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JUNIOR COLLEGES OF EXCELLENCE

Jr. Intermediate - MPC

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HOW TO USe
 Jr. INTERMEDIATE
INDEX

NAME OF THE SUBJECT Page No.

MATHEMATICS-IA 1 - 16

17- 33
MATHEMATICcs-IB
34 - 63
PHYSICS

CHEMISTRY 64- 106

NARAYANA
JUNIOR COLLEGES
2019-20 MPC CDF
lay1N ANDHRA PRADESH
CDF
2019
MPC
&%
JR TELANGANA

NARAYANA
 JR MATHS-IA CDF MATERIAL

FUNCTIONS
SET: A well defined collection of objects is called a set.
2 FUNCTION Aand B are two non-empty sets. Then a relation f from A to B, which
associates every clement of A to a unique element of B is called a
Function.

3 DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN : f:A’ B is a function. Then A = Domain and B = Co-domain

4. IMAGE , PRE-IMAGE :f:A’ Bis afunction if f(a) =b for ae A,be B, then "6' is im
age of 'a'and 'a' is pre-image of 'b'.
RANGE The set of all images of the elements ofA in B is called a Range.
Range of fccodomain of f.
6 INJECTION (OR)
ONE ONE FUNCTION :f:A’ Bis one -one
a,a,EA,f(a)=f(4)’a =4
7. SURJECTION (OR) :f:AB is onto if VbeB 2 ae ATf(a)=b or
ONTOFUNCTION -f:A’B is onto Range off= codomain of f (Mar-2017)
(May-2016)
( TS Mar-2016)
(TS Mar-2017)

8. BIJECTION (OR)
ONE-ONE ONTO : If f:A’ Bis both one-one and onto, then f is called aBijection.
FUNCTION

9 IDENTITY Afunctionf:A’A is defined by f()=x,VxeA is called

FUNCTION Identity function and is denoted by 1,

10. INVERSE FUNCTION : If f:A’B is a bijection, then f:B’A defined

as(b)=u f(a)=b, VbeB is called inverse function.
11, CONSTANT FUNCTION : Afunction f:A’ Bis said to be constant if f(x)=C (a constant)
VreA

12. EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS : Let f:A’R be afunction

lay2N i) If f(-r)= f(x), xeA then f is called an even fucntion
CDF. ii) If f(-x)=-f(), VreA then f is called an odd fucntion
2019
MPC 13. GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION For any real number x, we denote by [x] the greatest
JR integer less than or equal to x
ie, [x]=n, if n<x<n+1, where n is integer.
Thefunction f:R’Z defined by f(x)=[×], VreR is called greatest
NARAYANA Page.No. 1
JR MATHS-IA CDFMATERIAL
integer function.(Eamcet-2006)
I4.
Composition function :
D Let f:A’ B.g:B’C be functions then (gof ):A’C is a function and
(gof)(a)= g(f(a) for all ae A.
IS. If S:A’ B,g: B’C are bijections so is (gof): A’Cand (gof)=f"og
l6. ALGEBRA OF REAL VALUED FUNCTIONS :
PROPERTIES : If f and g are real valued functions with domain A & B respectively. Then both
f and g are defined onAoB when An B
) Let f:A’R and g:B’R then f +g.f-g and fg are defined on 4 Bas
(f+s)(*)= f(x)tg(*) and ( )(*) =f(*)g(*)
ii) Let :A’R be a function and k be a constant then from the above definition
T+*)(*) =f(r) +k and (#)(x)=kf(x) for all xe A. The function (-1)f is defined
by -f

i) Let fiA’ Rsg:BR, c={xe AnB/g(x) =0} *¢. then defined on c as

g(x)

Note :- If g(x) = 0, then s(*) is not defined.

iv) Let f:A ’R and ne N then,f" are defined on Aas I(*)=\r*)| and
f (x)=(f(*))" for all xeA
v) Let f:A’R, c=xe Alf (x) > 0}0, then Jf defined on c as
xEC (Mar 2017)

MATHEMATICALINDUCTION
1. Steps to prove a statement using the principle of mathematical induction
(i) Basis of induction show that P(1) is true
(i) Inductive hypothesis For k>l assume that P(k )is true

(ii))Inductive step show that P(k+1) is true on the basis of the inductive
hypothesis

2. Sn=1+2+3+....+n= n(n+1)
2

NARAYANA Page.No.2
JR MATHS-IA CDF MATERIAL

3. Sn -+2 +3 +..+n= n(n+1)(21+!) (IPE March-09,12, May-09)

6

4. Sn-+2+3 +...n'= (IPE March-05,07)

4

5.
1+3+5+......(2n-1)=n
6 2+4+6t.... . (2n) =n(n +1)
7. A.P. series : a+{a+d) +(a+ 2d) +t....
i) term= a+(n-1)d
1, = S, -S,-l
i) sumn of first n terms of an A.P

=S, = , =2a+(n-1)d| where "a" is the first term, "'is common difference of an A.P.
8 GP. series : a+ar + ar' +ar +.
i) term = 1, = a.r

i) sum of first n terms = S,

alr"-1) ifr> 1
r-1

i11) sum of infinite terms= =r<1)

S,
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
1. Order:
(i)A matrix having 'm' rows and 'n' columns then its order is mxn (Eamcet-94)

(1) A general 3x3 matrix'is

2. Trace:
The sum of the principal diagonal elements of a square matrix is called the trace of a matrix denoted by

Tr(A). (Eamcet-92)
NOTE: Trace of the above matrix is Tr(4)-4,,t a;t as
3. Different types of matrices:
)Asquare matrix A is said to be a diagonal matrix if every non diagonal elenment zero.

[1 0 0
eg: A3a =0 2 0
|0
33x
(ii) Asquare matrix Ais said to be a scalar matrix if every non diagonal element is zero and every
NARAYANA Page.No.3
 JRMATHs-IA CDF MATÉRÍAL,
diagonalelement is equal.
|3 0 0
eg: A,= 0
0 3J3x3
(m)A Nquare matrix Ais said to be an unit matrix or identity matrix ifeverynon diagonal element is zero
and every diagonalelement is unity. It is denoted by I.

1 0
eg:

0 0
J3x3

4. Transpose of a matrix (4'):

Ina square matrix interchanging of elements of rows and columns is known as transpose of a
matrix.
A is symmetric matrix if = 4(|PE March-05 Jun-05, May-07)
A is skew-symmetric matrix if =-4 (PE March-05,09, Jun-05, May-07,11)
NOTE: In askew-symmetric matrix, every principal diagonal element is zero.
5. Determinants:
() 4=0Ais singular (Eamcet-95,07)
|A0Ais non-singular
() |kA| = k'|4 if A is a matrix of order 3x3
6. Properties of determinants:
(i)) The sign of the determinant changes sign when any two rows (or columns) are interchanged
(ii)Two rows (or columns) are identical or proportional the value of the determinant is zero
(iii) If each element of a row (or column) is the sum of two terms then its determinant can be
expressed as the sum of two determinants of the same order.
(iv) The sum of the products of the elements of any row (or column) with the cofactors of the
corresponding elements of any other row (or column) is zero.
7. Adjoint of a matrix:
The transpose of square matrix obtained by replacing the elements by their corresponding
cofactors. It is denoted by Adj A. (IPE March-2009, 2013)
8 Inverse of a Matrix: For the matrix A and identity matrix I if 4B = BÁ = | then that matrix B is
inverse matrix and A is invertable.

(i) (AB)= B'A

_adjA
(ii) 4 where A0 (Eamcet-90) (IPE March-2013, May-11, 12,Mar-17)
9. Rank of amatrix: (Eamcet-04) (IPE March-08,12, Jun-10)

NARAYANA Page.No.4
 JR MATHS-IA CDE MATERIAL
Ttt Abea non zero matrix. The rank of Ais defincd as the maximum of the orders of the non singular
square sub matrices of A.
NOTE: . IfA is a non zero matrix of order 3x3,
() The rank pf A is 3, if Ais non - singular.
(M) The rank of Ais 2, ifA is singular and at least one of the 2x2 sub matrix is non singular.
(i) The rank of Ais 1, ifevery 2x2 sub matrices are singular.
2. The rank of null matrix is zero.

10. Triangular matrix : In a square matrix A=\aijl (TS Mar 2016)

() If i> j and aij =0 then that matrix Ais an upper triangular matrix
() If i<j and aij =0then that matrix Ais alower triangular matrix
11. Consistent and Inconsistent systems: (|PE March-05, May-02,11) (Eamcet-94,03)
Asystem of linear equations is said to be consistent if it has a solution. Otherwise the system is said to be
inconsistent.
NOTE: 1. A non homogenous system of 3equations in three unknowns AX = D has
()unique solution if Rank(A) = Rank (AD) = 3
(ii) infinitely many solutions if Rank(4) =Rank (AD) <3
(ii) no solution if Rank (4)* Rank (AD)
2. Ahomogenous system of 3 equations with 3 unknowns AX-0 has
(i) unique solution (trivial solution)if Rank(A) =3 or det A 0
(i) infintely many solutions if Rank A <3 or det A= 0
12 (i) Matrix Inversion method: (PE March-2013, May-11,12)
AX = DX=D
(ü) Cramr's Rule: (IPE March-12)

*=, y=, where A+0.

b, C |d, b, a, d, C a, b d,
Where,
A =d, b, C2 A, =d, b, A, = d A, =a, b, d,
d, b, ,| |a, d, C, |a, b, d,
(ii) Gauss Jordan method: (IPE March-09,10, May-10)
Trans forDm thà augúment matrix

a [1 0 0 a
lay1S
a b, C d, to the from 0 1 0 B then x = a,y= B,z=y
CDF.
2019
MPC Gauss Jordan Method working rule:
JR i) Write Augumented matrix [AD)

NARAYANA Page.No.5
JR MATHS-IA CDF MATERIAL

I 0 0|
0
i) To bring unit matrix in [AD]
0 0 1|
) By using first row we have to bring two zeros in first column
1V) By using second row we have to bring two zeros in second column
V) By using third row we have to bring two zeros in third column

[1 0 0 x
vì) Augumented matrix we get 01 0 y
0 01 z

ADDITION OF VECTORS
1. a) Vectors a,b are collinear (linearly dependent) a=tb.t is scalar. (Eamcet-07)

b) Vectors a= a4i+ a,j +a,k and bbi+b,i+bk are collinear 23

(TS Mar-17), (May-16)
c) A, B,C are collinear > AB =tAC), t is scalar
2 If r=xi+ yj+ zk and a, B.y are the angles made by r with
OX,OY, OZ respectively, then
Modulus of r is r and

3. Unit vector i) along r ii) opposite to r=: ii) parallel to r= t (TS Mar-2016)
4. The vector equation of the line passing through the point whose
position vector is and parallel to
the vector b is F =k+tbsteR
5 The veector equation of the line joining points whose position
vectors are 04 and OB is
F=(1-1)+tb where e R (: 0A =, OB =b)
6. The vector equation of the plane passing through the points whose
position vectots (Mar 2017)
OA,OB,OC is F =(1-s-1)k+ sb +te where s, e R
04= a,ÒB =b,0C
7 The vector equation of the plane passing through the point
A(a) and parallel to the vector band c
is r = a+tb+ sc, t,s e R

8 The equation of the plane passing through the points Aa), B|b) and parallel to the
vector is
r=(1-)a+tb+ sc, (,s eR
PRODUCTOF VECTORS
a,b are two vectors, then
a) If a=4i+ 4, j+a,k and b=h,i4 h, j+b,k then a.b =
a4h +t a,b, +a,b,
NARAYANA
Page.No.6
JR MATHS-IA CDF MATERIAL
b) a.b=0 a=0 (or) b=0 (or) a Lb.
ab
c) Cala.b)= (TS Mar 2017)

2 ii= jj=kk =1; ij= jk=ki=

k

3.
If a=aita,j +a,k, b=bi+b,j +b,k, then axb = (IPEMar-13)

() ixi=jxj=kxk=0
(ii)ixj=-k, jxk=i, kxi-j (:: i,j, k are in right handed system)
(ii) ixk=-7, kxj=-i, jxi-
a) =a++a,j +a,k, b =b+ +b,j +b,k, T=c+ +c,j +ek then
a a, a
(Mar 2017)

b) AB AC AD=0 the points A, B,C, Dare coplanar (TS Mar 2016)

6. The shortest distance between two skew lines F=a+th and =+sd is (May-16)

VECTOR PRODUCT OF THREE VECTORS:

7.

8. a is perpendicular to both and then is parallelto bxã i.e., (k,b x)= 0° or 180

9
PQx PR
Unit vector perpendicular to the plane determincd by the points P, Q and R is t (Mar-17)
POx PR
10. Volume of parallelopiped having co-terminous edges ,b and is V= b

11. a) Volume of the tetrahedron having co-terminous edges a,b,ë is V= b (Mar16)

b) Volune of thetetrahedron haiving vertices A, B, C, Dis V=4B AC AD|
12.

NARAYANA Page.No.7
CFMAFERIAL Page.N
May-2016)
is P=(x,y,z)
d, pp.sid
= TRANSFORMATIONS
area (TS r.n,
and here
Ha:c-(:5a)-(C:) the
and
axh
d,
=
rn,
AC=0, Ad.side
AC BC

1=
sec
Hyp .
cos
is planes AB 0to
Opp ’
adjacentsides AP to
Adj
0cos
the cos sin
0
of
intersectio iC
s Tan= =cot
b. =
sec0
d,
UPTO
as
and
h A,B C.
and the points RATIOS
is
BD through
and
quadrilateral
is
with the
AC ABCD parallelogram scalar
passing
through 1=
TRIGONOMETRIC ect 1=
diagonals BC AB Ocos
quadrilateral is AC AB 0.Tan
is plane plane +ad,,apassing
AABC sin cot
any the a of side
to to
side
Adj ’
of of
of
area
=d plane
equation Hyp Hyp
0Sin
’
is of the 0cot
area ABCarea interms of
r.{4+n,) Opp sin cos sec0=
Coc.
JR
MATHS-IA of vector equation Sin= tan0=
a. =
Tan
vector vector ABCD area vector Cosb.
of The The NARA
The Area
The I1)
The The
i) ii) a. e.
13. 14. 15. I6. 17.
1. 2.
JR MATHS-LA CDF MATERIAL

II
Silver Quadrant Angles
(Sin, Cosec)+ve (AIl\+ve Q1 90- 9, 360 +9
Q2 90'+0, 180-
3. 180+ 0, 270 -
IV Q3
Tea Cups
(Tan, Cot)tve Q4 270+6, 36Þ-
(Cos, Sec)tve

4 a.
For 90° +0, 270° +0, Trigonometric fünctions Changes as
sin 4> cOs, tan cot, sec > COs ec

b For 180 +0,360°+0 no changes

5. a. Sin(-0) =-sin 9 b. cos ec(-0) =- cos ec
C. cos(-0) =+cos d. sec(-0) =+ sec 0
e Tan(-0) =-Tan Cot(-) =-cot
6 sin² 9+ cos?0 =1>sin'9 =1-cos?0’ cos'0=1-sin?0
b
sec² 6-Tan'0 =1’sec² 0=1+ Tan'’ Tan'9 =sec?e-1
1
’(sec0+ Tan0)(sec@-Tan )=|’ seco-tan =
sec + tan
C.
cosec*0-cot 0 =1’ cos ec0 =1+ cot' 0’ cot' 0=cos ec*0-1
>(cos ec+ cot0)(cos ec-cot0)=1» cosec 0-cot0 = cO sec G + cot

Angle 0 30° 45 60° 90° 180 270° 3600

1
sin 1 -1
2 2
1
COS 1 0 1
7. 2 2
8
tan V3

PERIODICITYANDEXTREME VALUES
8. If f(x+k)=fx) then f(x) is called a periodic function with period k. (where kis the least +ve real value)

