Scribd
Upload
5 views7 pages

Nucleer Atomic PDF

The document discusses the stability of nuclei, highlighting the relationship between neutron and proton numbers, with stable nuclei having a neutron/proton ratio close to 1. It also covers concepts such as binding energy, mass defect, and the classification of particles into leptons and quarks, explaining their properties and interactions. Additionally, it introduces the concept of strangeness in relation to certain particles created in collisions.

Uploaded by

arincylmz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views7 pages

Nucleer Atomic PDF

The document discusses the stability of nuclei, highlighting the relationship between neutron and proton numbers, with stable nuclei having a neutron/proton ratio close to 1. It also covers concepts such as binding energy, mass defect, and the classification of particles into leptons and quarks, explaining their properties and interactions. Additionally, it introduces the concept of strangeness in relation to certain particles created in collisions.

Uploaded by

arincylmz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

NUCLEAR PHYSICS

ZONE STABILITY

If the variation of neutron number with proton number is plotted for stable nuclei
clear pattern can be seen as following;

-Nuclides with low proton numbers are most stable if neutron/proton approximately 1.
-Unstable nuclides lying to the left of the zone and they are neutron rich and decay beta(-)
emission.
-Nuclides which lies to right of the stability zone are proton rich and should decay by
beta(+) emission. OR electron capture!!
-Heaviest nuclides are alpha emitters cause it reduces neutron/proton ratio
-Elements with even numbers of protons tend to be the most abundant in universe

The unified atomic mass unit: Convenient unit for masses measured on an atomic scale. It
can be defined as one twelfth of the rest mass of an unbound atom of carbon-12 in its
nuclear and electronic ground state having a value of 1.661x10^-27 kg.
1u(unified atomic mass)= 931.5 MeVc^-2

Binding Energy: To separate a nucleus into all of its constituent nucleons work must be
done and this work overcome the strong nuclear force. This work is called nuclear binding
energy.

Mass Defect: Total mass of individual nucleons making up a nucleus must be greater than
the mass of that nucleus because; work is needed to break the nucleus into its
components. This difference is defined as mass defect!!
-The difference between the masses before and after the reaction corresponds to the reaction
energy
-If initial particles A and B interact to produce final particles C and D, the reaction energy Q is
defined as ;

Q =(Ma+Mb-Mc-Md)c2

by using the following; E = mc2

-When Q is positive, the total mass decreases and the total kinetic energy increases. Such a
reaction is called an exoergic reaction

-When Q is negative, the mass increases and the kinetic energy decreases, and the reaction is
called an endoergic reaction.
-In an endoergic reaction the reaction cannot occur at all unless the initial kinetic energy in the
center-of-mass reference frame is at least as great as /Q/
-there is a threshold energy, the minimum kinetic energy to make an endoergic reaction go.

Ex:
Annihilation & Pair Production:

Leptons:

-They are members of electron family


-Electron, muon, tau (-ively charged)and their antiparticles and also three neutrinos(
uncharged) and their antiparticles.

-Leptons obey a conservation principle


-In all interactions, each lepton number is separately conserved.
Quarks
-As with leptons there are six quarks and six antiquarks
-They are labelled by their flavour as up(u), down(d), strange(s), charm(c),
bottom(b), top(t).
-They carry charge of either +2/3 or -1/3 and antiquarks with a charge of

-They cannot be exist on their own


-They exist in groups within hadrons

Hadrons
-They are the particles composed of quarks and baryons or mesons
-Both strong and weak interaction acts on all hadrons

Strangeness: It is a property that was initially explain the behaviour of massive


particles like kaons and hyperons. These particles are created in pairs in collision
and they have long lifetime like 10^-10 second when it is compared to 10^10-23
second.

strageness of strange quark is -1


antiquark is +1

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy