Seminar Report on

Wireless USB

Submitted by

Deepak Kumar
Regd. No.: 2101229061

Seminar Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of Degree of B.Tech. in Computer
Science & Engineering under DRIEMS University

2021 - 2025

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Shekharesh Barik

Asso. Professor, Dept. of CSE

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

School of Engineering and Technology, Tangi, Cuttack-

754022
 Department of Computer Science & Engineering
School of Engineering and Technology, Tangi, Cuttack -
745022

Certificate

This is to certify that this is a bonafide Seminar report, titled “Wireless USB”, done
satisfactorily by Deepak Kumar (2101229061) in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of B.Tech. in Computer Science & Engineering under Driems University.

This Seminar report on the above mentioned topic has not been submitted for any other
examination earlier before in this institution and does not form part of any other course
undergone by the candidate.

Prof. Shekharesh Barik Prof. Surajit Mohanty

Asso. Professor, Dept. of CSE Asso. Professor & Head
Guide Dept. of CSE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my indebtedness to my guide Prof. Shekharesh Barik, Associate Professor of

the Computer Science & Engineering department who spared his valuable time to go
through manuscript and offer his scholar advice in the writing. His guidance,
encouragement and all out help have been invaluable to me. There is short of words to
express my gratitude and thankfulness to him.

I am grateful to all the teachers of Computer Science & Engineering department,

DRIEMS, for their encouragement, advice and help.

At the outset, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Surajit Mohanty,
H.O.D of Computer Science & Engineering department for his moral support extended
towards me throughout the duration of this seminar.

I am also thankful to my friends who have helped me directly or indirectly for the success
of this seminar.

Deepak Kumar
Regd. No.: 2101229061
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
School of Engineering and Technology, DRIEMS University
 ABSTRACT

The Universal Serial Bus (USB), with one billion units in the installed base, is the most
successful interface in PC history. Projections are for 3.5 billion interfaces shipped by 2006.
Benefiting from exceptionally strong industry support from all market segments, USB
continues to evolve as new technologies and products come to market. It is already the de
facto interconnect for PCs, and has proliferated into consumer electronics (CE) and
mobile devices as well. USB enjoys strong brand recognition, has a well-recognized logo,
and is supported by an experienced governing body the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF).
Wireless USB will build on the success of wired USB, bringing USB technology into the
wireless future. Usage will be targeted at PCs and PC peripherals, consumer electronics and
mobile devices. To maintain the same usage and architecture as wired USB, the Wireless
USB specification is being defined as a high-speed host-to device connection. This will
enable an easy migration path for today’s wired USB solutions. The WUSB technology is
based on the Wi Media ultra-wideband common radio platform. WUSB allows for
connections over distances up to 10 feet (3 meters) at 480 Mbps (megabits per second), or up
to 33 feet (10 meters) at 110 Mbps. In order to ensure security, transmissions use encryption.
Like standard USB, the WUSB interface offers Plug and Play ( PnP ) compatibility as well as
the ability to hot swap hardware components. WUSB is backward compatible with
conventional wired USB devices.
Keywords: Universal Serial Bus, consumer electronics. Plug and Play (PnP)
 CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES i
CHAPTER 1 1
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 WIRED USB 2
1.2 REASONS FOR WIRELESS USB 4
CHAPTER 2 7
2 RADIO ENVIRONMENT 7
2.1 UWB 7
2.1.1 WI MEDIA PHY 9
2.1.2 WI MEDIA MAC 9
CHAPTER 3 11
3 HIGH LEVEL ARCHITECTURE 11
3.1 FEATURES OF WIRELESS USB TECHNOLOGY 11
3.2 WIRELESS USB TOPOLOGY 11
3.3 POWER MANAGEMENT 12
3.4 PERFORMANCE 12
3.5 SECURITY AND ASSOCIATION 13
3.5.1 SAMPLE DEVICE CONNECT 13
3.5.2 CONNECTION CONTEXT 14
3.6 ENABLING PRODUCTS 15
3.6.1 DEVICE WIRE ADAPTERS 15
3.6.2 HOST WIRE ADAPTERS 16
CONCLUSION 17
REFERENCES 18
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO. FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO

Fig 2.1 Position of UWB in protocol stacks 8

Fig 2.2 The UWB Spectrum 9
Fig 3.1 WUSB Topology 12
Fig 3.2 Sample device connect 14
Fig 3.3 Connection context 15
Fig 3.4 Device wire adapter 16
Fig 3.5 Host wire adapter 16

i
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The original motivation for USB came from several considerations, two of the most
important being:

Ease of use

The lack of flexibility in reconfiguring PC had been acknowledged as the Achilles’ heel to its
further deployment. The combination of user friendly graphical interfaces and the hardware
and software mechanisms associated with new-generation bus architectures have made
computers less confrontational and easier to reconfigure. However from end users point of
view, the PC’s I/O interfaces, such as serial parallel ports, keyboard mouse interfaces etc. Did
not have the attributes of plug and play.

Port expansion

The addition of external peripherals continued to be constrained by port availability. The lack
of a bidirectional, low cost, low-to mid speed peripheral bus held back the creative
proliferation of peripherals such as storage devices, answering machines, scanners, PDA’s,
keyboards, mice etc. Existing interconnects were optimized for two point products. As each
new function or capability was added to the PC, a new interface has been defined to address
this need Initially USB provided two speeds (12Mbps and 1.5Mbps) that peripherals could
use. But as PC’s became increasingly powerful and able to process vast amounts of data,
users need to et more and more data into and out of the PCs. USB 2.0 was defined in 2000 to
provide a third transfer rate of 480Mbps while retaining backward compatibility.

Now as technology innovation marches forward, wireless technologies are more capable and
cost effective. Ultra Wide Band (UWB) radio technology, in particular, has characteristics
that match traditional USB usage models very well.UWB supports high bandwidth (480
Mbps) but only at limited range (~3m). Applying this wireless technology to usb frees the
user from worrying about the cables; where to find them, where to plug them in, how to
string them so they don’t get tripped over, how to arrange them so they don’t look like a
mess. It makes USB more easier to use. Because no physical ports are required, port
expansion or even finding a USB port, is no longer a problem.

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Of course, losing the cable, also means losing the power for peripherals. For self powered
devices, this isn’t an issue. But for portable, bus-powered devices, Wireless USB presents
some challenges where creative minds will provide innovative esolutions that meet their
customers needs. USB (wired or wireless) continues to be the answer to connectivity for the
PC architecture. It is a fast, bi-directional, isochronous, low-cost, dynamically attachable
interface that is consistent with the requirements of the PC platform of today and tomorrow.

Wireless USB is used in game controllers, printers, scanners, digital cameras, MP3players,
hard disks and flash drives. It is also suitable for transferring parallel video streams.

1.1 Wired USB

A USB system has an asymmetric design, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream

USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology. Additional
USB hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure, subject to a
limit of 5 levels of tiers. A USB host may have multiple host controllers and each host
controller may provide one or more USB ports. Up to 127 devices, including the hub devices
may be connected to a single host controller.

The USB Specification provides a selection of attributes that can achieve multiple
price/performance integration points and can enable functions that allow differentiation at the
system and component level.

Features are categorized by the following benefits:

Easy to use for end user:

• Single model for cabling and connectors

• Electrical details isolated from end user (e.g., bus terminations)
• Self-identifying peripherals, automatic mapping of function to driver and configuration
• Dynamically attachable and reconfigurable peripherals
Wide range of workloads and applications:

• Suitable for device bandwidths ranging from a few kb/s to several hundred Mb/s
• Supports isochronous as well as asynchronous transfer types over the same set of wires
• Supports concurrent operation of many devices (multiple connections)
• Supports up to 127 physical devices

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• Supports transfer of multiple data and message streams between the host and devices

• Allows compound devices (i.e., peripherals composed of many functions)

• Lower protocol overhead, resulting in high bus utilization

Isochronous bandwidth:

• Guaranteed bandwidth and low latencies appropriate for telephony, audio, video, etc.

Flexibility:

• Supports a wide range of packet sizes, which allows a range of device buffering options

• Allows a wide range of device data rates by accommodating packet buffer size and latencies

• Flow control for buffer handling is built into the protocol

Robustness:

• Error handling/fault recovery mechanism is built into the protocol

• Dynamic insertion and removal of devices is identified in user-perceived real-time

• Supports identification of faulty devices

Synergy with PC industry:

• Protocol is simple to implement and integrate

• Consistent with the PC plug-and-play architecture

• Leverages existing operating system interfaces

Low-cost implementation:

• Low-cost sub channel at 1.5 Mb/s

• Optimized for integration in peripheral and host hardware

• Suitable for development of low-cost peripherals

• Low-cost cables and connectors

• Uses commodity technologies

Upgrade path:

• Architecture upgradeable to support multiple USB Host Controllers in a system

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1.2 Reasons for Wireless USB

The wired USB is there to help with the PC connectivity problems. We already have many
wireless solutions also, like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth etc. In such a scenario why are we going for a
new technology called Wireless USB. Two things account for this, one is lack of easiness of
use in wired USB the other one is inefficiency of current wireless solutions.