NARAYANA Page.No.9
CDF
MATERIAL
Page.No.
10
and
g(x)
(Eamcet-03)
Mar-2017) B B CosA-
SinACosA+
SinA
Asin Asin
2016) cos +sin tan
B B CotB.CotA
Atan +1 CotB
( tan -CotA
(Eamcet-06) - B
Màrch-2013)
-2016) B 4 CotA-1
CotA
+1
Mar cos cos tan
f(x) A A 1+
( even even sin cos
May 4 4
2r/a +ve tve
of b.= =
sin(4-B) =
B) -
B) cos² sin
periods c+a't? B)
(IPE ( is c-va'+b COMPOUND
ANGLES cos(A- A- Cot(4- B- B-
is (Eamcet-97) is
n n tan(
ecar 2r and and ifn
isodd the cos cos
is b zb of d. f.
h. B= B=
cos x = L.CM. is
cosec ifa a +c is
ar. la is c sin
sinA-sin
Sec / T 2 is a a+
the bsin CosA
+
SinACosA-
SinA A-
X. is 2 is sin"x B B
SCC is bsin"xbsinx is bsin sin sin cos'
ax. ax I ) s(*) + + A A V3-1 2+3
2-3
Tan 2+\3
V3+12V2 V3+13-1 2-V3
Cos cosX.ax.Cotis cos"x+b a a cos -sin = = 750
ax,
cotx
+ +
acos"xacos"x
cos f(r)tglr) cos
a + B
B B
tan tan
CotB.CotA-1
CotB
+CotA B) B)
)cos(4-
sinx, Tan tanx, a of B Acos 1-TanA
1+TanA - 2V2
Sin of Acos + A A 150
a value value A tan sin(
of of of of of of The
period
of cos tan 1-
B)=sin
periodperiodperiodperiod period
The
period
Maximum = =. B) B
Angle
ofperiod Minimum =
tan(A+
B)
cos(4+B) B) + +
sin(Acos(A
JR
MATHS-IA 4+ Cor{A+ Sin COS cot
The The The The The
Sin(
() ( ) () (im) The g. NARAYA
a. b. b. b. c. e
a. C. a. a a. b.
10, l1. 12. 13. 14.
9.
YANA 22. 21. 20. 19. 18. 17. 16.MATHS-IA JR

a C C. a a.
Compodendo cotA=
g. e. Tan3A= c. a. sin,: a. a b. b.
For
cos sin sin any
3A=3sin A 1+ tan =.4 cos sin sin2A=2sinA
Tan2A=cos2A=cos* cosA=
A
= A Ae1-cos
= cos A A
3cot 3TanA-Tan'A
cos 4 R: = =
1-3Tan'A cos|1-2A
+, 2A 2A=
Dividendo - 1-3A13cot' cos 1-
A cos 2sin 1-Tan'A2TanA
A/3-cot' A/3-3 -4sin' 2 2
= 2Tan 4
1-Tan' A
2sin'A 2 A A A-sin'
cos' 2
2 cos,= MULTIPLE
Rule A sin
A cos A 2
/3 A tan1+ 4=
1+Tan'A2TanA
: /3 = 2
If= cos b. b. tan 2
cos 2 cos
cos 2
2 A &
d A d b 2 A A-1=1-2 SUB
= d
± -1=1-2
aet
c-d a+b cosA|1+ |cosl+2A MäLTIPLE
taA=
n f. d. b. 1-cos
A=2 sin 1+ cot A
=
sin 2 2 sin'
cos cos sin
3A= A= A=
=3sin A 2 2 A
cot?1
cot cot2A=.1+Tan'A
then tan 3 2cos? 2 1-Tan' A ANGLES
A/3-4sin' cos 4 tanC. A tan2I+A ta1-
n
this
1-3A/ta3n A/3- A=t,tan c. A cot'A-1
2
A-3cos 2 cot A
princiFle 2
tan
A/3 A/3 A V1+cos2A
is cos1+
A|1c-os A |1-
MATERIAL
CDF
called cos2A
No.11 compodendo
JR MATHS-IA
CDF MTERIAL,
dividendo rule when b0,d0
18" 36 S40 72

23.
sin
4
Vho-24/5
4 4 4
COs Vio+2\5 V5+1 Vio-2/5
4 4 4 4

24. TRANSFORMATIONS
a.
sin(4 +B)+sin(4-B)=2sin A.cos B
b
sin(4 + B)- sin(4-B) = 2cos A.sin B
C
cos(4+B) +cos(4- B) = 2cos A.cos B(Eamcet-95,02)
d
cos(4+B)-cos(4-B) =-2sin A.sin B
e.
cos(4-B)-cos(A+B)=2sin A.sin B
25. sin C+sinD=2sin

b.
in C- anD-2co in
D

C. cos C+ cos D =2cos

(Eamcet-95,03)
C+D
d. cos C-cos D=-2sin

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
1. a. The general solution of sin =0, tan =0 is =na, tneZ (Eamcet-89,90,97)

b. cos = 0then GS. is 0=(2n+1)neZ

2 (Eamcet-83,03)
2. a.
If sin =sina then GS. =nr +(-1)' a,tneZ,sas
2 2
b. If cos = cOSa then GS. =2nn ta, VneZ,0sasr (Eamcet-86)

C. If tan 0=tan a then GS. of = nn+a, Vne Z. (Eamcet-81,99)

2

3. If Sin'e=Sina, Cost =Cos'a,Tan'e=Tan'a then G.S. ise = nn ta,Vnez (EAM-87)

4. Common Solution (or) G S. of Two trigonometric equations is =2n + a,0s a< 2n, tne Z
(Eamcet-96)

NARAYANA Page.No.12
ANA 3. 2 5 4. 3. 2. 1.
MÄTHSYAJR
ftanx-tany= tan e. C. b. a a. c) a)
tanhx= a)
cosh c) sinhx=
a) c) sin( a)
S-Car2un'x x+tantay=
n tanx+ tan
tan"(tan
sin
x- e'= Tan"(*)+ cos' sin sin(-*)=-sin()
tan(-x)=-
tan'(x)
sinh' cosh xsinh x e-e x+
xtcos'y xtsin x+
"(inê)-,o
2!
3!
1!
x=1 2 tan tan cos
=.)
TRIGONOMETRICFUNCTIONS
INVERSE
-1
Tan(y) y=I+ y y x=
e+e e-e = = eeI
= sin
HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIOONS 2fy=l tan' tan cos)
+Tan'(z)
|l-xy [I-xy]
*ix> 0,>0
y FVl-r-y
=
(Eamcet-92)
Tan
if
cothd)= =1
b)
e x>0,y>0 b. b)
coshrete b) I-xy-yz- zx
+yt3-yz b)
tanx+ cos'(cos cos(-x)
and(Eamcet-83,01,08)
(AIEEE-07)
sinh x.cosh x 3!
2!
1! (Eamcet-83) and>1
xy
xy<l cot- =
2 0)
r=" =0, 1-cos(x)
e'-e ete (EAM-98,99)
2:reR 0
e
[0,]
MATERIALCDF
13
 CDF MATERIAL
JR MATHS-IA
4
a) sinh(r+r)= sinhrcosh y+ cosh xsinh y
b) sinh(x -)= sinh xcosh y- cosh.xsinh y
e) cosh(x +y)- cosh xcosh y+sinh xsinh y
d) cosh(x-v)= cosh rcosh ysinh xsinhy (IPE March-06,07)

2tanhx Mar-17)
e sinh2x=2sinhx coshx= (IPE March-12, May-09,
1-tanh'x
1+ tanh'x
cosh2x=cosh'x +sinhx=2 cosh?x-l=l+2sinh' x= 1- tanhx
(IPE March-10,11, May-06, 11)

tanh x+ tanh y tanh x - tanh y

5 a tanh(x +y)=1+ tanh x. tanh y
b. tanh(x-y)= 1- tanh x.tanh y

C. sinh 3x =3 sinhx +4 sinh' x

6. a.
sinh"' x=log,(x+Nr+1) (TS Mar-2016) (May-2016)
b. tanh'x=log,X
2 1-x (Eam-05),IPE Mar-.05,07,17, May- 05,07
cosh x-1
7 tanh
cosh x+1

PROPERTIES OFTRIANGLES
C b

In AABC,

28=o4hna+Dtc
1. Let BC=a, CA=b, AB=c then the perimeter 2
b
2 Sine Rule : - -=2R (Eamcet-89,90)
sin A, sin B sin C

’a=2Rsin A,b = 2Rsin B,c = 2Rsin C

a b
’sin A= ,Sin B= ,sinC = Where 'R' is the circum radius
2R 2R 2R?

b² +e²-a'
3. Cosine Rule: a. a' =b'+c'- 2hc cos A> cos 4=
2be
(Eamcet-85,87,97,01 ) (AIEEE-02)
b 6'=c'+a-2accos B’ cos B= +a'-b
2ac

C. =a'+b'-2abcos C’ cos C=
2ab

NARAYANA Page.No.14
 JR MATHS-IA CDFMATERIAL

4 Tangent Rule: a.

4. Projection Rule: (i) b=c cos A+ a cos C

(i) a=b cosC+ ccos B
(i1) c= acos B +bcos 4 (Eamcet-01,05)

Area of triangle: (Eamcet-86,88,90,02)

a
A=bcsin A=ca
2
sin B--ab
2
sin C=2R° sin A.sin B.sin C
b.
A-s(s-a)(s-b)(s -c)
abc abc
C. R= ’abc = 4RA
4R 44

Area of triangle ABC(A)=x

2
basex height
6. Half-Angle formulae. (Eamcet-94,2000, 03,04)

A (s-b)(s-c);cos s(s-a)
a
sjio bc bc

sin?s-b)(s-c) cos? A_ s(s- a)

bc 2 bc

b, Sin
B
s-c)(s-a) ;COS B s(s-b)
2 Ca 2 Ca

Sin2 (S-)(s-a) Cog? B s(s -b)

Cat 2 Ca

C. sin (s-a)ls-b)
ab ab 4
sinSGa)(s - b) cos? S(s-c)
CDF.lay3N ab 2 ab

2019 d tan (s-b)(s-c) tan (s-c)ls-a) tan

MPC
R a) B s(Z-b)C s(s-c)
e cot,cot
2 2
,cot
2

NARAYANA Page.No.15
JR MATHS-LA CDF MATERIAL
I-rads and Ex-radii :

m4R sinsin in
b(0 tan4R
2
sincocos

()=
-=4Rossit
A B C
(i)=
4RcOs-cosSin
C. (0)r = A !

NARAYANA Page. No.16

 THS-IB
CDF MATERIAL
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
i)The distance betwecen the two points A(x,, y)
and B(x,, y,)is

i) The distance trom the origin to the point P(x, v) is OP =

x*+y'
2. The coordinates of the point p which divides A(x.. v) and B(x,, V,) in the ratio m:n

i) Internally is P= mx,m+n
+nx, my, +ny
m +n
;m+n*0

A(X),) B(,.)
X

ii) Externally is
P
A(x4.y1) B(X,.y2)
P-| mx - nX, my, -ny m# n n
m -n m -n m

i) The coordinates of themid point P of the line joining A(;, y) and B(r, y,) is

2 2

A(x,.y,) P B(x, y2)

3. The points Pand Q

which divides the line segmeht ABin the ratio 1:2 and 2:1 are called the points of
trisection.

4. i) The area of triangle formed by the verticesA(X,), B(x,,y,) and C(x,, y,) is

(,-y,)+,(y, -y,)+x,(y,-y,)lSa. Units,or, ,* Sq.units

2|y, -y2

i) The area of the traingle O(0o,0) .A(,) and B(k, y,) is ; y | Sq Units
i) The arca of thequadrilateral with vertices A(%, y),B(X, y), C(%, y) and D(x, y,) is

1
squnits
2|y, -9, y:-Yal

iv) If the area of triangle with the points A,B and Cis equal to zero , then the points A,B,C are collincar.
5. i) Concurrent lines: If three or more lines passing through the same point P' then the lines are called

concurrent lines and the point 'p' is called point of concurrency.

NARAYANA Page.No.17
MATERIAL
CDF opp0site
is that
to
perpendicualr is 18
Page.No
side and that triangle
the centroid, to (EAMCET-99)
(IIT-93) SC
opposite orthocentre,
of a =
point is D
of SB
the y,) sides
=
mid called C(I,, side SA
called is the
the the and of i.e
through is and to is side bisectors ABC
triangle B(x,,,) perpendicular triangle
the triangle
passing of perpendicular
a a A point
of B of the
medians12: A(3,y), altitudes
is is mid of
which ratio which the vertices
and the the the through the
vertices and of the
from
equidistant
vertex of in of
concurrency vertex concurrency concurrency
median drawn 'S'.
having
the bisector. by
called
the
median. D the
from every line denoted
triangle fom
of
of divides of A perpendicular
drawn point altitude.
an
called point bisector: point
drawn Perpendiceuc
latr
o /b
r is
is is
the which
Circumcentre
line 0'.
Orthocentre:The The and
The G of line
A
B
'G. centroid by Perpendicular
circumcentre
Circumcentre:
is
Median:vertex Centroid_: A denoted B
JR
MATHS-IB :Altitude acalled
by
denoted The is
vertex
that
iv)
is
and is called NARAY
to ) side
) i) i) ii) iii)
6. 7.
 JR MPC 2019 CDF lay4S

8. MATHS-IB JR
ANA 1. ExDefinition
:
centre The called iv) m) and called
DAngular
axes B D) no
Translation (x,y,), I1Incentre: u
locus : Incentre is ier
is is the A Ax,,denoted an
called ax, bisecto angular
the oflocusvariable a+btc
is +bx, y), bisector:
of given a
point equidistant by The
Translation axes:
P of tex, bisector.
(xy) the point
point B(x,, Ipoint
which The
Shifting point. moves
ay,
and y,) of
TRANSFORMATION' moves from a+b+c concurrency set
of AXES OF radius +by, and
axes. under A of
the CP
=
r the (x4,y,) points
The origin the such sides C +cy, C(x,,
given (Xy,Y)
transformed given that of y) of joining
to the
another LOCUS
its geometrical the are C
constant. whích
distance triangle the internal
equations point vertices
(where
are
from conditions. i.e angular
(h, (EAMCET-01) cquidistant
ID of
k) a =
changing
are withoutthe given AB= the bisectors
IE
The = c triangle
x point , from
= path IF. BC
X+ of any
is traced =a, ABC a
constant tríangle
h, CA= two
then MATERIAL
CDF
y= by intersecting
direction
Y theof is the b) the is
+k a point incentre called
o.19 circle
is incentre lines
whose
is
 CDF MATERIAL
JR MATHS-IB
X=x-h, Y=y-k

eguation f(x. v) =0 of a curve is transformed to

2.
the axes are translatod to the noint (h. k) then the
f(X + h, Y+k) = 0
to the point (n, k)
3.
(4,=0 is the transformed cquation ofa curve when the axes are translated
then the original cquation of the curve is f(x -h,y -k) = 0,
4. To remove the first degree terms from the cquation ar' +2hxy +by' +2gr+ 2fy +e=0 |"a0)

hf-bg gh-af
the origin should be shifted to the point
ab-h? ab-h?
5.
Rotation of axes: If the axes are rotated through an angle ' without changing the position of the
origin, then the transfornation is called Rotation of axes. The transformed equations are
X
cos -sin 0
x =Xcose -Y sin , y =Xsin 0 + Ycos @ V sinð cos

X =x cos + ysin0, Y=-xsin + ycos

6.
To remove 'xy' term from the cquation ax' + 2hxy +by² =0 the axes should be rotated through an
2h
angle of Tan' a-b when (a b).and through an angleif
4
a =b.
7.
lf the axes are rotated through an angle '0' then the cquation f(, y) =0 of a curve is transforned to
f(Xcose -Ysin., Xsine + Ycos0 )- 0. (EAMCET-97,08)
8. If f(X, Y)=0 is the transformed equation of acurve when the axes are rotated through an angle '9'

then the original equation of the curve is f(x cos 8 +y sin ,-x sin 0+ y cos 0) = 0.

STRAIGHT LINES
Inclination and slope : If aline L makes an angle (0" sø<180") with the positive direction
of the X - axis then is called inclination of L and tan & is called the slope of the lne L.
Slope is generally denoted by m i.e m=tano
2 i) The slope ofa horizontal line is zero i) The slope ofa vertical line is not defined
3. i)The equation of x- axis is y =0 i) The equation ofy- axis is x =0
ii) Equation of line parallel to x- axis is y = k iv) Equation of line parallel to y -axis is x =k
4. a) fA(4,y)and B(x,};)aretwopoints,then slope of AB - }

b) The slope of the line ax-+bytc -0 is

a) If m, m, are slopes of wo parallel lines lhen m, = m,

NARAYANA
Page.No.20
JR MATHS-IB
CDF MATERIAL

b) / MM, are slopes of two perpendicular lines then m,m, -, = m

6
Slope point forn:-i)The cquation ofa line passing through (x,y )and having slope 'm is
y-y, =m(x-x)
) The equation of aline passing through origin and having slope m' is y=me
7.
TWo points form :- The cquation ofa line passing through the points ( ) and

(X;y,) is y-y =2(-)

8
Slope intereept form :-i) The cquation ofthe line with slope 'm' and y-intercept 'c' is
y= mx tc
1) The equation ofthe line with slope 'm' and x- intercept 'a' is y= m(x -a)
9
Intercept form :- The equation of aline having 'a','b' as intercepts is =l
10. Normalform :- The equation of a line in the normal form is xcosa +ysin a =p
11. Symmetric form:-The equation ofa line passingthrough (x,y) and having inclination '9' is
where
cos sin

12. Parametric form :-The puvanetric equations of the line arex =Xtrcos
y=y tr sin

13. a) The perpendicular dístance from origin to the line ax +by+c=0 is

|ar, +by, tc|

b) The perpendicular distance from P(4,)to theline ax+by +c=0 is Va'+b'

14. The distance between the parallel lines ax +by +G, =0 and ax +by tc, =0 is
Na'+b

15. a) Area of thetriangle formed bythe line +=1

a
with co-ordinate axes islab
b) The area of triangle formed by the line ax +by +c =0 with co-ordinate axes is
2|ab}
16. a) The xX-axis divides 4B in the ratio -y,:y,
b) The y-axis divides AB in the ratio - x, :x,
17. i)The ratio in which the line L=ax +hy +c=0divides the line segment joining A(%.).B(,,},)
is -L,:Ly, where L, =ax, +by, tc, Ly =4x, +by, +c
i) The points A,Blie in the same side or opposite side ofthe line L=0according as L,,,z, have the
same sign or opposite signs.

