Engineering Materials – refer to a group of materials used in the construction of man-made structures

and components. The main function of engineering materials is to withstand the applied load without
failure (breaking and excessive deflection).

EXAMPLE OF ENGINEERING MATERIAL

1. Carbon steel
- mas matibay compared with other materials
- mas mahal
- used in beam, metal that is exposed in water and heat
2. Aluminum
- does not form rust
- cost-efficient and food grade
3. Cast iron
- can withstand high temperatures because molecules are not intact
- madaling mabasag
- cheap compared to mild steel and carbon steel
4. Stainless steel
- does not form rust
- food grade
- usually used in piping system
5. Copper alloy
- used more on electricity
- high conductivity
6. Plastics
- made of polymers
- polymers have plasticity so they are elastic
7. Composites
- set of fibers used to strengthen
- more on sasakyan, mostly parts of a car are made of composites
8. Nickel alloy
- used in long-term and heavy

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

1. Metals
- have a large number of delocalized electrons
- very good conductors of electricity and heat
- opaque to visible heat
3 TYPES OF METALS
 Ferrous metals
- iron and carbon are main constituents
- has magnetic properties
- ex: pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, steel
 Non – ferrous metals
- do not have iron content
- non-magnetic and rust resistant
- ex: zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper, chromium, titanium
 Alloy
- combination of two or more alloying elements
- brass is an alloy of copper and zinc
- bronze in an alloy of copper and tin
2. Ceramics
- compound of metallic and non-metallic elements
- they are mainly oxides, nitrides, and carbides
- these materials typically insulate the passage of electricity and heat
- more tolerant of high temperatures and harsh environments than metals or polymers
- regarding mechanical behavior, ceramics are hard but very brittle
3. Polymers
 Thermoplastics
- when heat is applied to thermoplastics, they soften and melt, when cooled it return
to its original solid state.
- thermoplastics can be repeatedly heated and cooled without undergoing a chemical
change
- these materials are typically low density and very flexible
- very suitable for injection molding
- ex: thermoplastic polymers – they are recyclable
 Thermosetting polymers
- typically heated during initial processing and then permanently hardened
- do not melt when reheated
- typically, harder and stronger than thermoplastics
4. Elastomers
- highly elastic polymers with rubber like mechanical properties
- do not melt when reheated
- widely used in seals, adhesives, hoses, and belts
5. Composites
- glass fiber reinforced plastics are used in automotive parts and in GRP piping systems
- carbon fiber reinforced plastics are used in chassis of vehicle
- bumper system of automobiles are also made up of composite materials
3 KINDS OF COMPOSITES
 Fibrous composites
 Particulate composites
 Laminated composites
6. Semiconductors
- electrical properties intermediate between those of conductors and insulators
- electrical properties of these materials are highly sensitive to the presence of trace
concentrations of impurities
- are widely used in motherboard of electronic devices
7. Biomaterials and Advanced Engineering Materials

Biomaterials
- used for components that are implanted in the human body to replace diseased or damaged
body parts.
- these materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissue.
- ex: contact lens, eyeglasses, teeth braces, hearing aid, false teeth, heart valve, hip
replacement, knee replacement, ringer joint implants, catheters and stents, silicon, and all
medicines

Advance engineering materials

- materials used in high technology applications are sometimes called advanced engineering
materials
PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS

 Physical
 Thermal
 Mechanical
 Chemical
 Electrical
 Magnetic
 Optical

Physical property is any property that is measurable whose value describes a state of a physical system.

Example of physical property

- carbon steel
- brass
- bronze
- copper
- aluminum
Physical properties are often characterized as intensive and extensive properties.

 An intensive property does not depend on the size or extent of the system, nor on the
amount of matter in the object.

Examples:

 Density – the mass of an object contained per unit volume.

 Melting point – is the temperature at which the metal changes from a solid to a molten
state.
Example: welding, soldering, biomaterials
 Hardness – is the resistance of a material to localized plastic deformation.
Example: bullet proof vest
 Freezing point – the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid when cooled.
Example: asphalt
 Specific gravity – is the ratio of the mass of a given volume of the metal to the mass of
the same volume of water at a specified temperature.
Example: machine oil
 Extensive properties do depend on the amount of matter that is present.

An extensive property is considered additive for subsystems.