Issues of wired USB

• Wires are restrictive. Once plugged into a socket we cannot move the device around like
what we can do with wireless or mobile devices. This restriction to free movement is a
hindrance to the modern ideas of mobile offices.

• Multiple wires can be a hassle. No one likes t o see the multitude of wires behind the PC,
sometimes making knots with each other and causing all sorts of trouble when we try to
remove or reconfigure any component. To remove all these problems with no loss at all
is a good idea, and Wireless USB does that.

• In many situations wireless solutions can easily deliver same speeds that wired solutions
are delivering. So there is a good reason for a shift to wireless solutions. Inadequacy of
current wireless solutions

Bluetooth

 Bandwidth of 3 Mbps is not enough for most of the applications which needs very high
bandwidth. The applications like video, HDTV, monitor etc. are good examples.

Wi-Fi

 One of the main disadvantages of Wi-Fi is its high expense to set up a network and make
it working. It is not always feasible to install Wi-Fi for home or personal networks. o
Another drawback of Wi-Fi is the higher power consumption. Power consumption is one
of the important hurdles of wireless designers. As the wireless devices work on their own
power, almost always battery power, the high power consumption becomes a big
drawback.

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 CHAPTER 2
RADIO ENVIRONMENT

2.1 UWB

Ultra-wideband (aka UWB, ultra-wide band, ultra band, etc.) is a radio technology that can be
used at very low energy levels for short-range high bandwidth communications by using a
large portion of the radio spectrum. This method is using pulse coded information with sharp
carrier pulses at a bunch of center frequencies in logical connex. UWB has traditional
applications in noncooperative radar imaging. Most recent applications target sensor data
collection,

precision locating and tracking applications.

UWB is a general term for a new type of radio communication using pulses of energy which
spread emitted Radio Frequency energy over 500 MHz+ of spectrum or exceeding 20%
fractional bandwidth within the frequency range of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz as defined by the
FCC ruling issued for UWB. UWB is NOT specific to Wi Media or any other company or
group and there are in fact a number of groups and companies developing UWB technology
totally unrelated to Wi Media. Some companies use UWB for Ground Penetration RADAR,
through wall RADAR and yet another company Pulse-LINK uses it as part of a whole home
entertainment network using UWB for transmission over both wired and wireless media.
WUSB is a protocol promulgated by the USB-IF that uses Wi Media UWB radio platform.
Other protocols that have announced their intention to use Wi Media UWB radio platform
include Bluetooth and the Wi Media Logical Link Control Protocol.

The below the exact position of Wi Media UWB in the protocol stack of different
wireless figure explains technologies including WUSB.

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 Fig 2.1 Position of UWB in protocol stacks

Ultra-Wideband (UWB) may be used to refer to any radio technology having bandwidth
exceeding the lesser of 500 MHz or 20% of the arithmetic center frequency, according to
Federal Communications Commission (FCC). A February 14, 2002 Report and Order by the
FCC [1] authorizes the unlicensed use of UWB in 3.110.6 GHz. The FCC power spectral
density emission limit for UWB emitters operating in the UWB band is -41.3 dBm/MHz.
This is the same limit that applies to unintentional emitters in the UWB band, the so called
Part 15 limit. However, the emission limit for UWB emitters can be significantly lower (as
low as -75 dBm/MHz) in other segments of the spectrum.

Deliberations in the International Telecommunication Union Radio communication Sector

(ITU-R) have resulted in a Report and Recommendation on UWB in November 2005.
National jurisdictions around the globe are expected to act on national regulations for UWB
very soon. The UK regulator Ofcom announced a similar decision [2] on 9 August 2007.
Other national regulatory bodies apparently are somewhat reluctant to allow common
unlicensed use

The below figure illustrates the position of UWB spectrum in the whole band used for
common radio communications.

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 Fig 2.2 The UWB Spectrum

2.1.1 Wi Media PHY

PHY is a common abbreviation for the physical layer of the OSI model.

A PHY connects a link layer device (often called a MAC) to a physical medium such as an
optical fiber or copper cable. A PHY typically includes a PCS (Physical Coding Sub layer)
and a PMD (Physical Medium Dependent) layer. The PCS encodes and decodes the data that
is transmitted and received. The purpose of the encoding is to make it easier for the receiver
to recover the signal.

2.1.2 Wi Media MAC

The Media Access Control (MAC) data communication protocol sub-layer, also known as the
Medium Access Control, is a sublayer of the Data Link Layer specified in the seven-layer
OSI model (layer 2). It provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms that
make it possible for several terminals or network nodes to communicate within a multipoint
network, typically a local area network (LAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN).