NARAYANA Page.No.21
 JR MATHS-IB CDF MATERIAL

m -
18. are slopes of wo lines and angle between wolines is 0, then tan =
4 m.m, |1+m,m,|
19, f O' is the acute angle betveen the lines a, rthy+c =0and a,x+b,y+c, =0
then cos = laa, +h4|
Na'+h'ya'+h
Or

Sin = lab, -a,b|

Va'+ ya, +6;
or

Tan = ab, -a,a

l44, +bb,
20. a) The equation of the line parallel to ax +by +c=0 is ax + by +k =0
b) The equation ofthe line passing through (x,y) and parallel to ax+by +c =0 is
alx-x)+b(-y) =0
c) The equation of the line perpendicular to ax+by +c=0 is bx-ay+k=0
) The equation ofthe line passing through (x, ) and perpendicular to ar +by +c=0 is
b(r-z)-aly-)=0
21. i) The lines a,x+hy +c =0, a,x+b,y +c, =0 are paralel iff a, b,
i) The lines ax+hy +c =0, a,x+b,y+c, =0 are perpendicularif a,a, +b,b, =0

im)ax+bytc =0, a,x+b,y+C, =0 represent the same line =

22. If (h.k) is the image of (,y)wrs the line ar +by +c =0

then h-x_k-y2(a, +by +c)
a a +b

23.. If (h,k) is the foot of the perpendicular from P{,.y)wrt the line ax +by +c =0
Jhen - k-y_ -(ax, +by, +c)
a' +h?

24. The equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection
of L, =0 and L,=0 is L+AL, =0, where Ais aparameter

25. f three lines 4x+hy+c=0,4 x+h,y+e, =0 ad a, x+hy+, =0ar oKUret thn la, , l=0

NARAYANA Page.No.22
JR MATHS-IB
CDF MATERIAL
26.
In the square ABCD, mid po int of AC= mid po int of BDand AC LBD
27. If A,B,C arecollinear thenslope of AB =slope of BC

PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES

1 If h >ab,then ax?+ 2hxy + by'= 0(second degree homogenous equation in x and y)
represents a pair
of lines passingthrough the origin, which are ax+ (h+h'-ab y=0 and
ax +(h-Vh-ab y=0
2.
It m, and m, are the slopes of the lines represented by ax? +2hxy + by² -0 then
i) Sum of the slopes : -2h
m,tm, b
ii) Product of the slopes : m m,
b
3
ax +2hxy +hy' =(y-m,r)(y-m,x) Comparing thecoefficients oflike terms on cither side
-2h
m+ m, = , m,m, =

4
ax +2hxy + by =(1,x +my)(1,x +m,y) Comparing the coefficients of like terms on either
side ’1, = a, m,m, = b, I,m, +l, m, = 2h
atb
5. i)If '9 is angle between the lines represented by ax' +2hxy +by' =0 then cos=+
V(a-b)' +4h'
ii) If '9 is acute then Cost
Ja+b|
tan= 2yh'-ab sin = 2/h'-ab
Ja-b)' +4h? la+b| Ja-b)+44
6 The angle betwcen the pair of lines represented by the equation ax? +2hxy + by' +2gx +2fy +c=0 is
a+b 2Vh'-ab sin = +
2yh-ab
cos=t tan=t (EAMCET-99)
Va-b)' +44
J(a-b) +4h' a+b

1. The pair of lines ar + 2hxy +by² =0 represents a pair of perpendicular lines

then coefficient of x +coefficient of y' =0(i.e, a +b= 0)

If the pair of lines ax + 2hry+ by =0represents coincident lines then h = ab

9 The equation ofbisectors ofangle between the lines a,x+hy+c =0, a,x+ b,y +c, =0is
a,x +bytc a,X+b,y +c
Ja; +b;
10. If theequat ion ax' + 2hxy +by' =0represents a pair of distinct (i.e., intersecting) lines then the
combined eqation ofthe pair of bisectors of the angles between the lines is A(r-y')= (a-b)*y
11. The equation of the pair of lines passing through (x,, y,) and parallel to ar' +2hxy +by* =0
isa(x-x,' +2h(x-x,)(y-y,)+b(y-}=0
NARAYANA
Page.No.23
 JR MATHS-IB CDF MATERIAL
12. The equation ofthe pair of lines passing through (X ) and perpendicular toax' +2hxy +by' =0
is b{r-x,)- 2h(x-x,)(y-y%)+ a(y- y,) =0
13.
ax* +2hxy +by' +2gx + 2 fy +c =(,x+ my+ n)(x+ m,y+n,)
Conparing the cocficients of ike terns on either side
1,1, =a m,m, =b ; nn, =c; Im, +I,m, = 2h ;
In, +l,n, =2g ; m,n, + m,n, =2/
14.
ax +2hxy +by' +2gr+ 2fy +c =(L+my +n, )(x +my +n,)
Comparing the coefficients of like terms on either side
I' =a,m' =b,n,n, = c, 2im =2h,1(n, +n,) = 2g, m{n, +
n,)=2/
1s. If the second degree equation S= ax? + 2hxy + by² + 2gx + 2fy + c-0 in two
variables x and y
represents a pair of straight lines then
i) A= abe +2fgh -af'-bg- ch' =0 (EAMCET-82,93,96,2000, 08)
and i) h'> ab,g' ac andf' be

16. If ar + 2hry +by' +2g +2fy +c=0 represents a pair of intersecting lines, then their
point of
intersection is hf-bg gh-af
ab-h ab-h? (EAMCET-97,2000, 02)

DIRECTION COSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS

1. If a given directed line makes angles a, B,y with positive direction of the axes of
x, y and z
respectively then cos a, cos B, cos y are called direction cosines (d.c's) of the line and these are
usually denoted by l, m, n.
2. If the direction cosines of a directed line AB are l, m, n then the
direction cosines of the directed line BA
are -I, -m, -n.
3. Direction cosines of ) x-axis are (1, 0, 0)i) y - axis are (0, 1, 0) ii) z-axis are (0, 0, 1).
4. If (. m, n) are the direction cosines of aline then P+ m+ n= 1, i.e
cos'a + cos²B +cos²y =1.

If a. B.y are the angle made by a directed line with the positive
(EAMCET-2001)
5.
direction of the coordinate axes, then
sin'a +sin'ß +sin'y=2.
6. Direction ratios of the line joining the points A(x, y,, Z), B(X, Y, 2) are (x,-X
Y,y, 4-2)
ta tb te
7. If (a, b, c) are direction ratios of a line then
Va'+b' +e' va' +b' +c' va' +h' +' are

direction cosines of the line.

8. If(U.. m,. n,) and (U, m, n,) are direction cosines of two lines and ''is an angle between them, then

NARAYANA Page. No.24

JR MATHS-IB
CDF MATERIAL
cosd +(I, +m,m, tn,n,). (EAMCET- 01, 02, 03)
9.
Let (, m, n) and (/, m,, n,) be d.c's of two lines. Then

)The lines are paralle) >I=

m, n,
ii) The line are
perpendicular |, tm,m, +n,n, =
10. If0'is an angle betwcen two lincs whose d.r. 's are (a,, b,, c,)
and (a,, b,, C,) then
i) cos =t a,a, +bb, +e,c,
Va +bË+ Va; +bË +eË
iü) The lines are parallel
a, b,
ii) The lines,are perpendicular a, a, +bb, +c, C, =U.
11. If A(X,, y,, z), B(x,, y, z,) then the projection of AB on
a) i) x - axis is |x-x, | ii) y- axis isy,-y, ii) z axis is |Z,- Zl
b) i)) xy plane is
V,-)+(W;-)' ) yz plane is
i) x plane is J(z,-) +{x,-}

3D-GEOMETRY
1.
The distance between twopoints A(4M,4), B(ay,z,) is AB=(-x}+(y-} +{3-3} units
2. Midpoint of 4(43:4)&B(xz},)is 2 , 2
3. If P°divides the line segment joining A(,.,z,), B(*,, V,,2,) intheratio /:m internally then
P = tmz, y, tmy, lz, + mz,
I+ m 1+ m 1+ m

4 If P divides the line segment joining A(x,, y,,z,), B(x,, J,,z,) in the ratio /:m externaly
then P= Lx,|-m
- mx, ly,- my b, - mz,
|-m |- m
5. YZ-plane divides the line joining A(4}2), B(x, ),»2,) in the ratio -x :
6. XY-plane divides the line joining A(x,, y,, z,), B(x,, ',,z, )in the ratio - z, :2,
7 ZX-plane divides the line joining A4,,},,4), B(x,, y,,z,) in the ratio -yi
8 P(x,y,z) diides the line segment A(, y,2).B(,,y,,4]inthe ratio x, -x:-x,

NARAYANA Page.No.25
MATERIAL
CDF
then Page.No.26
C(K,.),z,) D[X,Ya4) to
is
k
where
is
a,b,c and
z)changed origin
is are
k=0, +d=0 is
(EAMCET-02)
'c'
d.r's the
Xyz) B(,,y,,*4,), ).2,
C(x,y} y, + whose intercept from is
=0
(x, BC cz cz
of + +
ax+by line
units +d
2,).C(( co-ordinates= 0 k by -z +b'
+e'
Va' cz
2,), AB = = + the 'p'
y,, A(.J.;), V,
B(x, +
CA
y
is
y
is ax
form to to
and
b' of =p.
+
bv
B(M,, zx-plane zx-plane parallel perpendicular distance
nz
+
ax
z,), the or PLANE
THE the intercept
+ =0.
-Z,), AB +my plane
z), A(x, axes ii) ii) of and a nz is
A(x,V, +2,
=
CA is+d=0 (x,,J,,z,) -
at
is Ix + +d=0 the
are are of and y which my to
parallelogram 4 translation BC+ 'a', is (x,,Z)
are +y,-y,,vertices Z+I 0 k )
z, intercept (,m,n)Ix+
cz
or = = , form
x x tcz through (,V, is +
vertices whose by = Y+k,z
CA is is by +e(z-z,)
=0 -y,)+e(z-z)=0
a(x-x,)+B(y
a(x-x,)+b(y-y,) origin by
yz-plane yz-plane normal
cosines +
3 +X,-X,,)} O'(h,k,i) =BC to
parallel ax+ through -x ax from
whose ofa tetrahedron4 = + to passing having the
the direction plane
vertices +h,y AB ii) ii) parallel through perpendicular
triangle in
to iff plane plane passing plane plane the
3 =(x, shifted
X to
consecutive the x= collinear plane the the plane origin
+d
ofa D of 0z= the k =
plane the a
of has Ja'+b'+c'
then to the
centroid vertex Centroid is
origin are
The
equation
to isz
is equation
the of
equation aof
of
equation
equation ofa
normal from of tcz,
JR
MATHS-IB 3 Y,Z) xy-plane xy-planeof Equation
C Equation Equation Distancelength +by,
The
Ifthree
fourth The When(X, B,
The
constant.
b The whose NARAYANA
A, The The The ax,
is If i) i) a i) ii)
10. 11. 12. 13.
9
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9
JR MATHS-IB
CDF MATERIAL

10. The distance between parallel planes ax + ld,-d,

hv+cz+d. =0, ax + by +cz +d, =0 S Va' +b'+?
11. 1) The angle between any two
intersecting planes is the angle between their normals
ii) Angle between the planes a,x+
bv+cz+ d, =0 and a,x +b,y +c,z +, 0
cos =+ a,a, +b,b, tcc,
Ja' tb, +e a,'+b, te,'
12.
)The equations a,x + b,y + c,z+ d, = 0 and a,x + b,y +c,z + d, =0 represent the same plane ift
a, :b, : c, :d, = a, :b, :
,:d,.
i) parallel a, :b, :, = a, :b, i C;
i) perpendicular a, a, +b, b, +c, c,=0.
LIMITS& CONTINUITY
x-a"
lim: 2. lim
m m-n
X-a
n

sin x Sin ax
3. lim
I’0 4. lim
X’0
=a

tan x tan ac
5 lim =1 6. km
X0

7. a-1
X’0
8. lim = log, a

9
10. lin1+ =e
11. lim log.(1+x) =1
.
12. Continuity of afunction f(ox):
Afunction f(x) is said to be continuous at x=aif L j()exists and is equal to fia)
’ Ltf(x) = f(a) = Lt f(x)

DIFFERENTIATION
First principle: If f is differentiable at x'then f'(x) = Lt f(x+ h)-f(x)
h’0

1. Thederivative of a function f" at x = a is defined by

f(a + h) -f(a) = lim

f(x) - f(a)
f'(a) =lim
h’0 h X - a

NARAYANA Page.No.27
JR MATHS-IB CDF MATERIAL

2.
(k is constant)

3. d
dx

iv)

4. -(kx) k=klk
= (kis constant)
dx dx
d
5.

6. dd (og,1)=l
X

7. -(a')=a' log,a
dx
Derivatives of trignometric functions_:
d
8.
dx
(sinx) =cosx
d
9.
dz
(coSx) =-sinx
d
10. (tanx) = sec'x
dx

11. -(cotx) = -cOsec'x

dx
d
12. -(secx) = secx tanx
dx
d
13. -(cosec x) = -cosecx cotx
dx

Derivatives of inverse trignometric functions:

1
14.

15.
dx
(Sin'x)J -1
(EAMCET-99)
dx

16.
dx Tan'x)=1t -1
17.
dx
(Cot'x+r
NARAYANA Page.No.28
 JR MATHS-IB
CDFMATERIAL
d 1
18. dx -(Se'x)
19. dx -(Cose'x)
Derivatives of hyperbolic functions :
20.
dx (sinhx)=coshx
d
21.
d
(coshx) =sinhx
22.
dx (tanhx)=sech'x

23.
dx (sechx)=-sechx tanhx
d
24.
dx
cosechx) =-cosechx cÑthí
25.
dx
(coth x)-cosech'x
Derivatives of inverse hyperbolic functions :
1
dx (Sinh'x)=
26.

27.

d 1
28.
dx (Tanh'x) -
d -1
29.
dx
(Sechx)* -* -1
30. dx
(Coscch')i
1
31.
dx (Coth 's)F
Let u, V, w be the functions of x and whose derivatives exists :
d d
32.
dx
-(u±v)= dx -(u) dx
(v)

d(u)
33. (uv)= dx dx
(or) (u.v) =u.v + v.u'

NARAYANA Page.No.29
JR MATHS-IB
CDF MATERIAL

34. du dy V.u
(or)

35, (uvw)uyd(w) + vw d{u) + wu d(v)

dx (or) (u.v.w) u.v.w + v.wu + w.u.v
dx dx

dy
36. If x= f(), dy dt
y=g() then dx dx
dt

ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS

1.
If y =f(r) be afunction then
i) change (error) in y = Ay
.Ay =f(x+ Ar)-f()
ii) Differential of y =dy
:.dy =f' (x)Ar
Ay
iii) Relative errorin iv) Percentage error in y =x100

v) Approximationformula flx+Ax) f(r)+f()Ar

2. i)Area of the square , where 'x' is side ofa square
i) volume of the cube =, where '*' is side ofa cube
iü) Surface area ofthe sphere 4', where »r' is radius ofa sphere
4
iv)Volume ofthe sphere =r
3 , where 'r' is radius ofasphere

v) Volume of thecone =;r'h, where 'r' is the radius, 'h' is the height ofcone
vi) Volume ofcylinder =zr'h,where 'r' is base radius,'h' is the height ofcylinder
vi) Surface area ofcylinder = 2Irh, where 'r' is base radius, 'h' is the height ofcylinder

TANGENTS AND NORMALS

Equations of the tangent and normal to the curve y = f (x) :
dy
1. The slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at a point P (x,, y, ) is m=
dx r()
2. The equation of the tangent at P(x,, y) is y-y, =m(x-x)
3. The equation of the normal at P (x, y,) is

NARAYANA Page. No.30

JR MATHS-IB CDFMATERIAL
Angle betwecn the two curves :
4. Let y = fx), y* g(x) be two curves intersecting at a point "P' and let m,, m, bhe the siopes
tagens to the twO curves at P' respectively, IrA'is theacute angle between the curves at P then

tan = m, -m,
|1+m,m,|
i)) If m, = m, then the two curves touch cach other at P

i) If mm, = -1 then the two curves cuts orthogonally at 'P'"

y=f (x),

P(x,y,)
TANGENT

T
sub-tangent
NORMAL
sub-normal
N

P meets the
5. Let P (x,, y) be the any point on the curve y=f(x). Let the tangent and normal at
X-axis at M and N respectively. Draw PO perpendicular to the x-axis Then

i) The length of the tangent PT=

y, V1 +m
m

i) The length of the normal PN=|y, V1+m'

ii) The length of the sub tangent m

iv) The length of the sub normal QN =|y,.m Where

RATE MEASURE
Ay tends to zero, it is called the rate of change of y with respect to x.
1. The approximate value of

dy Ay
When Lt Ay exists it is denoted by is the rate of change of y with respect to x iedr-= Lt
Ar-0 Ar dx
2 Velocity : Consider a particle moving along a straight line OX. Let OP =s be the distance travelled by
the particle in time t' measured from a fixed point '0' along OX. Let the particle further travel a small