Examples:

 Volume
 Mass – a dimensionless quantity representing the amount of matter in a particle or
object.
Example: test weights, truck scale
 Size
 Weight – is the force acting on an object due to gravity.
Example: railway train
 Length – the measurement or extent of something from end to end.

Under physical properties, medicine can be determined through smell, biomaterials – through taste.

Thermal properties are associated with a material-dependent response when heat is supplied to a
solid body, a liquid, or a gas.
  Heat capacity – ratio of heat absorbed by a material to the temperature change.
 Thermal expansion – is the tendency of matter to change in shape, volume, and area in
response to a change in temperature.
Example: pipe of steam – it has a flexible joint use to expand or contract, actuator valve
 Thermal conductivity – is defined as the ability of a material to conduct heat from its one side
to the other.
 Thermal stress – is the stress produced by any change in the temperature of the material.
Example: cast iron – adaptive, pwede sa mainit pero not sobra

Mechanical properties – is what a material exhibits upon the application of forces.

 Strength – it is the ability of a material to resist applied forces without fracturing.

 Tensile strength – the ability of a material to resist being pulled apart by opposing
forces.
Example: crane, belt, chains
 Compressive strength – the maximum load in compression a material can sustain
before crushing.
Example: cement, asphalt, hollow blocks
 Elasticity – it is the ability of an object to return to its original form when the external forces
are removed.
 Elastic limit – a point at which it cannot be loaded without causing permanent
distortion.
 Plasticity – it is the ability of a material to undergo permanent deformation without rupture.
At stresses exceeding elastic limit, plastic deformation is observed.
Example: angle bar and some metals have plasticity
 Ductility – it is the ability of a material to be plastically deformed by elongation, without
fracture.
Example: steel wire
 Malleability – it is the ability of a material to be flattened, under compression without rupture
into sheets.
Example: roof, gold, aluminum, lead – high malleability but low ductility
 Toughness – it is the ability of a material to absorb energy before rupture or fracture. It is also
the resistance to impact.
Examples: manganese, mild steel, wrought iron, nylon
 Brittleness – it is a property of which a material breaks or shatters without much permanent
deformation. It refers to small resistance to sudden blow.
Examples: ceramics, glass
 Hardness – it is the ability of a metal to resist localized plastic deformation. Hardness allows
the material to withstand scratching, abrasion, penetration, and wear by another material.
Examples: diamond, quartz, ice, granite, concrete
 Fatigue – it takes place under repeated or fluctuating stresses that leads to fracturing of
materials.
Examples: steel beam, bridge
 Fatigue life – is number of cycles of fluctuating stress and strain of a specified nature
that a material will sustain before failure occurs.
 Creep – it occurs under constant stress and high temperatures over extended periods.

Chemical properties – it can only be measured or observed when the substance goes under chemical
reaction or chemical change.

 Atomic bonding – atoms will stay close together if they have a shared interest in one or more
electrons.
  Ionic bond – metals donate electrons to non-metal.
 Covalent bond – two non-metals share electrons.
Example: silicon diode (quartz), thus they are rust resistant
 Metallic bond – electrons move freely between metal atoms.
 Corrosion – it is the slow-motion chemical or electrochemical attack of the environment on a
metal. It is usually brought on by wet weather conditions.
By means of acidity and rusting
 Oxidation – it is a process in which a chemical substance changes because of the addition of
oxygen.
 Iron + Oxygen + Water = Rust (Iron Oxide, Fe2O3)
 Toxicity – is the ability of a material to release a chemical in sufficient quantities to kill cells
either directly or indirectly via the inhibition of key metabolic pathways.
 Symptoms of cadmium poisoning

Inhaled Ingested
Flu-like symptoms Nausea and vomiting
Chest pain Diarrhea
Coughing Abdominal pain and cramping
Shortness of breath Tenesmus
Pulmonary edema
Blood clots

Examples: argon, mercury, battery, cadmium

 Alkalinity -is the ability to react with water that forms alkalis, strong bases capable of
neutralizing acids. Also, the concentration of hydroxide ions is high.
Lithium, sodium, and potassium
Lithium yung pinalit sa cadmium because toxic yung cadmium
 Acidity – it is when concentration of hydrogen ions is high. High concentration of active
hydrogen causes the metal to corrode.
 Flammability – it refers to a material’s susceptibility to ignite and burn, a crucial consideration
for safety and regulations.
Example: gasoline, rubber, ethanol
 Combustibility – described as the burning ability of a solid, liquid, or gas. However, unlike a
flammable material, you must raise the temperature of a combustible material for it to burn.
Example: wood, paper, rubber, plastics, coal
 Reactivity – it indicates how fast the reaction occurs. Metals that lose electron easily (highly
reactive) cause a fast reaction.