The MAC sub-layer acts as an interface between the Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer
and the network's physical layer. The MAC layer emulates a fullduplex logical
communication channel in a multipoint network. This channel may provide unicast, multicast
or broadcast communication service.

The channel access control mechanisms provided by the MAC layer are also known as a
multiple access protocol. This makes it possible for several stations connected to the same
physical medium to share it. Examples of shared physical media are bus networks, ring
networks, hub networks, wireless networks and half-duplex point-to-point links. The

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multiple access protocol may detect or avoid data packet collisions if a packet mode
contention based channel access method is used, or reserve resources to establish a logical
channel if a circuit switched or channelization based channel access method is used. The
channel access control mechanism relies on a physical layer multiplex scheme.

The most widespread multiple access protocol is the contention based CSMA/CD protocol
used in Ethernet networks. This mechanism is only utilized within a network collision
domain, for example an Ethernet bus network or a hub network. An Ethernet network may be
divided into several collision domains, interconnected by bridges and switches

A multiple access protocol is not required in a switched full-duplex network, such as

today's switched Ethernet networks, but is often available in the equipment for compatibility
reasons.

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 CHAPTER 3
HIGH LEVEL ARCHITECTURE

3.1 Features of wireless USB technology

Wireless USB will build on the success of Wired USB. An important goal of the
WUSB Promoter Group is to ensure that wireless USB offers users the experience they have
come to expect from wired USB. Toward that end, the Wireless USB standard is being
designed to support the following features.
Backward compatibility
Wireless USB will be fully backward compatible with the one billion wired USB connections
already in operation. Moreover, Wireless USB will be compatible with current USB drivers
and firmware and provide bridging from wired USB devices and hosts.
High performance
At launch, Wireless USB will provide speeds up to 480 Mbps, a performance comparable to
the wired USB 2.0 standard and high enough to provide wireless transfer of rich digital
multimedia formats. As UWB technology and process technologies evolve, bandwidth may
exceed 1 Gbps.
Simple, low-cost implementation
Implementation will follow the wired USB connectivity models as closely as possible to
reduce development time and preserve the low-cost, ease-of-use model that has made wired
USB the interconnect of choice.
An easy migration path
To enable an easy migration path from wired USB, Wireless USB will maintain the same
usage models and architecture as wired USB

3.2 Wireless USB topology

The fundamental relationship in WUSB is a hub and spoke topology, as shown in Figure
3.. In this topology, the host initiates all the data traffic among the devices connected to it,
allotting time slots and data bandwidth to each device connected. These relationships are
referred to as clusters. The connections are point-to-point and directed between the WUSB
host and WUSB device.

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 The WUSB host can logically connect to a maximum of 127 WUSB devices, considered
an informal WUSB cluster. WUSB clusters coexist within an overlapping spatial
environment with minimum interference, thus allowing a number of other WUSB clusters to
be present within the same radio cell.
Topology will support a dual role model where a device can also support limited host
capabilities. This model allows mobile devices to access services with a central host
supporting the services (i.e., printers and viewers). This model also allows a device to access
data outside an existing cluster it may currently be connected to by creating a second cluster
as a limited host.
Additionally, high spatial capacity in small areas is needed to enable multiple device
access to high bandwidth concurrently. Multiple channel activities may take place within a
given area. The topology will support multiple clusters in the same area. The number of
clusters to be supported is still being determined.

Fig 3.1 WUSB Topology

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3.3 Power management
Radio system power (power used only by the radio) will be expected
to meet the most stringent requirements where mobile and handheld
battery life is important. For example, typical PDAs use 250–400 mW
without a radio connection, while typical cellular phones use 200 mW–300
mW with the primary WAN radio. Adding a WUSB radio should not
increase power requirements any more than existing wireless
technologies already employed today.
Battery-powered operation requires reasonable battery life: 2–5 days
for highly mobile devices and several months for intermittently used
devices like remote controls. WUSB, based on the MultiBand OFDM
Alliance (MBOA) radio, will strive to meet these standards. The power
target for WUSB radio will be introduced at less than 300 mW and drive to
a target of 100 mW over time.

3.4 Performance
WUSB performance at launch will provide adequate bandwidth to meet the
requirements of a typical user experience with wired connections. The 480 Mbps initial target
bandwidth of WUSB is comparable to the current wired USB 2.0 standard. With 480 Mbps
being the initial target, WUSB specifications will allow for generation steps of data
throughput as the ultra wideband radio evolves and with future process technologies,
exceeding limits of 1 Gbps.
The specification is intended for WUSB to operate as a wire replacement with targeted
usage models for cluster connectivity to the host and device-to-device connectivity at less
than 10 meters. The interface will support quality delivery of rich digital multimedia formats,
including audio and video, and will be capable of high rate streaming (isochronous transfers).