NARAYANA Page.No.31
CDF
MATERIAL
THEOREM Thenf(x)
Page.No.32
conditions
f(x).
=
VALUE
following that
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PHYSICS oftheir neutrons m 10-1m greater certain
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10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 17. 19. 20.
18.
 CDF
MATERIALuniform falling
ut+-at? 2 thrown Page.No.36
with
motion.
velocity
v=final
s=
displacement =utan
S,4) nth
in
thefrom
from
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t=
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=u+
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tower Maximum
)y=ut
at u'= is (take
Equations
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u= S. 3)v²=2gs vertically 1h=ut
Equations 2) body 1)
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points v²- Where
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3) For top For
a.
14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
the thethe its instantaneous
velocity in change"of
Instantaneous decreasing
velocity
the acceleration
is extrenme
v,then to
(Mar-2013) in is line. acceleration. along
which instant(Mar:2013) particle
displacement deceleration.
by S/2 The M°L'T! straight
Dimensional
formula: velocity lies M°L'
formula:
Dímensional
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the
velocity of velocity.
given in : particular the rate ofacceleration
negative at
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intervel andif along Initial travelling
Anybody
with
is displacement
occurs known equal, The in retardation.or
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velocity velocity is
body Time ofchange
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a) velocity
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V of time
at is are Acceleration
ofa :
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average S2 ratio Ax At body dS dt Units:
ms m/s?
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JR
PHYSICS
second velocity.
journey Averageuniform
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knownpossess
V= total NARAYAN
The a inst The
avg of a=
10. 11. 12. 13.
9.
JR PHYSICS CDF MATERIAL
with onc another, then, vekocity of'A'with
u
height h= respect to that of Bis given by
2g
b. Time of ascent:The time taken by a WV +V;-2V,V, cos0
body to reach the maximum height is known MOTION IN A PLANE
1. The physical quantities having both
as time of ascent. magnitude and direction and also obeying
(Mar -12) laws of vector addition are known as
c. Time of descent: The time in which Vectors.
body comes down from maximum 2 Different types of vectors
height is known as time of descent. i)Like vectors or Parallel vectors:
Two vectors (representing same physical
quantity) are called like vectors, if theyare
(Mar:12) parallel to each other, however their
d. Time of flight: The total time for which magnitudes may be different.
a body remains in air before reaching the i)Equal vectors:
ground is known as time offlight. Two or more vectors (representing same
physical quantity) are called equal vectors if
2u
+ their magnitudes and directions are same.
T=t+ ii)Negative vector:
19. Time of ascnt is equal to time of descent, Avector having the same magnitude and
if air resistance is neglected. opposite direction ofagiven vector is called
20. If a body is thrown vertically up wih a negative vector ofthe given vector.
velocity u, it returns to ground with velocity iv)Nullvector: (Mar:2008,May-97, Sep-2000)
'v' which is equal to magnitude of u' but A vector whose magnitude is zero and
opposite in direction i.e., ý =-k. whose direction is indetermined is called
as Null vector (or) zero veçtor.
21. For abodyfalling freelythrough aheight 'h
v)Upit vector: (Mar:2008,May-97, Sep-2000)
2h Avector whose magnitude is equalto
The time ofdescent t =

The velocity gained V=J2gh. À=

one is called as Unit vector.
22. Ifa body is allowed to fall freely from the
top of atower ofheight 'h' and another is
projected simultaneously from the foot of Ex:- i, and k are unit vectors along
tower in the upward direction with velocity. X, YandZ axes respectively.
vi)Position vector:
uthen, they meet after time t= The vector used to specify the position
of a point with respect to some fixed
23. Relative velocity : Velocity of one body point (say origin '0') is called position
with respect to that ofanother body is called vect or, " (Mar:08,May-97, Sep-2000)
relative velocity. The velocity of'A' with a)lfP(x, y, z) is a point in 3D space, then
respect to that of`B' is given by the position vector ofP is given by
r=xi+ yj+zk
If'A and B'are moving at an angle 9
NARAYANA Page.No.37
JR PHYSICS CDF MATERIAL
b)lf (4,, A,, 4,)is apoint 3D space, sides of a parallelogram drawn from a
then point, the diagonal passing through that
the positionvector ofthis point is given by
point represents their resultant both in
4=Ai+ 4,j+ A<k magnitude and direction.
Magnitude of resultant of given two
c)Magnitude of is| A=4 +4; +4; vectors = R=+B'+2AB cos
where 9 is the angle between the
d)lf a, B, Yare the angles made by with vectors.
X, Yand Zaxes respectively, then Direction of resultant vectors R.
COS a =
cos ß= : cosy = Tan a =
Bsin
|A| |4| |A| A+ Bcos
where cos a, cos B and cosy are called where a is angle made by the R with
as direction cosines. Projectile : Abody projected in to air with
e)The relation between direction cosines is some velocity at an angle (other than 90)
cos' a+ cos B+ cos´y =1 with the horizontal is called aprojectile.
3. Resolution of Vectors 6. The path of a projectile is a parabola.
The process of dividing £ vector into its i)Ifa body is projected at an angle 'e to
components is called resolution ofvector the horizontalwith an initial velocity 'u' its
horizontal and vertical components ofinitial
velocities are
u, =U cose and u,, =u sin0
A i)After atime 't' the horizontal displacement
=X= (ucos 0)
vertical displacement =

X y=(usin®) -o.
i)Equation for the trajectory of thebody
)Horizontal component 4 =A cos y=xtan
2u cos 0
i)Vertical component A, 7. The velocity ofprojectile is not zero at any
y = Asine
point. Its value is minimum (ucos)at
im) Resultant A=4, +4, the heighest point of its path. At this point
iv)If the horiozontal component of a only vertical component of velocity is zero.
8. At any instant of time t the horizontal
vector is equal to itsvertical component,
then the angle made by the vector with component of velocity is v, =u cos 9.
X-axis is =45 The vertical component of velocity is
4. Parallelogram law of vectors: V, = usin - gt
(Mar:05,09,10,13,14 May-05,06,09, Jun-10,)
If two vectors are represented in The resultant velocityis v=v+v.
magnitude and direction by the adjacent

NARAYANA Page.No.38
 18. 10. 9
AYANA 17. 16. 15. 14. Horizontal
range13. 12. 1. PHYSICSJR
The R =H Time wheretan horizontal
a The
parabola projectile
height isprojection
The from The when maximum tan(4)0= Ifthe(45-0)
also. "0' Two0=45° Angle max Maximum Time Time
equation and(90-0) angles sin(20) u' =
direction
the path relation range ofprojection of ofofascent
top ofa = 2u,4, flight descent
45° ofprojection sin0 u'height
of of
body are and 2g T 'v'
(t,) makes
the tower a then maximum
between equal, and réached =t,+, ()=
trajectory projected H=* H R
for =
2(u(Mar:2012) (Mar:2012)
of 4 R tan for maximum sin u0 sin 9u an
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height 4
range
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given angle range
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by and|5. of and with
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4. 3. 2. 1. 19.
inertia
3
productTheof the
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lstationary
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observed moving
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direction momentum by
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a angle any
=u, horizontal
time
on byitselfis .Mass First horizontally resultant
second straight of The by of a instant
the second itselfis
itselfis ofa ofa ofa rest
inability law the on bomb bomb made vertical ofdescent
in to called is OF ground
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measures inertia MOTION
of ofthe withuniform
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to inertia to to of MATERIAL
CDF
the
and net body a
uniform observed
is with R =
and change change of change by inertia
parabola
external rate ofmotion. ofrest. itself body a plane v, =uxt= 2h
forcetakes of from horizontal
.No.39velocity the direction.
is (Mar14) - velocity
=gt
of its its its inertia. is to and is velocity +
force acts.place directly change direction state state motion
change avertical and by a 4
force called force. a'man plane v
of is is 2h
in of of as u'.
a
JR PHYSICS CDF MATERIAL
(Mar-15)
body is calted linear momentum. p= mv 20. Advantages of friction : between the
i)While walking, friction
from
F= na = mV-Mu ground and shoes prevent us
slipping
lnewton= 10 dyne ii) Without friction, motion cannot be
1kg wt =g newton conveyed by belts from motor to
machine
Apparent weight in alift = m(gta),
21. Disadvantages of friction :
a)Use + sign when acceleration is upwards. i) Friction causes wear and tear of
b)Use - sign when acceleration is moving parts of the machinery.
downwards. ii) Friction generates heat in machine
7 When a lift moves downwards with a
unifom acceleration or moves upwards with parts which damages the machinery.
22. Methods of reducing friction :
uniform retardation (a) the apparent weight
of aperson mass (m) is R= m(g-a).
i)By Poishing
i) By using Lubricants
Apparent weight decreases ii) By using Ball bearings
8. When the lift falls down freely, apparent iv)Stream lining (Mar - 14)
weight ofa person is zero since a g. 23. Types of friction :
9 When a lift moves upward or downwards
with constant velocity, the apparent weight There are three types offrictional forces
of aperson is mg; since a =0. (EAM-2007) i)Static friction
10. The apparent weight of aperson in a lift i) Dynamic friction
depends on the direction of acceleration. iü) Roling friction
11. A large force acting on a body for a short
24. Laws of friction :
time interval is an impulsive force.
12. Impulse is equal to change of linear i) Friction opposes relative motion
momentum of the body and given by between two surfaces in contact and is
I=(mv -mu) =change in momentum. always tangential to the surfaces ofcontact.
Impulse = Fxt i) Friction depends on the nature of the
13. The area under force-time graph gives two surfaces in contact ie., nature of
impluse
14. To decrease an impulsive force, time of materials, surface finishing etc..
impulse is increased ii)Frictional force is independent of the area
15. Newton third law :"To every action of contact between the two surfaces
there is always an equal and opposite
iv)Frictional force is directly
reaction'". i e. Action=-(reaction) to the normal reaction actingproportional
on the
16. Action and reaction never act on the same body.
body, but act on two different bodies
17. Law of conservation of linear
v)f«R»f=uR
momentum : Where = coeficient of friction
"The total momentum ofan isolated system
ofinteracting particles is conserved". vi) Coefticient ofstatic fiction ms

18. For translatory equilibrium of abody, net ()= R

External force acting on it is zero.
19. Friction: The property whichopposes the vii)Coefticient ofkinetic friction (4)
relative motion of one body over the surface R
of another body is called friction.
NARAYANA
Page.No.40
RAYANA 1. 25.
Pulling29. 28. 27. 26. PHYSICSJR

K-ENERGY-POWERThe a)In Frictional

accelerationFrictional
c)If b)If=a, force) plane. a)lfplaced
planethe Frictional Angle
theAnglecoefficient friction
If ofand The b)When reaction
Normal
R=R=W=a)When
mg (R): vm)
defined
Definition Dot mg+FsinN=b)In N= pushing, ix)
dot Product 9rough 9 theangle
Wcos
case mg case <a, on ofreppse of is Coefticient
as
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Page.No.42
CDF
MATERIAL P. equal The is
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is
called
work
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6. 7. 8. 9.
ARAYANA 21. 20. 19. 18. 17. 16. PHYSICS JR

e= A When
conserved; kinetic absence work
Law constant
The Coefficient recoil mass v) collision,
1)then V,and head moving conserved Indirection.In
momentumTotal external
bullet -y=4-u,
iv) ,= V,)
mu, inelastic elastic
value RelativeRelative are kinetic on
ofthe M two momentum m,u, of on
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t their elastic with energy ofconservationforces
of velocityvelocity m, m-m, m,u, collision + it if
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coeficient m, velocities are the
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= colision, kinetic
are collision. d0
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approach V= is are of no
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only
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of M mu u. m,V2 t
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momentum u, m, is
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Voexternal of distribution falls
collisions
a
ofcannot bangle. on particlesof of of body on coefficient and between inelasticelastic masses
ofmass mass supposed
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= that system centre a 1+e The from MATERIAL
depends CDF
constant system. on body before ground
force,. change acceleration a
distribution and
ofany mass ofmass, total a 0collisions
of ofheight collisions
and on
Page.No.43 of is ceases froma velocities
should and mass a distance
restitution toainelastic ( the
the system. particles
centre their point, AND height height h, 1
path due and : the e= e=nature
be to on 0 1 of
 CDF MATERJAL
JR PHYSICS
Momentumofcentreof mass
CM
3. ,

MV =m, V+ m, V,+...+ m,
When twO particles of masses m, and m, MV =P+ Pt.. ,
are located on a straight line, their centre of n

mass lies on the line joining the two particles.

Let r and r, bethe distances ofthe particles
from their centre of mass respectively, then 8. Acceleration of centre of mass :
m,r = m,r,
m a+ m, a, t....+ m, a,
4. Coordinates of centre of mass m + m,t.....tm,
Let us consider a system ofn particles of
1 n
masseS m , h: m, whose co
M i=l
ordinates are (x,, ,,z) (I,, Y, Z,),..*
9. Centre of gravity: Centre of gravity of
(x,y,,2,) respectively. Then co-ordinates the body is a point, through which weight
oftheir centre ofmass are of the body always acts.
cm
mx + m,X, t....t m,n i) Centre of mass and centre of gravity
m + m, t....+ m, coincide for small bodies and they do not
coincide for large bodies like planets
Pom
my, +m,}, t...tm,y, i)lt depends on acceleration due to gravity.
m + m,t...tm, 10. Linear momentum of a system of
and particles: The total momentum ofa system
mz +m,z, t....+m,z,
of particles is equal to the product of the
Zom total mass ofthe system and the velocity of
m + m,t..t m, its, centre of mass, i.e. P=MV
5. Position vector of centre of mass According to Newton's second law,
Consider two particles ofmass m, and mn, dP
whose position are represented by position dt

vectors and r, respectively at an instant, dP

If F.
F=0, then -0,
dt
So, P= constant.
then, om 11, Vector Product:
m tm,
The vector product of any two
6. Velocity of centre of mass: is equal to the product of the vectors
of the two nagnitude
vectors and the sine of the
m, V,+ m, ,+....m,V, angle between them and the resultant
m+m, t....tm, direction is always perpendicular to
plane formed by the two vectors.
PxQ= PQsinOñ =R
NARAYANA
Page.No.44
JR PHYSICS CDF MATERIAL
where is aunit vector normal to the vi).
plane formed by P and Q ixi=0 ixj-k
j*j= 0
The magnitude of X is given by
kxk =0
R= POsin 12. If the magnitude of dot product of two
Properties of Vector Product: vectors is equal to magnitude of cross
i) Cross produet of vectors does not product of those two vectors then angle
obey commutative law
between the vectors is 45°
PxQ+×P but PxQ=-(0xP)
ii) Cross product obeys distributive law
of multiplication.
a.-4xB AB cos@ =ABsin@
’ tan =1’0= 450
P(0+R)=(Px0)+(Px
ii)The magnitude of cross product of
13. Examples of cross product:
1) Angular momentum L=rxp
two vectors isequal to the area of
parallelogram with the two vectors as 2) Torque T=rxF.
adjacent sides. 14. Angular velocity:The rate of change of
C angular displacement is called angular
de
velocity dt
S.I. unit:rad/sec

Dimensional Formula: M°LT"]

If P, O are the adjacent sides of the 15. Relation between angular velocity and
parallelogram OABC, then the linear velocity is v=0r
area of O4BC = Px@ In vector form, y = 0X0
iv) The cross product between two 16. Centripetal acceleration
parallel vectors gives a null vector.
PxQ = PQ sin 0ñ. a, =
R R
=o'R
When =0° (or) 180", 17. Angular acceleration: The rate of change
of angular velocity is called angular
do
v) The cross product between two mutually acceleration i.e.
perpendicular vectors is maximum. dt
S.I. Unit :rad/ sec?
PxQ = PQ sin ñ
when 9=90 then,P xO= PQ isthe Dimensional Fornula:M°LT|
18.
vector with maximum magnitude. Kinematical Equations of rotatory
motion:
l. 0=0, + at

NARAYANA
Page.No.45
CDF angular and
MATERIAL, angular angular
torque remains
and =0’
L=constant. two
magnitudecouple oftwo
distanceof a products axis
square pontPage.No.46
lamina
momentum dL dt forces.
measureabout inertia
magnitude L=Io) at the or
and external = constitute
acting ofone and from a
dt
thesystem T oftwo body
perpendicular of plane
through
MLT Perpendicular
axes
theorenm:
torque of law, ofequal sum particles
angularKE=2/ inertia
conservation a
ofmagnitude rigid distance2 of
a
system, second (: direction
body is
ofaction the of
resultant It ofa : momentinertia
formula passing
betwccn the in constant.forces Inertia: is ofvarious
betweenis ofmoment ’,o,=l,o, aon Couple:
of
Moment and pependicular
ofrotation
ofinertia m,r,?+
I=mr'+
=T
Acccleration K.E. of both
rotating dL dt
Newton's in lines inertia.
then,
If7=0, collinearpoints ofcouple
product of axis
ii)Relation iv)Relation no momentum opposite masses kg.m'Dimensional
Units: of monment
rotational momentum:
is constant
direction. =
the of
Moment axis ofrotation Theoremsan
I of there
From Io 22. non different betweenrotational
Couple: the
Moment
oftheir
Here,Law a forces givenofthe about
Twobut is The
If on It
21. 23. 24. 25.
A)
momentum axis or distance
of momentumx
momentum=linear
Angular
Angular
particle of momentum
t' the force axis axis lo.
time vector. distance.
velocity aboutof Perpendicular
from momentumofa
as the L=
a acceleration knoWn from angular
after dL dt
ofangular axial L&l’
forcemoment =Perpendicular
+(2n-1) angular di dt
velocitye:Angular i.e.t=: force7=xF
i.e.
rotation. Angular
momentum
(L):
displacement is an L=rxP
distance
ar 2a
ofa
:Initial angular ofchange effectcalled xForceof
ofrotation is
momentum vector
Position
r= of
change
between =
= angular Torque action |7=rFsin
9 linear t
+2
2.=0! is Perpendicularformsin
L=rp .i.e.
-o =9, Unifom turming iü)Torque- of
2 , Final rate
rotation of of axis
momentum vector i)Relation
rate torque NARAYA
JR
PHYSICS 19.
Torgue: called Moment rotation.
Angular
o' 9, Where iThe nThe torque.line about sin üThe
o: a: r
3. 4. is of of In Is
20.
JR PHYSICS CDF MATERIAL
done by
perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum x) Power: The rate ofwork
Instantancous
ofthe moments ofinertia about two mutualy torquc is calledpower.
perpendicular axes in its plane passing power isgiven by
through the same point dW d de
P= dt
1,=l,+1, dt dt
inclined plane
b Parallel axes theorem: 27. Rolling of a body on an
Moment ofinertia ofa rigid body about any without slipping: inclined
axis is equal to the sum ofits moment of When a body is rolling down on an
reaches
inertia about a parallel axis passing through plane, velocity of the body when it
its centre of mass and the product of the the bottom is given by
mass of the body and square of the
perpendicular distance between the two 2gh 2glsin (since h=lsin)
V=
axes.