Electric properties – are properties of a material’s ability to conduct electric current or electricity itself.

 Electric Resistivity – is the property that opposes the flow of electric current by the use of
resistivity meter.
Examples: copper, aluminum, silver, gold, brass
 Electric conductivity – is the ability of a material where electrons can pass through or flow
with little resistance by the use of conductivity meter.
Examples: silver, gold, steel, aluminum, copper
 Electric Superconductivity – is the ability of a material where electrons can pass through or
flow with zero resistance by the use of SQUID magnometer.
Examples: aluminum
  Electric semi-conductivity – is the ability of a material to conduct electricity under certain
conditions.
Examples: silicon, germanium
TWO TYPES
 Intrinsic
 Extrinsic
 Dielectric strength – is the ability of an insulating or pure material to withstand an electric
field with breaking down under certain condition by the use of dielectric strength tester.
 Conduction in ionic ceramics and polymers – in ceramics the ionic bonds holding the atoms
together do not allow for free electrons.
 Thermoelectricity – the direct and thermodynamically reversible conversion of heat to
electricity and vice versa by the use of thermocouples.
 Ferroelectricity – a property where a material has its own permanent electric field.
 Piezoelectricity – is the ability of converting mechanical energy into electric energy.
Examples: quartz

Magnetic properties – are properties of a material’s atomic or subatomic response to an applied

magnetic field wherein the electron spin and charge create a dipole moment and a magnetic field.

 Magnetic dipoles, field, permeability, domains

 Magnetic dipoles – a magnetic north pole and a magnetic south pole separated by a
small distance.
 Magnetic field – the region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge
within which the force of magnetism acts.
 Magnetic permeability – is the ability of material to allow magnetic field flow or
magnetization.
 Magnetic domains – is the region in which the magnetic fields of atoms are grouped
together and aligned.
 Diamagnetism and Para-magnetism
 Diamagnetic – opposed in moment, materials are repelled to external magnetic field.
 Paramagnetic – alongside of moment, materials are attracted to external magnetic
fields.
 Ferromagnetism and Anti-ferromagnetism
 Ferromagnetism – by which certain electrically uncharged materials strongly attract
others.
Examples: nickel, cobalt, iron
 Anti-ferromagnetism – a form of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of
neighboring atoms are arranged anti-parallel.
Examples: manganese oxide, iron oxide, chromium
 Ferrimagnetism – magnetic moments are aligned in unequal numbers in parallel and
antiparallel directions, resulting in a net moment.
Examples: iron, nickel, cobalt
 Magnetic hysteresis – occurs when an external magnetic field is applied to a ferro-magnet
such as iron and the atomic dipoles align themselves with it.
 Hysteresis – means lagging behind or deficiency
 Curie point – is the temperature above which certain materials lose their permanent magnetic
properties, which can be replaced by induced magnetism.

Optical properties – describes a material’s behavior when electromagnetic radiation (light) is incident
on the material’s surface.
 Reflectivity – when a light wave is incident on the polished surface of the material, the light
returns back from the material surface and this is referred to as the reflection of light.
Examples: aluminum
 Refractivity – when an incident light bend through the surface, it is referred as refraction.
Example: water, diamond
 Absorptivity – when an incident light is absorbed in the material, it is referred as absorption.
 Transparency – material in which if an object is placed on one side of a material and a light
wave is incident on the other side, then the object can be seen clearly.
Examples: glass, acrylic, polycarbonate
 Translucency – material in which if an object is placed on one side of the material and a light
wave enters the other side, the object cannot be seen clearly.
Examples: stained glass, plastics
 Opaqueness – some materials do not allow the passage of electromagnetic light waves which
means that the light waves cannot pass through them.
Examples: wood, metal
 Luminescence – this phenomenon occurs as a result of excitation of electrons of material from
the valence band to the conduction band.
 Thermal emission or radiation – is the emission of electromagnetic waves from all matter that
has a temperature greater than absolute zero.
 Photo conductivity – bombardment of semiconductors by photons, with energy equal to or
greater than the bandgap may create electron-hole pairs that can be used to generate current.