3.5 Security and association

WUSB security will ensure the same level of security as wired USB.
Connection level security between devices will ensure that the
appropriate device is associated and authenticated before operation of
the device is permitted. Higher levels of security involving encryption

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should be implemented at the application level. Processing overhead
supporting security should not impose noticeable performance impacts or
add device costs.
One of the primary objectives when implementing a wireless
interconnect is that it is easy to install and use. Wired connections provide
the user with implied expectations, that is that the device is connected as
specified by the user when they install the wire. When the wire is
installed, the user has basic expectations and when these expectations do
not take place (plug does not fit), there is a known recourse.
Wireless connections, on the other hand, due to environmental characteristics, may
establish connection paths that are not obvious. In fact, it may not be obvious when a device
is connected.
So WUSB devices installed for the first time should automatically install drivers, security
features, and so on and associate with systems that they can interact with. The concepts of
'turn on and use it' with an easy setup procedure will be employed.

3.5.1 Sample device connect

Fig 3.2 Sample device connect

3.5.2 Connection context

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 In order to make secure relationships consistent across multiple connections, some
amount of context must be maintained by both device and host. In the case of wireless USB.
This connection context consists of three pieces of information., a unique host ID (CHID), a
unique device ID (CDID) and a symmetric key (CK) that is shared by both parties. The
symmetric key is referred to in this document as the connection key. This key is used to
reestablish the connection at a later time. This key is always unique. The host never gives the
same connection key to multiple devices.

Fig 3.3 Connection context

A connection context must contain non zero CHID and CDID values to be useable by the
device. A host can use a CC with a value of zero in either field to revoke an existing context.
When loading a context for conection purposes, if a device discovers a CC that contain CHID
or CCID values of zero , it shall treat that CC as if it were entirely blank. The device shall
make no use of the other fields.
Devices may find ways to add value by supporting multiple CCs . Each CC supported by
the device must contain a unique CHID. In the case a device supports multiple CCs only the
CC used to connect the host shall be made accessible to the host.

3.6 Enabling products

It is useful to note in a discussion regarding Wireless USB is that the end goal of the
solution is to provide a cable replacement for a pure USB connection. Many Wireless USB
adapters exist today, but these adapters do not perform the function required of a true
Wireless USB solution.
A USB adapter, devices such as USB-to-Serial, USB-to-Ethernet, USB-to-802.11 and
USB modems (USB-to-Telco or USB-to-Cable TV), provides an external connection and
protocol conversion that just happens to connect to the PC via USB. The USB device itself is
the dongle or adapter unit directly connected to the host. The remote side is not a USB
device, and the connection is not USB. The goal of a true Wirelesses solution is to enable
connectivity of any USB device, and provide the same convenience of a simple wired USB
connection.

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3.6.1 Device Wire Adapters
Device wire adapter looks like a simple USB hub. It consists of traditional USB A type ports
in it and USB devices can connet to it with the wired USB technology. The DWA connects
wirelessly to the HWA or the wireless host integrated into the host machine as PCI or PCI(e).
Single chip implementations of DWA can be directly integrated into devices which makes no

need for the hub. A sample fugure of a device wire adapter is shown below

Fig 3.4 Device wire adapter

3.6.2 Host Wire Adapters

Host wire adapters lies on the WUSB host they are small adapters that look like a dongle
which can be connected to the USB ports of the host computer. This host wire adapters make
use of the wired USB connection to connect to the host PC and the wireless USB technology
to connect to the Device wire adapters to which the wireless USB devices are connected.
The whole connection makes a mixture of wired and wireless conection which leads to
decrease in throughput. It is always recommended to use the wireless host integrated into the
host system as PCI or PCI(e) device.

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 Fig. 3.5 Host wire adapter

CONCLUSION

The first Wireless USB implementations will likely be in the form of discrete silicon that
will be introduced in a number of form factors. These may include add-in cards and dongles
along with embedded solutions to support the technology's introduction and subsequent
rapid ramp up. But the wireless future will arrive once WUSB, along with the common ultra
wideband platform, becomes a standard part of every processor and chipset and is integrated
in CMOS silicon. As the latest iteration of USB technology, wireless USB (WUSB) will offer
the same functionality as standard wired USB devices but without the cabling. As the new
Wireless USB Promoter Group prepares to develop the specifications that will help
standardize the technology, the industry is planning products that can take advantage of the
convenience and mobility that this new device interconnect will offer.

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