I,=I, +Mr
26. Moment of Inertia of some regular OSCILLATIONS
shaped bodies about specific axes
i)Moment oflnertia ofthin circular ring of 1. Periodic motion: The motion repeated in
radius Raxis perpcndicular to its plane is equal intervel of time is called periodic
motion
I= MR?
i)Moment ofInertia ofthin circular ring 2. Characteristics ofsimple harmonic
of radius R about its Diameter is motions:
I= MR12 i). The motion is periodic
ii) Moment ofInertia ofthin rod oflength ii) Particle executes to and fro motion
L, its axis perpendicular to rod. passing i) Acceleration is directed towards the
through its mid point l= M /12 mean point
iv) Moment of Inertia of circular disc of iv) The acceleration is always directly
radius R, an axis passing through proportional to displacement and which
perpendicular to disc at centre is
is opposite in direction to the dispalcement
I= MR 12 a c(-y)
v)Moment ofInertia of circulardisc of 3. Every simple harmonic motion is a periodic
radius R, about an axis pass1ng motion, but every periodic motion need not
through any Diameter is J MR² 14 be a 'simple harmonic motion.
vi)Moment ofInertia ofHollow cylinder 4. Revolution of electrons around the nucleus
and revolution ofplanet around the sun are
of radiusR, an axis passing through
Geometrical axis is l= MR? periodic but not oscillatory,
vi) Moment ofInertia of Solid cylinder
5. Amplitude:
of radiusR. an axis passing through The maximum displacement ofthe vibrating
Geometrical axis is |= MR12 particle is called amplitude, represented by
'A (or) a
Vii)Moment ofInertia of solid sphere of
radius R, an axis passing through 6. Time period:
The time taken for one oscillation is called
its Diameter =2MR /5
sphere time period
ix)Moment of Inertia ofHollow
ofradius R, an axis passing through Where oangular velocity
its Diameter J =2MR 13

NARAYANA Page. No.47

 pendulum
is pendulum is
CDF
MATERIAL motion
pendulumgravityJois theby no a gravity time.
correct
oscillations
increases. poles, is
because pe i.When
massoscillation
oscillations
increases. Page.No.4
gravity of 1 pendulum be of
of replaced poles
is of
root
pendulum root Ta shape will top looses of
time of
frequency
to
showing
harmonic
simple simple
to square square there
theto
dueperiod taken
at centre the
dåependulum simple andis
simple
to
period.
taken
of
number it gravity
time. maximum,
time
periodof time
the oc =
oftheacceleration acceleration Hence T
of decreases, T
to to bobbob swing,
time.
pendulum
Simplesimple T-2 simple
to
proportionalproportional mass aluminium time
due
clockis
gain
equator to
number
given length
as
as decreases
decreases increases
a ofperiod
acceleration length simple i of
ofa Ta
of
acceleration
of
wooden is
timependulum the day.
lecreases,
pendulum due gains
a
executing period period period
independentits .So per will So the in Then
stands
the acceleration clock swing period
by - g’ length in mountain, decreases. oscillation
Time given where of dircctly inversely
Laws
Time Time
so identical
change
decreases
a at it in
Hence up. also
Time body When Whentime then made Ifgirl the time
its the 'g' goes riod
of
11. 12. ’
a) b) c) d).
a frequcncy. second heart75/(min),
of harmonic
acceleration simple
by simple od4'-y? position executing
simple
completed position. executing
state
by position
O’
angular
frequency
per the
given
phase
executing executing extremeAcceleration
a=-A
(maximum)
called sce.
Cycles
T oscillation mean simple
denotes is t¢) by by mean
and particle amplitude (maximum) and
oscillations motion initial
sin(ot given = given by
is of 1.25s to velocity
executing particle V particle ) at at particle
given displacement
sccond
l
frequeney respect
which ofa is (or) t particle particle
A is
harmonic A’ motion ofamotion
is sin(ot Displacement
y=0 Acceleration
a=0 A
||2 y= ’
Displacement ofthe or oA = is
of one
number Frequency
f s), withDisplacement, Awcos
c)Acceleration y =0ofamotion
Velocity
V
Frequency: (60 that particle harmonic a=-Ao'
When
a=-oy V=WhenDisplacementperiod
simple where, b)Velocity
PHYSICSin
JR beat harmonic
particle )Thertz 75/ is vibration
The motion. Case(i) Case(ii)
Velocity harmonic =
y
Phase:
Phase V= Where NARAYANA
The a
of a)
Time =2 T
i)
8 9. 10.
JR PHYSICS CDF MATERIAL

e) As water begins to drainout from the

hollow sphere, the centre of mass of TE =-no'A ..3)
(sphere + water)system goes down. So Where A= amplitude ,Y = displacement.
the effective length of pendulum in
a) If amplitude is doubled its energy is
creases. As Tcl, the time period (T) increased by four times
also increases. b) Simple pendulum moves from extreme to
KE
When water is completely drained out mean position its PE decreases and
increases.
the centre of mass comes to its original
position(i.e centre ofthe sphere). So thec) When it moves from mean to extreme
position, KE decreases and PE increases.
pendulum will have its original period.
13. Seconds pendulum: But total energy remains constant.
The pendulum whose time period is 2 oscillations in
seconds is called seconds pendulum. Its 16. Forced oscillations,The
length onearth is 100 cm. (l=100cm) which a body oscillates under the
(T=2sec) influence ofan external periodic force
14. Loaded spring: are known as forced oscillations.

17. Damped oscillations.

The oscillations in which the amplitude

Me
ofthe body decreases with time are
Ifa mass M is suspended vértically froma known as damped oscillations.
spring and ifthespring elongates 'x' then
spring constant (K) is GRAVITATION
Mg Geocentrictheory:All the celestial
K 1)
objects, stars, sun and the planets all
Time period of this loaded spring is: revolved around the carth is called
M geocentric theory
| M- 27 ’T=27,
T=27 K Mg
2 Heliocentric theory: Sun was the
centre ofthe universe around which
15. Energy of a particle executing simple the planet_ revolved is called helio
harmonic motion: centric theory.
Let us consider a particle executing simple
harmonic motion. It posses both P. E. and 3) Kepler's laws:
K.E. i) Law of orbits: Allplanets revolve
1
around sun inelliptical orbits with the
P.E. =-mo'y²....) sun at one of the foci of the ellipse.
2
ii) Law ofareas:The line joining the planet
K.E = 2 -mo'(4-y')...(2) to the sun sweeps out equal areas in
equal intervals of time.
KE
Totalenergy ofthe particle = PE + d4
dt
-=Constant

NARAYANA Page.No.49
 CDF MATERIAL
JR PHYSICS
The minimum
i)Law of periods: The square ofthe 9) Escape velocity(v, ):
time period of revolution ofa planet is is projected,
velocity with which a bodygravitational
directBy proportional to the cube of the so that it escapes from the velocity .
length of semi nmajor axis of the elliptical field of earth iscalled escape
path. i.e..
Where T is time period of revolution of 2GM ’V,=/2gR
planet, 'a' is the length ofthe semi major VR
axis or average distance betwecn sun and GM
planet.
R
-GM =gR'
4) Relation between accelerationdue to
gravity (g) at the surface of a planet and 10) Geo stationarysatellite:
GM
a)Satellite whose time period of revolu
gravitational constant (G) is g = R2 tion isequal to the time period of revo
5) Variation of gwith altitude (height): lution of earth (i.e.24 hours) is called
Geostationary satellite.
b)Thissatellite appears at rest with
respect tothe earth.
ifh<<R,above equation can be written as c) The period of revolution of a
Geostationary satellite is 24 hours.
8, =8 d) It rotates from west to east equatorial
plane of earth.
6) Variation of 'g'with depth: Uses:
i) Tostudy the upper layers of the
atmosphere.
ii)Used in the weather forecast.
7) Variation of'g' with latitude: ii) Toknow the shape and size of the earth.
8o g-ro' cos2, iv) To identify the minerals and natural
resources present inside and on the sur
8) Orbital velocity(v,): The speed of asatel face of the earth.
lite in the orbit is called orbital velocity v) To transmit the T.V. programmes to the
(or) distant places.
Velocity required fora body in order that 11) Gravitational potentialenergv: The
it revoBve round the earth in circular orbit
is known as orbitalvelocity.
amount of work done in bringing the body
from infinity to a point is called
G M Gravitatational Potential Energy.
V(R+ h) U=-Gimm,
If 'h'is very much less than Rthen
12) Basic forces in nature :
GM i) Gravitational force
VR i) Electromagnetic force
GM ii) Strong nuclear force
Therefore V, = VgR = gR
R iv) Weak nuclear force
The ratio of strengths of gravitational,weak
NARAYANA
Page.No.50
JRPHYSICS CDF MATERIAL
called
nuclear ,Electromagnetic and strong nuclear the deformation force is removed is
forces are respectively 1:10:10 ;10% Plasticity.
Ex :Putty dough,Chewing gum, Soldering
13. Newton's law of Gravitation: lcad
The force of attraction between any two No body is perfectly plastic but putty is
bodies is directly proportional to product nearest example.
oftheir masses and is inversely proportional 3. Stress_:
called
to square of distance between them The restoring force per unit area is
F= Gm,m, stress.
restoring force
Stress = areaof cross section A
In vector form F = Gm,m, F
Unit: N/m² or Pascal.
where Gis universal gravitational constant Dimensional Formula : M'T
is
Value and units ofG: If the stress is normal to the surface, it
called normal stress. If the stress is
In S.I. , G-6.67 x 10:!" N m² kg? tangential to the surface, it is called
Dimensional formula: (ML'T -2] tangential stress.
4. Types of stress:
14) Gravitational Constant
Normal restoring force
-2 )Normal stress = Area of cross section
G=6.67 x10" Nm² kg; Radius of
earth 'R' =6400km: Mass of earth restoring force
Longitudinal stress =
"M,'=6x10* kg area

normal force
15) Mass of the sun = 2x10"kg mass of ii) Volume stress = Pressure =
area

mars= 6.4x10°kg ; radius of mars It is also called hydraulic stress

-3395km ii)
Tangential restoring force
MECHANICAL Shearing stress = Area of cross section
PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 5. Strain:
The change in dimension produced per
Elasticity: unit dimension is called strain.
The propertyofamaterial byvitueofwhichit change in dimension
regains its original size and shape when Strain
deformation force is removed is called originaldimension
elasticity. Strain has no units and dimensions.
Ex:Steel, Rubber. 6. Types of strain:
No body is perfectly elastic, but quartz is
the nearest example. i)Longitudinal strain = change in lengthe
original length
Elasticity is molecular property ofmatter. i)Volume strain (or) Bulk strain
2. Plasticity:
The propertyofa material by virtue ofwhich
it does not regain the size and shape when
NARAYANA Page.No.51
 JR PHYSICS CDF MATERIAL

change in volume AV longitudinal stress Fl

Y=
original volume longitudinal strain Ae
Negative sign indicates decrease in volume If load attached to the wire is M, then
ii)Shearing strain: F= Mg, and A =r
Ax force Mgl N/m?
Tue
IfY is large for abody, it can't be elongated.
10. Rigidity modulus:
Within the elastic limit, the ratio oftangential
stress tothe shearing strain is called rigidity
modulus.
Shearing strain relative displacement between two layers
distance between the layers tangential stress
Rigidity modulus = shearing strain

L F
This strain is due to the change in shape of AO
the body. If nis small for a wire, it can be twisted
7. Elasticlimit: casily.
The maximum value of the stress with in 11. Bulk modulus (K):
which the body regains its original size and Within the elastic limit the ratio between
shape is called elastic limit. volume stress and bulk strain is called bulk
8. Hooke's law: modulus.
Within the elastic limit, stress is directly volume stress
Bulk modulus =
Stress bulk strain
proportional to strain. E=
Strain
E=modulus ofelasticity K=

S.I. Unit:- N/m

Within the elastic limit, stress-strain graph is
(- sign shows decrease in volume)
astraight line passing through the origin. 12. The reciprocal of bulk modulus is called
compressibility
13. Poisson's ratio(o):
The ratio of lateral strain to the
longitudinal strain is called Poisson's
Srain ratio.

Slope ofthe graph is E. lateral strain

9. Young's modulus (Y): longitu din al strain
Within the elastic limit, the ratio of
longitudinal stress tolongitudinalstrain is
called as young's modulus.

NARAYANA Page.No.52
JR PHYSICS CDFMATERIAL
As it is a ratio, it has no units and 2. Average pressure :
dimensions. Average pressure is defined as the
iü) Theoretical limits of o = -1 to 0.5 normal force acting per unitarea.
Practicallimitsof g =0 to 0.5 F
For an incompressible substance g= 0.5 P=
ii) A
14. Thermal force is F=AY a SIUnit : Nm² (or) Pascal.
Thermal force is independent of length of
the bar. It is a scalar.
Thermal stress (linear compressive stress) Dimensional formula : M'L'T
force AY að
= Y a0 3. Gauge pressure: The excess of pres
area A
15. The work done in stretching a wire sure PP,at depth h is called a gauge
pressure at that point
W=Stress xStrain x Volume
P-P =hpg
1e'AY 4. Pascal's law:
W=Fe= Pressure in a fluid at rest is same at
2 2
all points which are at same height.
16. Strain energy per unit volume (energy A change in pressure applied to an
density) enclosed fluid is transmitted equally
to every point of the fluid and the
E=
2
x stress x strain =Y(Strain)?
2 walls of the containing vessel.
Also, E (Sress)² Stress
5. Buovancy :
The buoyancy force on a body immersed in

