt's youth.[6] Alex Tucholsky left a considerable
(1904)
fortune to his wife and children, which enabled his oldest son to
go to university without any financial worries.

In 1899, upon his family's return to Berlin, Kurt Tucholsky


attended the French Grammar School (Französisches Gymnasium
Berlin).[7] In 1903 he transferred to the Königliche Wilhelms-
Gymnasium;[7] he failed out of gymnasium in 1907 and
subsequently prepared for his Abitur with the help of a private
tutor.[7] After taking his Abitur examinations in 1909, he began
studying law in Berlin in October of the same year, then spent his
second semester in Geneva at the start of 1910.[7] Tenement house in Szczecin, where
Kurt Tucholsky lived in his early
When he was at university, Tucholsky's main interest was childhood
literature. Thus he travelled to Prague in September 1911 with his
friend Kurt Szafranski to surprise his favorite author, Max Brod,
with a visit and a model landscape that he had made himself. Brod introduced Tucholsky to his friend and
fellow author Franz Kafka,[8] who afterwards wrote in his diary about Tucholsky:

a wholly consistent person of 21. From the controlled and powerful swing of his walking
stick which gives a youthful lift to his shoulders to the deliberate delight in and contempt for
his own literary works. Wants to be a criminal defence lawyer.

Yet, despite his later doctorate, Tucholsky never followed a legal career: his inclination towards literature
and journalism was stronger.

First successes as a writer


While he was still at school, Tucholsky had already written his first articles as a journalist. In 1907 the
weekly satirical magazine Ulk ("Prank") published the short text Märchen ("Fairy Tale"), in which the 17-
year-old Tucholsky made fun of Kaiser Wilhelm II's cultural tastes.[9] At university he worked more
intensively as a journalist, among other things working for the social democratic party organs Vorwärts
("onwards") and Der Wahre Jacob.[10] He involved himself in the SPD's election campaign in 1911.

With Rheinsberg – ein Bilderbuch für Verliebte ("Rheinsberg – a Picture Book for Lovers") in 1912,
Tucholsky published a tale in which he adopted a fresh and playful tone (which was unusual for that
time) and which made him known to a wider audience for the first time. To support the sales of the book,
Tucholsky and Szafranski, who had illustrated the tale, opened a "Book Bar" on Kurfürstendamm in
Berlin: anyone who bought a copy of his book also received a free glass of schnapps (this student prank
came to an end after a few weeks).

In January 1913 Tucholsky began an enduring and productive new phase of his journalistic career when
he published his first article in the weekly theatre magazine Die Schaubühne (later called Die
Weltbühne).[8][11] The owner of the magazine, the publicist Siegfried Jacobsohn, became Tucholsky's
friend and mentor, offering him both encouragement and criticism, sometimes co-writing articles with
him, and gradually inviting him to assume some editorial responsibility for Die Schaubühne; under
Tucholsky's influence the focus of the journal shifted toward political concerns, and in 1918 it was
renamed Die Weltbühne: Zeitschrift für Politik/Kunst/Wirtschaft ("The World Stage: Magazine for
Politics/Art/Economics).[8] Tucholsky reflected on the significance of his relationship with Jacobsohn in
a "Vita" (biography) that he wrote in Sweden two years before his death: "Tucholsky owes to the
publisher of the paper, Siegfried Jacobsohn, who died in the year 1926, everything he has become."[12]

Soldier in World War I


The beginning of Tucholsky's journalistic career was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I – for
over two years, no articles by Tucholsky were published. He finished his studies at the University of Jena
in Thuringia where he received his doctorate in law (dr. jur.) cum laude with a work on mortgage law at
the beginning of 1915. By April of that year he had already been conscripted[13] and sent to the Eastern
Front. There he experienced positional warfare and served as a munitions soldier and then as company
writer. From November 1916 onwards he published the field newspaper Der Flieger. In the
administration of the Artillery and Pilot Academy in Alt-Autz in Courland he got to know Mary Gerold
who was later to become his wife. Tucholsky saw the posts as writer and field-newspaper editor as good
opportunities to avoid serving in the trenches. Looking back he wrote:

For three and a half years I dodged the war as much as I could – and I regret not having had
the courage shown by the great Karl Liebknecht to say No and refuse to serve in the military.
Of this I am ashamed. I used many means not to get shot and not to shoot – not once the
worst means. But I would have used all means, all without exception, had I been forced to do
so: I wouldn't have said no to bribery or any other punishable acts. Many did just the
same.[14]

These means, in part, did not lack a certain comic effect as emerges in a letter to Mary Gerold:

One day for the march I received this heavy old gun. A gun? And during a war? Never, I
thought to myself. And leaned it against a hut. And walked away. But that stood out even in
our group at that time. I don't know now how I got away with it, but somehow it worked.
And so I got by unarmed.[15]

His encounter with the jurist Erich Danehl eventually led to his being transferred to Romania in 1918 as a
deputy sergeant and field police inspector. (Tucholsky's friend Danehl later appeared as "Karlchen" in a
number of texts, for example in Wirtshaus im Spessart.) In Turnu Severin in Romania, Tucholsky had
himself baptized as a Protestant in the summer of 1918. He had already left the Jewish community on 1
July 1914.

Although Tucholsky still took part in a contest for the 9th war bond (Kriegsanleihe) in August 1918, he
returned from the war in the autumn of 1918 as a convinced anti-militarist and pacifist. In a 1931 text, he
wrote Soldaten sind Mörder ("soldiers are murderers"), which subsequently led to numerous judicial
proceedings in Germany.

In December 1918, Tucholsky took on the role of editor-in-chief of Ulk which he held until April 1920.
Ulk was the weekly satirical supplement of publisher Rudolf Mosse's left-liberal Berliner Tageblatt.[16]

Influence in the Weimar Republic


In 1918, Tucholsky became the editor of the satirical magazine Ulk and also remained a contributing
writer to Die Schaubühne (The Theater Stage), which had been renamed Die Weltbühne (The World
Stage) in 1913. The author, who wrote under his own name as well as under four pseudonyms (Theobald
Tiger, Peter Panter, Kaspar Hauser, and Ignaz Wrobel) became one of the most famous and influential
voices of the Weimar Republic, an outspoken satirist, and an opponent of German militarism, the right-
wing judiciary system and an early warner about the rising National Socialist movement. He spent the
years from 1925 to 1928 in Paris but returned to Berlin to briefly become editor of Die Weltbühne. His
books were among the first to be burned by the Nazi party in 1933. At that point, he had already fled to
Sweden.[17]

Death
On the evening of 20 December 1935 Tucholsky took an overdose of sleeping tablets in his house in
Hindås.[18] The next day he was found in a coma and taken to hospital in Gothenburg. He died there on
the evening of 21 December. Recently, Tucholsky's biographer Michael Hepp has called into doubt the
verdict of suicide, saying that he considers it possible that the death was accidental. However, this claim
is disputed among Tucholsky researchers. Kurt Tucholsky was buried in the cemetery of Mariefred (near
Gripsholm Castle) at Lake Mälaren. An inscription on his grave reads: Alles Vergängliche ist nur ein
Gleichnis, a quote from Goethe.

English editions and books


Tucholsky, Kurt: Berlin! Berlin! Dispatches from the Weimar Republic, translated by Cindy
Opitz. New York: Berlinica Publishing LLC, 2013. ISBN 978-1-935902-23-2
Tucholsky, Kurt: Rheinsberg. A Storybook for Lovers, translated by Cindy Opitz. New York:
Berlinica Publishing LLC, 2014. ISBN 978-1-935902-25-6
Tucholsky, Kurt: Castle Gripsholm: A Summer Story translated by Michael Hofmann,
Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 1988. ISBN 0-87951-293-8
Tucholsky, Kurt: Deutschland, Deutschland Über Alles: A Picture-book by Kurt Tucholsky,
Photos assembled by John Heartfield. Translated from the German by Anne Halley.
Afterword and notes by Harry Zohn. University of Massachusetts Press, 1972. ISBN 978-
0870230387
Tucholsky, Kurt: Prayer After the Slaughter: Poems and Stories from World War I, translated
by Peter Appelbaum and James Scott. New York: Berlinica Publishing LLC, 2015.
ISBN 978-1-935902-28-7
Tucholsky, Kurt: Germany? Germany!: Satirical Writings: the Kurt Tucholsky Reader,
translated by Harry Zohn. New York: Berlinica Publishing LLC, 2017. ISBN 978-1-935902-
38-6
Tucholsky, Kurt: Hereafter: We Were Sitting on a Cloud, Dangling Our Legs, translated by
Cindy Opitz. New York: Berlinica Publishing LLC, 2018. ISBN 978-1-935902-89-8