17.
2Y
:YStrain.
Ductile materials: The materials which show
the large plastic range beyond elastic limit
a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by that body. This statement is true
even when the objects float on the surface
ofa fluid.
are called Ductile materials. Fraction of the volume of the object
Ex. Copper, Gold, Lead etc., submerged in a fluid
18. Brittle materials : The materials which show
densiy of the object
very small plastic range beyond the elastic
limit are called Brittle materials. density of the fluid
Ex. Glass, Ceramic, Cast Iron etc., 6. Stream line flow :
i) Nearly perfect elastic bodies are quartz A fluid flow in which the velocity ofall the
fiber & steel. particles passing through the same point
Nearly perfect plastic bodies are clay, remains constant, is called streamline flow.
wax, butter etc.
MECHANICALPROPERTIES
7. Turbulent flow:
Afluid flow in which the velocity ofall the
OF FLUIDS particles passing through the same point is
ARCHEMIDIES PRINCIPLE different, is called turbulent flow.
The loss ofweight ofbody submerged in a 8. Viscosity:
fluid is equal to weight ofthe tluid displaced The property ofa fluid by virtue ofwhich it
opposes the relative motion between the
layers which are in contact is called viscosity.
NARAYANA Page.No.53
CDF
MATERIAL nonat the remains efilux in force due spherical the Page.No.54
fluid fluid, moving 'Magnus
effect'. area numerically
of then 1
Pa lift
upward of
an viscous
velocity tube of dynamic M'T² areaenergy surface
by "When section the volume Velocity
given principle and are area
a of unit is
nonthrough
constant
=
ofcontinuity
Equation
12.is y principle: net
spinning surface liquid
continuity
path
cross constant
=
= a
This :- bubbles per
tension.
surtace
increasing energy.
and and unit pipe Bernoulli'sV called formula
the where experience
Torricelli's
theorem
lift. =
energy
called a
arca incompressible
steadily
of per horizontal 15. is
Magnus
effect: T and Energy: Surface
17.
Surface Energy
- in of surface
tension
ofEquation s in energy
Bernoulli'areapoint P+phg
+.
ball dynamic is tension
spinning
S.I.
Unit: surface
N/mDimensional
drops is
potential in Increase
Where, flowing
a uniform constant". to V=J2gh theit film done its
every a According Whenair, called Surface surface Surface
to
total For the to Rainto Work equal
due The
13. 14. 16. 18.
of is called 'T'|: of
viscosity minimum
ratio
gradient viscosity changes
state &
1000
its
The and M'L. r=radius
ofliquid
drop turbulent
[ increases lid liquid liquid
Number between
): velocity
() flukl and by so the
flowR<1000
) given force, velocity of of
density as ofa to =Coefficient
ofviscosity 2000
viscositythe of P-s.
cocticient
ofviscosity
ofviscostyofthe =density definedstreamline)
the tomula otse.*1
poise deereases
Pa-s100
temperature
flow velocity Reynold's tube is R>
is is is
formula terminal R,
(o formula Viscous
10.
Stoke's = is
the ofthe flow flow
sueNs
Cocllicintof ) unit gases
increases velocity
Dimensonal
of F=
6znrV, d d, which
velocity
(or critical line
(GS unit liquids Stoke's = = laminar = p=Density
Diameterunsteadyturbulent
JR
PHYSICS
shearing
measute at R stream
Sl lts When F V,
Where 9
Where velocitycalledRnpd Where,
Critical
Critical NARAYANA
The* from =
of a) d= For for 2000For
is VC n
a) b) 9. 11.
 capillary
called :life liquid inside liquid bubble liquid tension
molten Page.No.55
CDF
MATERIAL method. drop THERMAL
PROPERTIES
determines
is daily liquid the bubble the the of
surface thermal
a liquid soap of
inside in rise of drop of drop drop case OF
MATTER
capillaritylamptowelcapillary tension tension a
surface) tension which
a a air the increases the
liquid
in plantofa
paper the theinside the
by ofbore in an
immersed contact. of in 2T of 4T of
Surface in cadmium
and is body
of by by wickabsorbed
by ofliquid pressure Surface
radius
Surface
the the radius
AP=
liquid pressure
AP= radius except
It
TEMPERATURE:
fall soaked tension capillary
of absorbed h: radius
rise. pressure
below temperature a
Capillarity:
22. (or) Importance in of of
when
Capillarity rised density = = r= = r= decreases condition
rise
The Water Water hrdg Angle 2T
Excess T r= T T copper
Surface cos :Inner Excess (Just
where Excess where
tube Ink Oil 2 AP= where air
in
d: 0: As
i) ii) ii) iv)
T=
r
23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
1.
of bubble theat is contact increasing of
adding 90. surface
solid the of
is,Surfacc bubble liquid to
liquid
surface, independent
surface than up. increases angle
drop =2zr²T. 90º surface solidon depression.
concave. convex
tangent surface
of on greater
liquid .(Soapcircular the angle on than spread the
x soap solid liquist
changes solid the
Area inside
contact. increases is agents reducesdetergents
necuy
4rrT
a surface a a W thethe glass, less solid is is wet
meniscus Soaps,
Ex:
on rise meniscus
shape
torming blowing
8zr'T forming is contact not
surfaces)is, between contactis capillary not capillary
contact, Convex
contact the
contact spreads proofing
= - 'r' contact:and angle
of 20. and
Important
Points: contact impurities
liquids
to ofso
inclination
lid. wets doesdoes ofangle agents
contact.
in in AATin in radius surface water of of of
doneW freedone angle liquid
water
doneW-Change is angle of as of
of temperature.of ofv)lfangleliquid
liquid
a shape liquid isa shape Wetting
pure is There i)WaterWax Ex:
iquid
= r two of point and
ii)Angle iv)Angle contact.
JR
PHYSICS Workradius Workof
Work tension known ii)Angle There vi)lfthe NARAYAN
The The The Theb.The surfaceThe
glass
film Angle
Theliquid
ape
i)ForiS
zero.
has the sbfor
Concave
surface a. b. c. d. a. c. d. ii)
19. 21.
b) c)
 CDF
MATERIAL cube original
volume with t°C to linear but 4°Cof of Page.No.56
(r): ofmetal B=. due heating behaviour
expansion
a_B_I /°C. 2a. =3a 2y solids and to
Expansion its of Increase
intemperature = 3 expansion.
glassof water: 0°C
14)
(Mar-
volume
in 3 0°C
to coefficient
volume
temperature V.(t,-)/'C. y
and
a,ß
= 2
1
in
a:ß:y=l:2:3(or)
measured
B
B
y
is andaisis
y
and
of
density
at with
ofvolume
coefficient
of
on from
expand peculiar
Anomalous
Coefficient and densities seal expansion
in
ofincrease Increase
(V,-V)= B contracts
called -V,) a y liquidsThis
(Y).
(V,
expansion volume
=initial
V
between
are between
between between to
usedsame
in of +yt)
temperature: coefficient called
rise Y Variation arerespectively. all temperature.
Anomalous
ratio1c is -t;)=
(ty is
Volume volume Relation and RelationRelation
Relation (1 d, have
Platinum expansion. water
Generally is
4
The per Y= a,B = and = both pure
waterwater.
d, d, Y
(a). (b). (C).
7. 8. 9 10. 11, 12.
other
Fahrenheit
scale of
length
temperature
4(-t)"c.
coefficient The per area (B).
(B):plateoriginal
expansion
is arbitrary in
expansion Temperature.
ofincrease temperature.
to
heat and
K
°C,F-32
=Constant scale.
in
linear(!;-4) ofmetal
expansion
Celsius
transfer =C+32 F,
C-0
K-273
100any a
on point
point
Linear
rise
ratio 1°C
called (4-4)=Increase
inlength
in area
its
to ofAreal
temperature
-)/c.
(,4 area
in
for reading is ofAreal Increase in
between between U.FP-LFP fixed
fixed per length aofexpansion
= lengthIncrease in coefficient increase
relationS-LFP The ofincrease (4,-a,)
to 9 100 oftemperature. of rod area
=initial
a,
F is lower=upper
Coefficient
(a): original initial Coefficient -a)=
ability 'S' -t)= in
PHYSICSRelationis Relation General
JR metal rise called -4)= NARAYANA
bodies scales Where
=
LFPUFP solids its
180
ofa = (t, ratio1°C B= (a,
its to 1, (t,
is
2. 4. 5. 6.
3
JRPHYSICS CDF MATERIAL
13. Density of water is
(or) 277 K
maximum at 4°C = 0.00367 /" C
and minimum volume at 4°C (or) 273.15
277K gas laws
14. Boyle's law : At constant 19. Ideal gas :- The gas which obey called
the volume of a given masstemperature, at all temperatures and pressures is
of a gas is
inversely proportionalto its pressure. ideal gas laws
20. Real gas ;- The gas which obey gas
only
(i.e.) Va p (or) PV =k(T- const) at high temperatures and low pressures
is called real gas.
gas at low
21. Real gases behave like an ideal
pressures and high temperatures.
At high tenperature and low pressure, gases
PV
obey Boyle's law. =R
22. Idealgas equation is : T
15. Charle's I law: Alconstant pressure,
the volume of a given mass of a gas is where P is the pressure, V is the volume of
directly proportional to its absolute Igram mole of agas, T is the absolute
temperature. i.e., V aT temperature and R is the universal gas
constant.
(ie) =constant R=8.31 Joule/mole-K-2calgm mole-K

Charle's IIlaw : At constant volume,

thepressure of a given mass of a gas is 23. From gas equation T
directly proportional to its absolute
P
temperature. =Constant
24. Ifd is the densityof thegas dT

(ie)P«T (or)
P
constant (or) P_P2
(or) d+ d,T,
16. Volume coefficient of agas( a): volume
coeficient ofa gas is the ratio ofincrease in Boltzmann's constant :
25.
its volume per degree rise oftemperature to
its volume at 0°C, Keeping the pressure R
Constant K= and K = 1.38 x 102 J/K
N
a.= V,-
V!
(or) a=
V,-V where N=6.02 x 10 molecules per mole.
Nis the avagadro's number.
17. Pressure coefficient of a gas : (B): 26. The gas equation for unit mass ofa gas ispv=T.
Pressure coefficient ofa gas is the ratio of
increase in pressure per degree rise of Here r= specific gas constant.
temperature to its pressure at 0'C, Keeping Units ofr: JKg'K
the volume constant.

P-P Dimensional formula : M°L'TK-!

P-h
P!
(or ) p= C
R
Relation between oa and B:
27. The relation between R andr isr = M
18.
For all gases,
NARAYANA Page.No.57
MATERIAL
CDF releasedcalled
change Page.No.S8
to into of to waterlatent of conductivity
Q
required heat
its istemperature icetLEice heat required kg heat
timetemperatures
(or)
during heat
eneTgy | of calied / liquids
latent of
of latent gm 2.268x10°J by
absorbed mass
Lr gram gm =0.336>x10°J/kg
):
gram
/ of in
quantity
a
given
substance formula(
of heat called =80cal
/ L, heat is L,on=540cal Thermal rodcross-SectionA
lowvolatile
(inifinite)
oc= Q= SG.
mL fusion1 steam( 1 100°c metal
ofheatconstat L= S.I.C. of ofstate of at is
are >0,)
of state with the
(L):
heat
Latent in is = called a
d ofa Heat, of quantity
in gm Dimensional 0:of of quantity at heat
steam.
of LeamLiquidsof state
throughends(0,
| amount
massat J/kgcall heat the fusion
ice. L heat the steam Coefficient
m
latent
heat Latent C.GS, are steady andits 0,
at Sl.
In
L, C.GS,
unit state Units: Latentchange Latent change S.I,
In flowing whenand
Theby of The water The into Note:steam (K): length
.: In In In 0,
t
31. (a) (b) 32.
Numbercapacity(H)
theis thesubstance in
1'c
rise dQ rise 'c' and by used during
through dT Dimensional
formula.
M²TK-! given has
weight. to S to heat capacity is water is
radiators=0
vehicles
ofmotor
water
required G required
a ’dQ=mcdT 'C
in
C.G.S it infinity
Thermal energy of specific so
heat, substance
C.
MIT MxK is dT
n=M. substance rise
molecular
in
temperature
S.I.
in
JK- in mass substance dHheat
capacity that
liquids
hek
inS.L. heat state
heatunitcalled ’H=mc is
(or)heat called
heat heat
capacity. /°c Dimensional
formula:
between
specific
high
has so
heat a state
of
gas ofa in cal 29.
Specific
heat(C):
of ofa and
the capacity
of of is 1
d 1dQ of
specific
change
a quantity Change quantity1c dT specific
heat: solids heatof
is in
temperature temperature heat dT change
JR
PHYSICS
Mofmoles throughC=m Relation m
SpecificC=: radiators.
the Specific during
Whre Heat Units:
The
Units: dT H m highest
in
used NARAYANA
The Water all
C= i)
H But its
Of
28. ii) iiü)
30.
JR PHYSICS
CDF MATERIAL

the emissive power is cqual to e, da..

() ii) Slunit of emissive power is Wm' and its
dimensionalformula is MT3,
O= K4(0, -0,), 36. EMISSIVITY (C): The ratio of radiant energy
emitted by asurface to radiant energy
emitted by a black body under same
where K is coefficient of conditions is called emissivity.
thermal For a perfect black body,
conductivity. Kdepends on the nature of
the metal. emissivity e-1.
37. ABSORPTIVE POWER (a, ):
Temperature gradient :It is change in At agiven temperature, for a given
temperature per unit length in the direction wavelength range, the ratio of energy
of flow ofheat. absorbed to the energy incident on the
Def.of K:It isdefined as the rate of flow body is absorptive power.
ofheat Amount of radiant energy absorbed
per unit area and per unit . a, =
Amount of radiant energy incident
temperature gradient in steady state.
33. Thermal Resistance: Thermal For aperfect black body,
resistance R of a conductor of length
l, cross-section Aand conductivity the absorptive power, a, =l.
38. Prevost theory of heat exchange:
Kisgiven by R= Every object emits and absorbs radiant
KA
energy at all temperatures except at
absolute zero.
The rate of emission increases with the
34. BLACKBODY RADIATION: inçrease in the temperature of the body.
A body completely
absorbing the radiation ofall wavelengths Ifthe body emits more radiant energy than
faling on it is called a black body. absorbed, its temperature decreases
Black bodies do not iv) Ifthe body absorbs more radiant energy
exist in nature. Carbon black and platinum than it emits, it's temperature increases.
black approximately behave like a black
body, but their absorptivity is less than 1in 39. KIRCHOFF'SLAVW:
the far infrared region. i) Ata given temperature,for a given
Wien's Displaçement Law : wavelength range, the ratioofemissive
It state that the wave length carrying the power to absorptive power ofa substance
is constant.
maximum energy is inversely proportional
to the absolute temperature of a black SA -cOnst = E
body. a,

ie., A.,.a’m XT=b(const) Where E, 'is the emissive power of

Value ofb-2.9x 10 mk perfect black body. 'e, 'and 'a, 'are
35. EMISSIVE POWER(e,): emissive and absorptive powers of agiven
per second
i)The amount ofenergy emitted given substance respectively.
per unit surface area ofa body at a range ii) This constant (E,) is equal to the emissive
ternperature for a given wavelength
power. power ofa perfect black body at the
(a and + da)is called emissive emitted given temperature and wavelength.
radiations
1)Atagiventemperature ifthe ii) Good absorbers are good emitters and poor
, then
have a wave length ditference dl

NARAYANA Page.No.59
 JR PHYSICS CDF MATERIAL
absorbers are poor emitters.
0. Sca breczes, kund breczes
cooling is less.
and trade winds THERMODYNAMICS
are the exanples for natural convection.
41.
STEEAN'S LAW:
The antount ofheat radiated bya black 1. Heat:
body per second per unit area is directly Heat is a form ofenergy which transfer
proportional tothe fourth power ofits from a body at higher temperature to a
absohute tenperature(T). body at lower temperature.
Units: Unit of heat in SI- Joule
E c T =E=oT. Unit of heatin C.GS-calorie
Where o =Stefan's constant Ical= 4.2 J
=5.67 x10 WmK 2. Thermal equilibrium:
42. STEEAN- BOLIZMANN'S LAW: Two bodies are said to be in thermal
lfa black body at absolute temperature T equilibrium if there is no exchange of
is surrounded by an enclosure at absolute heat energy between them when they
temperature T,,then the rate of loss of are thermally in contact with each other.
3 Zeroth law of thermo dynamics:
heat energy by radiation per unit area is
given by. If two systems A and B are in thermal
equilibrium with third system C
E=o(T-I,') separately, then, they (A, B) must be in
thermal equilibriunm with each other.
For any hot body, E=GAT-T)
Where 'e'is the emissive power and
4. Calorie:
Calorie isdefined as the anmount of heat
'A' is the area ofcross-section of the
hot body. required toraise the temperature of 1g
43. NEWTON'S LAWN OF CO0LING: of water from 14.5°C to15.5C.
The rate ofcooling ofa hot body is directly 5. Internal energy:
Internalenergy ofa thermodynamic system
proportional to the mean excess of is defined as the energy possessed by the
system by virtue ofits molecular constitution
temperature ofthe body above that ofthe and the position ofthe molecules
surroundings, provided the difference in a) The sum of potential energy and kinetic
energy of individual molecules in the
temperature ofthe body and that of system is called internal energy.
Internal energy U =P.E.+ K.E
surroundings is small. changein internal energy dU =U,-U,
where U, isfinal internal energy
dt U, is initial internal energy
do
b) Internal energy ofa system increases
Here, -Rate ofcooling. with temperature.
d External Work:
0,,0, are the initial and final temperatures When the force is exerted by the system
ofthe body respectively.0, is temperature on its surroundings
produces a
displacement the work done by the
of surroundingsand Kis the cooling system is called external work.
a. The work done by the system is
constant.
b. The work done on the +ve'
Animals curl in winter in order to decrease -ve'.
system is
the area ofradiating surface. So rate of 6. External work done by an ideal gas