Legacy and honours


In 1985, the Swedish branch of PEN International started
awarding the Tucholsky Prize, a 150 000 SEK grant in memory of
Kurt Tucholsky, to a persecuted, threatened or exiled writer or
publicist.

The prize has been awarded to the following writers:[19]

Memorial plaque at his birthplace in


Berlin-Moabit (Lübecker Straße 13)
Year Name Nation(s)

1985 Adam Zagajewski Poland

1986 No prize was awarded

1987 Don Mattera South Africa

Iraq,
1988 Sherko Bekes
Kurdistan

1989 Augusto Roa Bastos Paraguay

1990 Bei Dao China

1991 Nuruddin Farah Somalia

1992 Salman Rushdie India

1993 Mirko Kovač SFR Yugoslavia

1994 Taslima Nasrin Bangladesh

1995 Shirali Nurmuradov Turkmenistan

1996 Svetlana Alexievich Belarus

1997 Faraj Sarkohi Iran

1998 Vincent P. Magombe Uganda

1999 Flora Brovina Kosovo

Syria,
2000 Salim Barakat
Kurdistan

2001 Asiye Zeybek Guzel Turkey

Serbia,
2002 Rajko Đurić
Romani

2003 Jun Feng China

2004 Yvonne Vera Zimbabwe

2005 Samir El-Youssef Palestine

2006 Nasser Zarafshan Iran

2007 Faraj Bayrakdar Syria

2008 Lydia Cacho Mexico

2009 Dawit Isaak Eritrea


2010 Abdul Samay Hamed Afghanistan

2011 Uladzimir Nyaklyayew Belarus

2012 Samar Yazbek Syria

2013 Masha Gessen Russia

Turkey,
2014 Muharrem Erbey
Kurdistan

2015 Arkady Babchenko Russia

2016 Aslı Erdoğan Turkey

2017 Yassin al-Haj Saleh Syria


Nasrin Sotoudeh[1] (https://iranintl.com/en/world/nasrin-sotoudeh-wins-2018-k
2018 Iran
urt-tucholsky-pen-award)
China,
2019 Gui Minhai
Sweden

There is also a German Kurt Tucholsky Prize of €3,000 that is awarded every two years
since 1995 by the Kurt Tucholsky Foundation for "committed and succinct literary works".
Kurt Tucholsky is portrayed in the political/historical comic series Berlin by Jason Lutes.
12401 Tucholsky, asteroid.
Tucholskystraße in Berlin-Mitte is named after Kurt Tucholsky.