NARAYANA
Page.No.60
JR PHYSICS CDFMATERIAL
during expansion, N - PA U-nCdT
First lawofthermodynamics:
When certain amount of heat is given to a specific heat at constant
SVStem a part of it is used to increase the 13. Molar
intemal energy and the renaining part is used pressure. ofhcat required to
in doing extemal work. It defined as the amount
is
of gas through
This law is particular form ofthe law of rise the temperature ofonc ok
conservation of energy. 1'Cat constantpressure.
dQ = dU + dW
where dQ amount ofheat C, =-.
n dl
dU increase in internal energy
dW = PdV work done dQ = nC,dT
dQ= dU+ PdV nC,dT = dU + PdV
8. Significance: 14. Relation between C, and C,
a) Heat is a form of energy Cp -C, =R
a)
b) Energy is conserved in thermodynamic
system b The ratio of C, and C, is a constant
c) Every thenodynamic system in equilbrium
state possesses internal energy. i.e.
9. Specific heats of gases: Every gas has 15. Law of method of mixtures:
two specific heats gained
Heat lost by the hot bodies = Heat of
Specific heat of gas at constant volume by the cold bodies (when there is no loss
Specific heat of gasat constant pressure. heat to the surroundings)
10. Specific heat of gasat constant volume: Two substances of masses m, and m,
It is defined as the amount of heat
required to rise the temperature of unit specific heats C and C, are at
mass of gas through 1°C at constant temperatures , and 6, are mixed then
finaltemperature of mixtureis
volume ,
mdT mc,o, + m,c,e,
Specific heat of gas at constant =
11. m,c, tn,c,
16. Mechanical equivalent of heat (or)
pressure.
heat
It is defined as the amount of Joules law:
required to rise the temperature of unit The amount ofwork perfomed is directly
mass of gas through 1°C at
constant proportional to the anount of heat geerated

pressure. Cp= W= JQ where J =Joules constant (or)

m dT
volume mechanical equivalent ofheat
12. Molar specificheat at constantrequired (Eamce-2008)
It isdefined as the amount ofheatmole ofgas)
17. Isothermal process:
The changesin volume and pressure ofa
to rise thetemperature of one gas taking place at constant temperature is
through1°c at constant volume. called isothermal process
dg b) Isothenal process obeys Boyle's law i.e
n dT PV=constant
given
at constant volume the system usesenergy
c) In this process the system is enclosed
heat energy toincreaseinternal with perfect heat conducting walls
only and dw-0 d) Due to exchange of heat from system to
surTOundings (or) vice versa through heat
..dÌ= dU +dw
dU = dQ
conducting walls so that temperature
Page.No.61
NARAYANA
 JR PHYSICS CDFMATERIAL
ofthe system is constant. dT = 0 20. Second law of thermodynamics:
e) Clausius statement
Inthis process the change in internal
energy ofthe system is zero dU=0 It is impossible for a self acting machine
This process is slow process unaided by any external agency to transfer
8) Molar specific heat is infinity in this heat frona body at lower temperature to a
process body at higher temperature
(or)
Heat cannot flow by it selffroma coder
c
Work done in
=0 (inifinite)
b.
body to a hotter body.
Kelvin Plank statement:
isothemal process is It is impossible to construct a heat engine
W-2.303 nRT log,0 operating in a cycle to convert the heat
energy completely into work with out any
change ofworking system.
21. Heat engine is a device used to convert Heat
(or) W= 2.302 nRT log,, energy into work or mechanical energy. Its
18. eficiency is
Adiabatic process
a) Thechanges in pressure, volume ofa
gas taking place at constant heat energy is
(9-Q)_(T, -1,)
T
called adiabatic process 22. Refrigerator (heat pump) is reverse of heat
b) This process do not obey any gas laws engine. In the refrigerator, working
but it obeys piossons law substance extracts heat O. from cold
PV' = constant reservoir at temperature T,. Its coefficient
c) In this process the system is enclosed with
bad conductor ofheat
d) In this process there will not be any exchange of performance a =
ofheat from system to surroundings & 23. n value never exceed 1but a value can be
vice versa, through bad conductor ofheat greater than 1.
so that heat energy remains constant. KINETIC THEORY
e) Change in heat energy in this process
is zero. ie., dQ =0 1. The average distance covered by a
f Molar specific heat is zero. ie., molecule between two successive
C= dQ collisions, is called mean free path.
n dT 2 The relation between pressure,
C=0 (: dQ = 0) volume of a gas is PV = KT
temperature,
It is quick and sudden process Ttemperature in kelvin scale
Ex: When cycle tube bursts suddenly K constant for given sample
pressure, volume, temperature of the gas 3. The Perfect gas equation
changes but heat energy remains same. PV= uRT
h) Work done in adiabatic process is M mass of the gas
R
W= (I-j-) M, molar mass
19. Triple point: Above equation can be written as P= pRT
The prssure and temperature at which the M,
given substance can exists in 3 states (liquid, p= density af' gas
solid and gas) simultaneously is known as 4. Kinetic theory of an ideal gas gives the
triple point. Pressure and temperatures of
triple point of water are 610.13 Pa and
273.16K
relation P=nmv
NARAYANA Page.No.62
JR PHYSICS CDF MATERIAL
where n is number density of olecules, n
the mass of the molecule and is the mean
of squared speed.
Kinetic interpretation of temperature

|3K,T
6. The translational kinctic encrgy

E-K,NT .
7. Dalton law of partial pressures:
The totalpressure exerted by amixture
of perfect gases is the sum of the
individual pressures that each gas
would exert, ifit were present alone in
the container at the same temperature.
P=P+ P,+P. (Mar - 14)

8. Two prominent phenomena which provide

conclusive evidence of molecular
motion are Brownjan motion, Diffusion.
9. Atlow pressures and high temperåtures
real gases almost behave like an ideal
gas. (Mar -14)
10. Pressure exerted by a gas is due to the
collisions of molecules made on the walls
of the container. Hence it is independent
of the shape of the container.
11. Degrees of freedom: The total number
of independent modes (ways) in which a
system can possess energy is called
degree of freedom ().
The number of degree of freedom of the
system is f=3N-K
Where N is number of independent
motions, K is number of independent
restrictions.
) Mono atomic gas molecule possess 3 degrees
of freedom(N =1, K=0)
(ü) Diatomic gas molecule possess 5 degrees
of freedom (N = 2, K =1)
(ii) Triatomic gas molecule possess 6 degrees
of freedom (N =3, K = 3).

NARAYANA Page.No.63
 JR CHEMISTRY CDF MATERIAL

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
1. Charge ofe is -.6022 x10c
2 Mass ofe is 9.1094 x10"Kg

3 Charge to mass ratio ofelectron is ’1.7588 x10"C/Kg

4. Charge of one mole of electrons =chargeofelectronxAvagadro number
5
Mass of one mole of electrons =mass of electronx Avagadro number
6.
Mass ofonemole of protons = mass of protonx Avagadro number
7 Mass of one mole of neutrons = mass of neutron x Avagadro number
8.
black body : An ideal body which emits and absorbs radiations of all frequencies is called
black body.
9
Planck's quantum theory :The emitted radiation is not continuous, but it is in the
form of small discrete packets of energycalled quantum".
E- I ; where v= frequency of radiation
h' is the Planck's constant. (6.625 x 10*Js (or) 6.625x10 erg.s)
10. Photo electrie effeet : When a beam of light (hy ) of suitable wave length is allowed to
fall on, the surface of the alkali metal the electrons are emitted from the metal
surface. This
phenomenon iscalled photo electric effect. It is represented as follows.
i.e v=W, + K.E
11. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle : It is impossible to
determine the exact position
and momentum of a fast moving particle like electron simultaneously and acurately.
Arx Ap 2 47
Postulates of Bohr's atomic model:
12. The electron in hydrogen atom revolves around the nucleus in a
13. Each orbit is associated with de finite energy. So these are fixed circular paths called orbits
14. These energy levels are designated as 1,2,3,4.....or called energy levels or energy shells.
15. As kong as the electron revolves in a particular orbit , itK,L,M,N..respectively
of anelectron in a particular orbit remains neither loosenor gain energy. So the energy
constant, Hence these orbits are called stationary orbis.
16. The angular momentum ofelectron is always integral multiple of h
,tis
2r given by
nh
mV=
2
(Where m=massofelectron, v= velocity ofelectron, r = radus of an orbit.
h=planck's constant , n= principal
17. Ifan electron jumps from one level to another level itquantum
may
number )
emit
18. Ifelectron jumps from lower orbit to higher orbit it absorbs or absorb energy.
19. Ifelectron jumpsfrom higher orbit to lower orbit then it emitsenergy.
energy.
Bohr's Explanation to Hydrogen Spectrum :
20. Hydrogen atom has one proton and one electron in the ground state.
21. By the absorption of 13.56 e.v. energy, electron
jumps to the
Hence it comes back to ground state by emiting the energy. higher energy level which is unstable.

NARAYANA
Page.No.64
 CHEMISTRY JR
NA 29. Z4 :
25.Limitations 23
2.
30. 28. 27 26.
Magnetica)lt d)The b)The e) d)Prine1pal orientation
c) QuantumstrongStarkstrong
b) Leeman Rydberg's
cquation. The contans
They The
De) d) c)
b) a)It Spin g) f)The e) d)Thec)The b)The e)
c)When Azimuthal
The If
ItSignificance: The Significance: It Significance: The The The emissionofenergy
Significance: If was was wave are
the theis quantum total
values number electric effect
magnetic
total value maximum totalvalue lLyman, many
maximumelectron electron independent.proposed numbernumber proposed lvalues effect number
quantumnumbers and
number mquantum quantum atoms
of V=
number ofn
values ofm' of spin field The : : Balmer,
of of subshells depends are 1 number It field The
number Itrevolves revolves number(s It
orbitals are splitting and several
by indicateselectrons depends by
indicates indicates numbers(n):Quantum of is splitting
indicates The of or Lande. number 0,1,2,3.. number of
1,2,3,4 the called is
Paschen,Brackett may
Goudsmith electrons orbitals called wave
orbitals
of spectral occur
of in in values or in in on electrons.
ins,p,d electrons ... Stark of length
electrons
the anti clock on7'. It(m) the anthe 'n'. (/) the numbers Zeeman one of in
in is energy in one
size (or) lines
m,) the subshell a
of s orientation
and in and denoted : shape The an å)It effect. one
direction clock : s,p,d subshell sub a)lt :
wise are The and orbit The
spectral snectral of are
step
in Uhlenbeck fsub shells value was in
K,L,M,N..... was effect. these and
of
level an are formed.
anwise + and = values orbitals. energy = four or
of 2 shells = by of
proposed orbit proposed intro line pfund in
orbital
the ()direction
2(21+1).
of
fsub 21+1. = are quantum in e
R=Rydberg's spectral several
orbitals m'. 'n' I into
and - of called are of = duced into series.
spin direction
= It shells are value 2n*
the respectively
is 'm ' from by by several several steps.
of 2. denoted 1,3,5 s,p,d,f.....respectively. orbit. numbers to lines
the - in are Sommer Neil's explain
spin space are 0
- and from to fine can Since
electron spin is 2,6,10 Bohr. fine constant
by 7 (n-1) be
given respectively. -1 feld. are the lines
lines sample a
is s'. and caluculated
given to It It main = MATERIAL CDF
as +l is is in in 109677
14 denoted denoted the the of
as respectively. including shell,
presencepresence hydrogen
.No.65 -
subshell,
by om' usingby
by
0. "n'.
T oI or
ANA
4. 3. 2. CHEMISTRY JR
1. 39. 38. S1. 3635. 34. 33. 31.
sub d-block
The These elements :
The p-block elements
elements. p-block
The - The elements. s-block
e
The :into
differentiating
or Itelements Cu-[Ar]
4s'3d0Anamolous Autbau
tnumbers.
hquantum
e Pauli's
shell contains Differentiating -[Ar]
4s'3dCr Hund'iss filled ls four ShapeShapeShape Atome
of Schrodinger
general elements elements generalgroups elements four <
order finding
are 2s
contains with ofs-orbital
ofp-orbital
placed are It blocks. rule principle
<ofexclusion of
electronic called contains electronic and 1 two CLASSIFICATION 2p d-orbital clectron{y) orbital:
in in electronic one their
in : < wave
inwhich all which groups which electron.
2. PERIODICITYThey
PROPERTIES IN electron.
In H
betweend-blocknon-metals, electron: the 3s :
'6' increasing < In is The
is is =Hamiltanion cquation
configuration the differentiatingconfiguration namely are degenerate 3p principle double
dumb-bell spherical
groups. differentiating Based the threc
differentiating
elements.
configurations < is
s- 1. The 4sground maximum
and metalloids alkali s-Block on energies.< dumb-bell twoNo : dimensional is
The orbitals 3d
ofthesep-block this last state opecrator
general ismetals <
electrons ns. differentiating
electrons electron 4p ofthe is
electron of pairing < electrons an
in called
elements. and and 2. OF -----.
elements etectronic p-Block Cr
space(total
few ELEMENTS atoms, atomic
enters alkaline enters
entering & of around
enters metals.
electrons
Cu operator)
energy
is lt electron is th e orbital.
(-1)d"ns' contains configuration
into into earth into 3. atomcan
: orbitals the
p-orbital d-Block into
penultimate metalsS-orbital takes nucleus,
the
atomic
10 are
clements place, havethe
groups. (lA AND filled
is are are where
ns'p-ocalled and 4.orbital when MATERIAL
CDF
o.66
shell calledf-Block with
llA) are sameset the
or classified each electrons
(n-l)d p-block s-block is probability
called orbital
alof
l
in
 7. 6.JRCHEMISTRY5.
YANA 9. 8
14. 13. 12. 11. 10.
shell properties:
They They called
TIB elements. elements
(-block :
contraction.
lanthanide
a)called
attracts Due number Variation effect. Variation
gradually
increases.
Reason: bond The
Covalent Itthe The configuration
ATOMICIt
Periodicity is a)TheTheyCharacteristic They They transitional The Transition
elements: T The (n-2)f The
he
c) b)
Consequences is Lanthanidedecreases decreases.
gradually
gradually.Reason: is Metallic is Vacant
difficult
Inert The The measured elementsgeneralelements general clements
to half
is
metallic halfofthree ofan characteristic show form show form
form subshell
melting, valence
pair crystal peculiar increases called of (14° of
In The of radius radius atom oralloys.
paramagnetism complexs variable
to of the crystal types:th e RADIUS: partially : mostly electronic electronic in
effect period atomic
=10°m, The (Zn, in are
seperate contraction differentiating covalentinter in
distance which which
structures atomic Angstrom calledas
boiling electrons
of shape muclear : orcalled is repetition propertiesThey oxidation coloured Cd, called
nuclear This is These and
islanthanide the radii crystal filled the
and radii lnm called The configurationHg) configuration two
als0 them
points radius. is between as
act
interstitial f-block
differentiating
charge periodicity. diferenl
a and in generally =10m, units e
ardistance
atomic of
d-orbitals asand ions are outermost
firmly poor In: in distance crystalradius radius of
electron a (a)covalent properties good states. not
consequence fromother and lanthanides a ferromagnetism.
transition
contraction shielding over period: group: or th e elemcnts.
the causing radius. transitional iating
propertieshardness in
l centres This : between compounds.
catalysts. is is
mixture. outermost enters ofused
nanometers pm b) sub (n-2)
electron of (n-1)dns clectron
a
In two =10m)
for or radius is Small
elements shells
of etect
differentiating In a elements
steady a into group, atoms, generally
metallic of the
lanthanide of of : period, non-metals.. clements f"n-1)d
lanthanides ofelectrons is the centre atomic are enters
a or (b)crystal
lanthanides decrease
I-orbitals, added new from which nuclei at are incompletcly
in
radius. certain
from sub picometers. used of radius due into
contraction. due
inereases.Hence
clectron to to p are oftwo the
gradually in left shell radius
for to to
becomes same to nucleus regular c) ns anti
the the held metals. fully
to and bottom adjacent High filled penultimate
increased
size enters subshell. right together (c)Vandarwaals
increase intervals filled
increases.
almost of and nuclear MATERIALCDF
th e the (n-1) [
atom into the metal the (n-1)d
nuclear atomic As atomic atomic by of sien
age.No.67 similar, or 4f of a outer charge. and
the atoms electronic orotal.
ion. sub atomic screening radiuscovalent radius. nj o
chargelevel. radius radius most
So are
Itis in
it
CDFthey mostly
MATERIAL, neutral, unipositive enthalpy. increases. valency enthalpy
though Page.
No.68
the enthalpy. a IE)ion. decreases.
Ne Ar
Si<S<P<
remove atoms.
from <C<0<N<F<
configurations.
even from > unipositiveionization also the ionization configurations
charoe
ionization from clectron enthalpy.(IE, on s>p>d>f.
similar to electron
an <IE, values
attraction enthalpy
required clectrons the
enithalpy.
enthalpy.
nuclear
increases.
to enthalpy So
aimost callked k.caVmole an atom<..... is stable. stable
ofenergy remove remove ionization smaller ionization effect. thestable
ionisation <
gradually Be to Mg
nuclear is
is successive neutral
I, ionization
clements atom +Electron ionization electrons.:
enthaipies more in
screeningincrease to <B< <
or size due due Al
amount kJ/moleto ionization
gaseous reguired
to
potential.
required frst from
<IE,
atomic
the effect.
of
are bottonm,
enthalpy are Li
are <
Na
followving and potential. thanchargeIE increases, decrease value the
valence ionization
subshells andN Ar
is and is
minimum
isolated is Sheilding be power
subshells: to
and
sizeand enthalpyenthalpy
’ or third
M energy energy The pmore orderEnthalpy:
the charge the will period:
P
atom effect: Sereening
effect filled topsize ionisation Be Mg,
&
W. ionization nuclear the is Atomic
size
Size:Larger orbitalsis more Penetration atomic
of neutral, second.
Thet Enthalpy ner The
always vahes
charge
Nuclear or lesser of
orbitals
or from
completely
atomic
in of
ionization
values of ionization
first Screening power
radiusMo
volts efectiveIonization Sheilding orbital filled groupenthaipy the in values
ENTHALPY:
and at
series. called :enthalpy is
first,:enthalpy enthalpy nuclear
c
inner the
high. in right,
from electron te second Mi+e enthalpy lonization
enthalpy
c
Enthalpy effect, penetration
c
completely a
increase decrease high
the
atomic
Ta lonizationremove Atomic in of of Enthalpy
(or)are In of high of
is Mi,
atom the called penetration
penetration ionisation
to :The order
Sd & bound electron called
of ionization
influencing
:As or
present
screening group:
halffilled The order
andNb tonization ’ ionization ’ increase
ionization or Ionization
Enthalpy
atoms to left to
in to IE,
gaseous IE, charge
effect
Ionization is of Ionization due from dueperiodincreasing
: increasing
period
4d Hf,IONIZATION
this, + measured
SPOSStble is radius This
electrons a
M,+ ion + order or these is
JR to to &
CHEMISTRY
Due M to successive Screening the
electrons. of the with in of
filled Variation
:It period
Variation
is
It second
belongs
Zr Isolated Second M Second
gaseous due Atomic Nuclear
Factors is
Extent the of : third
kooscty St : : Higher Reason Reason
Eg: S Eg. Eg. is The
More
So HalfAtomsvalues
a
the the NARAYANA
d) it In In In So In So
IS. Li. I5. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
JRCHEMISTRY
CDF MATERIAL
28. In periodic table the
group with highestI ionization cnthalpy values is - 0group
The element with highest
29. IE, of Na is less than ofionization enthalpy valuce is - Heum
Mg
Explanation : The elcctronic configuration of Na-[el3s'It readily looses electron to
attain a stable octet configuration. Hence IE,
value is
Where as the electronic configuration of Mg -| less.
Ne|3s.
Since Mg' has stable fulfilledconfiguration. Hence the IE,valuc is very nign.
30. IE, of Na is higher than that of
Mg.
Explanation : In this electron has to be removed from Ma and Mg
The electronic configuration of Nat is sinilar to neon which is octet configuaration.Hence
the IE, value is very high.
Where as in case of magnesiumafter loosing one electron the electronic configuration will
be similar to sodium atom.Hence IE,
value is less.
31. Electron gain enthalpy (Electron Affinity ): The amount of energy released when an
electron is added to the valence shell of neutral gaseous atom is called as electron gain
enthalpy or electron affinity.
Ag)+electron ’ A(g);EA=-AH
32. Variation in a group: In agroup from top to bottom, electron affinity decreases.
Reason:It is due to increase in atomic size and screening effect.
33. Variation in a period: In aperiod from left to right, electron affinity increases.
Reason : Itis due to decrease in atomic size and increase of nuclear attraction.
In periodic table the group with highest electron gain enthalpy values is -VIIA group.
The element with highest electron gain enthalpy values is - Chlorine. (3.7)
34. Electron affinity of chlorine is more than that of fluorine
Reason: In fluorine due to small atomicsize, large electron density, strong inter electronic
repulsions takes place while electron is adding. As aresult the EA is less.
Where as in chlorine the atomic size is large. The added electron occupies a larger region
of space andelectron-electron repulsions are much less. So EA is more.
35. Electronegativity:The relative tendency ofan atom to attract the shared electron pair
towards itself in a hetero diatomic molecule is called electronegativity.
It is the property of a bonded atom. It has no units, since it is a relative property.
36. An arbitrary value of4.0 has been assigned to fluorine (most electronegative element).
37. Variation in a group: In a group from top to bottom, electronegativity decreaes.
Reason:It is due to increase in atomic size.
38. Variation in aperiod: In a period from left to right, clectronegativity increases.
Reason: It is due to decrease in atomic size, increase of nuclear attraction.
39. Diagonal Relationship: The first three members of second period (Li, Be and B)shows
much similarity with second element of next group. It is termed as diagonal relationshËp.
groups.
This phenomenon is observed only in lA, IIA and IlA c) B - Si
b) Be - Al
a) Li- Mg relationship : 1) Similar size ofatoms or jons
40. Reasons for Diagonal
2)Similar electronegativities of the respective elements.
3) Similar polarizing power
lonic charge
Polarizing power =
(lonic radius)'