Notes
1. "German Book Dealers Ban Works of 12 Noted Authors (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstr
act.html?res=9E07E4DE1F39EF32A25754C1A9639C946294D6CF&legacy=true)" (article
preview only; subscription required). New York Times. 17 May 1933. Retrieved 22 May
2017. "A blacklist of twelve 'un-German' authors whose works are to be barred from the
German book trade has been compiled by the German Bookdealers' Association and the
Militant League of German Culture." Kurt Tucholsky is among the 12 authors named in the
article, and his four pen names are also noted.
2. "Kurt Tucholsky" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/608379/Kurt-Tucholsky).
Encyclopædia Britannica. britannica.com. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
3. Freeman, Thomas (1997). "1914. Kurt Tucholsky withdraws from the Jewish community", in
Sander L. Gilman and Jack Zipes (Eds.), Yale Companion to Jewish Writing and Thought in
German Culture, 1096–1996. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300068245.
pp. 327–335; here: p. 332. "[Carl Ossietzky and Kurt Tucholsky] were both among the first
writers and intellectuals whose books were burned and whose citizenship was revoked."
4. "8.6.1935 [8 June 1935]: German writers stripped of their citizenship (http://www.today-in-his
tory.de/index.php?what=thmanu&manu_id=1481&tag=8&monat=6&year=2016&dayisset=1
&lang=en)". Today in History. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
5. Istvan Deak, "Tucholsky, Karl," in Dieter K. Buse and Juergen Doerr, eds. Modern Germany:
An Encyclopedia of History, People, and Culture 1871–1990 (1998) 2: 1016.
6. Freeman (1997), p. 327–328.
7. Freeman (1997), p. 327.
8. Freeman (1997), p. 328.
9. Knust, Herbert (1987). "Kurt Tucholsky (9 January 1890-21 December 1935)". German
Fiction Writers, 1914–1945; Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 56. Detroit: Gale.
ISBN 9780810317345. pp. 264–277; here: p. 266.
10. Louise Reichstetter (2014). "Poignant Past. How Interwar Satirical Magazines in Germany,
France and Spain Used History to Criticise Their Times" (https://books.google.com/books?id
=oUXqBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA89). In Elisabeth Cheauré; Regine Nohejl (eds.). Humour and
Laughter in History: Transcultural Perspectives. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag. p. 89. ISBN 978-
3-8394-2858-0.
11. Illies, Florian (2013). 1913: The Year Before the Storm (https://books.google.com/books?id=
XypAmsur_5wC&pg=PA51). Translated from the German by Shaun Whiteside and Jamie
Lee Searle. London: The Clerkenwell Press. ISBN 9781847659811. p. 51.
12. Tucholsky, Kurt, "Eigenhändige Vita Tucholsky: Für den Einbürgerungsantrag zur Erlangung
der schwedischen Staatsbürgerschaft (https://books.google.com/books?id=F6WzDAAAQBA
J&pg=PA11)". In: Kurt Tucholsky – Gesammelte Werke – Prosa, Reportagen, Gedichte. 2nd
ed. Neuss: Null Papier Verlag, 2016. p. 8–12; here: p. 11. According to the subtitle of the
published piece, Tucholsky wrote it as part of his application for Swedish citizenship.
13. Zohn, 2017.
14. Quoted in Ignaz Wrobel, Wo waren Sie im Kriege, Herr –? (Where were you in the war,
Mister –?) in Die Weltbühne, March 30, 1926, p. 490.
15. Tucholsky, Kurt. Unser ungelebtes Leben. Briefe an Mary (Our Unlived Life. Letters to
Mary). Reinbek, 1982. p. 247.
16. Winter, Jay; Robert, Jean-Louis (1999). Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin 1914–
1919, Volume 1. Cambridge University PressCapital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin
1914–1919, Volume 1. p. 107. ISBN 9780521668149.
17. Grimes, William (6 June 2014). "Giving a Satirist of the Third Reich the Last Laugh" (https://
www.nytimes.com/2014/06/07/books/giving-a-satirist-of-the-third-reich-the-last-laugh.html).
The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331).
Retrieved 3 March 2019.
18. "Kurt Tucholsky" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/608379/Kurt-Tucholsky).
Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 April 2009.
19. "Tucholskypriset pristagare" (https://www.svenskapen.se/tucholskypriset-pristagare/?rq=tuc
holsky).

Further reading
Baumann, Franz. "Fabulous, Tragic Kurt Tucholsky (https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/fabul
ous-tragic-kurt-tucholsky/#!)". In The Los Angeles Review of Books, 19 August 2017.
Freeman, Thomas (1997). "1914. Kurt Tucholsky withdraws from the Jewish community", in
Sander L. Gilman and Jack Zipes (eds.), Yale Companion to Jewish Writing and Thought in
German Culture, 1096–1996. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300068245.
pp. 327–335.
Grenville, Bryan P.: Kurt Tucholsky: The Ironic Sentimentalist. London: Oswald Wolff,
London 1981. ISBN 978-0854960743
Grimes, William. "Giving a Satirist of the Third Reich the Last Laugh" (https://www.nytimes.c
om/2014/06/07/books/giving-a-satirist-of-the-third-reich-the-last-laugh.html?partner=rss&em
c=rss&_r=2) The New York Times, 6 June 2014.
Hierholzer, Michael: Kurt Tucholsky, 1890–1935: Aspekte seiner Person und seines Werkes
(English: Kurt Tucholsky 1890–1935: aspects of the man and his works). Inter Nationes,
Bonn 1990.
Knust, Herbert (1987). "Kurt Tucholsky (9 January 1890-21 December 1935)". German
Fiction Writers, 1914–1945; Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 56. Detroit: Gale.
ISBN 9780810317345. pp. 264–277.
Merriman, John, and Jay Winter (Eds.). "Kurt Tucholsky", in Europe Since 1914:
Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,
2006. Available online via Encyclopedia.com (http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclop
edias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tucholsky-kurt-1890-1935).
Poor, Harold L.: Kurt Tucholsky and the Ordeal of Germany, 1914–1935. Charles Scribner's
Sons, New York 1968. ISBN 978-1125817650
Zohn, Harry (2007). "Tucholsky, Kurt" (http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-
almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tucholsky-kurt). In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred
(eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 20 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 168–
169. ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4 – via Encyclopedia.com.

An early version of this article was based, in part, on the corresponding article in the
German Wikipedia, retrieved 24 April 2005.

External links
"Works by Kurt Tucholsky" (http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Tucholsky,+Kurt). Zeno.org (in
German).
(in German) tucholsky-gesellschaft.de (http://www.tucholsky-gesellschaft.de/)
"Kurt Tucholsky (https://web.archive.org/web/20120204043738/http://german.about.com/libr
ary/bltucholsky.htm)" (biography). German Language: Authors. About.com. Archived from
the original (http://german.about.com/library/bltucholsky.htm) on 4 February 2012.
Kurt Tucholsky (http://kurttucholsky.blogspot.com) blogspot.com (English translations of
Tucholsky)
Works by or about Theobald Tiger (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%
3A%22Tiger%2C%20Theobald%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Theobald%20Tiger%22%2
0OR%20creator%3A%22Tiger%2C%20Theobald%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Theobal
d%20Tiger%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tiger%2C%20T%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%
22Theobald%20Tiger%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Tiger%2C%20Theobald%22%20
OR%20description%3A%22Theobald%20Tiger%22%29%20OR%20%28%221890-1935%2
2%20AND%20Tiger%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at the Internet
Archive
Works by or about Kaspar Hauser (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%
3A%22Hauser%2C%20Kaspar%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Kaspar%20Hauser%22%2
0OR%20creator%3A%22Hauser%2C%20Kaspar%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kaspar%
20Hauser%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hauser%2C%20K%2E%22%20OR%20title%3
A%22Kaspar%20Hauser%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hauser%2C%20Kaspar%2
2%20OR%20description%3A%22Kaspar%20Hauser%22%29%20OR%20%28%221890-19
35%22%20AND%20Hauser%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at the
Internet Archive
Works by or about Kurt Tucholsky (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%
3A%22Tucholsky%2C%20Kurt%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Kurt%20Tucholsky%22%20
OR%20creator%3A%22Tucholsky%2C%20Kurt%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kurt%20T
ucholsky%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tucholsky%2C%20K%2E%22%20OR%20title%3
A%22Kurt%20Tucholsky%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Tucholsky%2C%20Kurt%22%
20OR%20description%3A%22Kurt%20Tucholsky%22%29%20OR%20%28%221890-193
5%22%20AND%20Tucholsky%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at the
Internet Archive
Works by Kurt Tucholsky (https://librivox.org/author/311) at LibriVox (public domain
audiobooks)
Kurt Tucholsky (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/9580228) at Find a Grave

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