Page.No.69
NARAYANA
JR CHEMISTRY; CDF MATERIAL,
Nature of oxides of elements :
. Variation in group :lA group DOsses active metals.Sothey formns strong basC oxides. In
upom top to bottom, the basic nature ofthe oxides increases due to increase of
metallic characte.
2. Variation in third period:Third period contains metals and non metals. While moving
aceross a periodthe basic naturc of the oxides decreases and the acidic nature of oxides
gradually increases due to increase of non metallic character in a period.
VA VIA VIIA
IVA C

Element M
Nature Non metal Non metalNon metal Non metal
Met)l Metal Metal
Ox ide Na,) Mgo Al,0, SIO. SO, C7,0,
Oxide Nature Strongly Basic Amphotenic Weakly Acidie Strongly Strongly
ba sic ncidic acidie acidike

CHEMICAL BONDING AND

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Octet rule
1) The phenomenon of having cight electrons in va<ency shell is called octet rule. The atom
or molecule with octet configuration is more stable.
2) Ca is more stable than z,* because Ca* has octet configuration in valency shell
where as Z has pseudo octet configurat ion in valency shell.
3) CI ion is more stable than Cl atom, because C/ -possesses stable octet configuration.
4) Argon is mono atomic gas as it possesses stable octet configuration in its valency shell
5) Ionic Bond: The strong electro static force ofattraction formed between two oppositely çharged
ions is known as ionic bond.
6) Favourable Conditions for the formation of inoie bond;The fornmation ofionic bond is influenced
by nature of cationand nature ofanion
7) For cation formation favouring factors are large size, low charge, low P
8) For anion formation favouring factors are sImall size, low charge, high EA
Coordinate Covalent bond
9) The bond formed by sharing ofelectron pair is contributed by one ofthe twvo bonded
atoms is known as coordinate covalent bond (or) dative bond.
10) The atom which donates electron pair is called donar and the atom which accepts the
electron pair is called acceptor.
Eg. : Formation of NH} ion: y* ion accepts a pair ofelectrons from nitrogen ofammonia and
forms NH; ion.
11) The bonds present in NH,Cl are covalent bond, ionic bond,dative bond
12) Dipole moment : i) The product ofmagnitude of charge on the poles and the distance
between the two poles is called dipole moment.It is represented by 4
i) =qxd (q= charge; d=bond length )
13) Applicatipns : i) Geometry ofthe molecule can be deternmined
ü) Percentage of ionic character ofa bond can be calculated
%of ionic character=Mobs x100

iii)cis and trans isomers can be separated

NARAYANA Page.No.70
JR CHEMISTRY
CDFMATERIAL
14) In H,Omoiccule the net
dipole moment not zero.
Reason : The bond moments are not cancel with each other due to its
15) In CO, molecule the net angular Snape
dipole moment is zero.
Reason: The bond moments are cancel with cach other due to
16) Fajan's rules: i)Fajan's rules explain thc nartial linear shape.
covalent character of ionic bonds.
1) For a given cation covalent character increases with increase in size of anion.
Ex: KI is more
covalent than KF
111)Covalent character increases with
increasing charges either on cation or anion.
Ex: SnCI, is more covalent than
SnCl,.
iV) For a given anion covalent character increases with decrease in size of cation.
Ex: LiF is more covalent than KF.
v) Covalent character is higher for compounds with cations with pseudo inert gas
configurations than with inert gas configurations.
Ex: CuCI is more covalent than NaCl.
17) VSEPR Theory: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory was proposed by SidgwiCk
and Powell.Later it was developed by Nyholm andGillespie
18) The shape ofthe molecule depends upon mumber ofelectron pars in valencyshell of central atom.
19) The shape of themolecule also depends upon repulsion between electron pairs.
20) The bond angle ofthe molecule depends upon repulsion between electron pairs andelectro
negativity difference between central atom and bonding atom.
21) Alone pair of electrons ocçupies more space around the central atom than bond pair of
electrons
22) The repulsions among electron pairs decrease in theorder.l.p-lp >l.p-b.p > b.p-b.p
23) Repulsion among triple,double,single bonds decrease in the order
triple bond> double bond > single bond
24) Repulsion forces decreases sharply with increase in angle between electron pairs.
25) Shape and bond angle of the molecule basing on bond pairs and lone pairs around central
atom as follows.
Formula Example Bond pairs Lone pairs Shape Bond angle
AB, BeCl, 2 Linear 180°

BCI, 3 0 Trigonal Planar 120

AB, 4 Tetrahedral 109°28
AB, CH,
AB, PCI, 0 Trigonal bipyramidal 90°,120º
AB, SF, 6 0 Octahedral 90°,180°
AB,E NH, 3 1 Pyramidal 1070
2 2 Angular 104.5°
AB,E, H,0 atom)
[Note:E-lone pair ofelectrons ; B-bond pair of electron; AFcentral
109° 28 to 1020 This is
26) According to VSEPRtheory, bond angle in Ammonia is reduced from
due torepulsion between loan pair and bond pair.
27) Hybridization :The inter mixingofatomicorbitals to torm new,hybrid same number ofequavalent
are called orbitals.
orbitals is called Hybridisation and the formed orbitals
28) SP hybridisation :
) Inter mixing of one Sorbitaland one Porbitalto give two SP hybrid orbitals is called SP hybndzation

Page.No.71
NARAYANA
 CDF MATERIAL
JR CHEMISTRY
ii) Shape is linenr and bond angle is | 80°
ii) Scharactor is S0% and Pcharacter is 50%
Eg: Formation of BeCl,
SP'hybridisation to give twO
()in tirst excited state the central «Re "alomundergoes
SP hybrid orbitals
two o bonds
nese two orbitals overlap with Porbitals of C/ atoms and form
(c) Shape is lincar and bond angle is 180°
29) SP² hybridisation :
inter mixing ofoneSorbital and two Porbitals to give three sp' hybrid orbitals is called
Sp² hybridization
i) Shape is trigonal planar and bond angle is 120
i) Scharacter is 33.3% and P character is 66.6 %
Eg: formation of BCh
(a) In first excited state the central 'B'atom undergoes sp² hybridisation togive three SP
hybrid orbitals
(b) These three orbitals overlap with Porbitals of Clatoms and formthree bonds
(c) Shape is trigonal planar and bond angle is 120°
30) SP hybridisation :
i) Inter nmixing ofone Sorbialand three Porbitas to give four sp hybridorbitas is calkd sp° hybridization
ii) Shape is tetrahedral and bond angle is 109°28!
ii) S character is 25% and P character is 75%
Eg: Formation of CH,
(a) In first excited state the central °C° atomundergoes gp³ hybridisation to give four sp hybrid orbitas
(b) These four orbitals overlap with S orbitals ofhydrogen atoms and form for o bonds
(c) Shape is tetrahedral and bond angle is 109°28
31) SP'd hybridization :
i) Inter mixing ofone s-orbital , three p-orbitals and one d-orbital to give 5sp'd
hybrid orbitals
is caled sp'd hybridization.
i) Shape is trigonal bipyramidal and bond angles are 120 and 90.
iii) s character is 20%, p character is 60% and d character is 20%.
Eg: Formation of PCI,
(a) In frst excited state Inter mixing of one 's' three 'p' and one 'd'
orbitals of P' atom forms
five gP'd hybrid orbitals
(b) These five orbitals overlap with 3P orbitals of Cl atoms and form five g
bonds
(c) Shape of the molecule is trigonal bipyramidal and bond angles are g0° and
120°
32) SP'd hybridization :
i)Intermixing of one s-orbital, three p-orbitals and two d-orbitals to
give 6sp'd bybrid orbitals
is called sp'd hybridization.

NARAYANA Page.No.72
 CDF MATERIAL
JR CHEMISTRY
Fomation of SF, :
i) Ground state E.Cof's' is [Ne3s'3p,'3p,'3p, 3d"
2nd cxcited state E.Cof'S' is [Ne]3s'3p,'3p,'3p, 3d, 3d,
orbitals of%flourine atoms and form six o -bonds
) These six orbitals overlap with 2p
iv)Shape ofthe mo lecule is octahcdral and bond angles are 90 and 180
orbital thcorv is used to calculate bond order
33) Molecular orbitaltheorv: Molccular
(number ofbonds betwcen atoms)

Bondorder =(bonding
2
clectrons Anti bonding electrons)
34) The distrubut ion of clectrons in the molecular orbitals of N,
Ec of N, = ols' o*Is' o2s² a*2s (r2p, =n2p,') c2p.
10 4 6
35) Bond order in N, mo lecule ( BO)= 2 =3
2

MOED of N,it is diamagnetic in nature.

36) As there are no unpaired electrons in

molecular orbitals of O,
37) The distrubution ofelectrons in the
2p, =12p, n2p,' =12p,
EC of O, = als o*ls² G2s² o*2s G2p.
of 0, it is paramagnetic in nature
38) Asthere are unpaired electrons in MOED
10-6 4
molecule =
(BO) -2
39) Bond order in O, 2 2

Hydrogen bond atom

The weak electrostatic force ofattraction between a partially positively charged hydrogen
known as
40)
highly electronegative atoms like F, 0, Nofthe same (or) different molecule is
and a
hydrogen bond.Hydrogen bonding is oftwotypes bond is formed between two different polar
41) Intermolecular hydrogenbonding
:The hydrogen
hydrogen bonding
molecules is called inter molecular
Examples: NH,, H,0, HF
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding : The hydrogen bond is formed between two atoms of
42) hydrogen bonding.
same molecule is called intra molecular o-nitroaniline
Examples: o-hydroxybenzaldehyde, o-nitrophenol,
their melting and boilng points increases.
43) Due to the presence ofHydrogen bonding in moleculenumber ofhydrogen bonds are present in
44) H,Ohas higher boiling point than HF because more
H,0molccule than HF
STATES OFMATTER
Kinetic molecular theory ofgases:
particles called molecules.
1. Gases contains large number of tiny and discrete
Page.No.73
NARÂYANA
JR CHEMISTRY CDFMATERIAL
Formation of SE,
i)Ground state E.C of"s' is
[Nel3s3p,'3p, 3p, 3d"
2nd excited state E.C of"s is [Nel3s'3p, 3p,'3p, 3d, 3,:
i) These six orbitals Overlap with 2P orbitals of6 flourine atoms and form sxO
IV) Shape of the molecule is octahcdral and bond angles are 90 and 180

33) Molecular orbital theory:Molecular orbital theory is used to calculate bond order
(number ofbonds between atoms)
Bond order=(bonding
2 electrons - Anti bonding electrons)
34) The distrubution of electrons in the molecular orbitals of N,

Ec of N, =ols' o*is' o2s' a*2s' (r2p,? -n2p, )o2p:

104 6
35) Bond order in N, molecule (BO)
== 2 3
2

36) As there are no unpaired electrons in MOED of N, it is diamagnetic in nature.

37) The distrubution of electrons in the molecular orbitals of O,

EC of O, = als o*s² o2s' *2s' o2p n2p,' =12p, '2p, =1 2p,'

38) As there are unpaired electrons in MOED of 0, it is paramagnetic in nature

10-6 4
39) Bond order in 0, molecule(BO) =- 2

Hydrogen bond
40) The weak electrostatic force ofattraction between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom
and a highlyelectro negative atoms like F, 0, Nofthe same (or) different molecule is known as
hydrogen bond.Hydrogen bonding is oftwo types difterent polar
41) Intermolecular hydrogen bonding :The hydrogen bond is formed between two
molecules is called inter molecular hydrogen bonding
Examples: NH,, H,0, HF
between two atoms of
42) Intramolecular hydrogen bonding: The hydrogen bond is formecd
same molecule is called intra molecular hydrogen bonding.
Examples: o-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 0-nitrophenol, o-nitroaniline increases.
43) Due to the presence ofHydrogen bonding in molecule their melting and boiling points
are present in
44) H.Ohas higher boiling point than HF because more number ofhydrogen bonds
H,0 molecule than HF
STATES OFMATTER
Kinetic molecular theory of gases:
particles called molecules.
1. Gases contains large number of tiny and discrete
Page.No.73
NARÂYANA
JR CHEMISTRY CDF MATERIAL
Gas molecules move randomly in all
3.
4,
Molecules notions are uneflected bydirections
gravity.
with high specds
Collisions of gas Nolecules are perfectly elastic.
g kmnctc energy ofthe gas moleules is directly proportionalto the absolute temperature
KEaT
6. Kinetic gas eqation PV 1
-mnu

1. Kineticenergy of n' molecules in a gas is KE =mnu"

8. According to Boyle's law PV=constant (At constant T)
9. According to Charle's law VaT (or) V/T=
K(At constant P)
10. Atconstant temperature and pressure rate ofdiffusion of given mass of gas is
tional to square root of its density. inversely propor

Sa (Atconstant T, P)
11. At constant temperature and volume the total pressure exerted by the mixture
ofnon-reactng gases s
equalto the sum of the partial pressures of all individual gases. this is called Dalton's law of partial
pressures. Pora =PtP, +
3
12. Kinetic energy of 'n' moles of gas E, =nkT

13. Kinetic energy of l mole of gas E, =RT

2
3
14. Kinetic energy of5 moles ofnitrogen gas at 27°C is E, nRT
3
.:. E, =x5x2x
2
300=4500cal.
14. Ideal gas equation is PV= nRT

16. Molar mass is directly proportional to its density Mcd

17. Vapour density (VD molarm

2
ass M-
2
M= 2xVD
18. Molar mass is directly proportionalto the vapour density(VD). Ma VD

19. If r, r, are rates of difusion of twodiferent gases then Graham's law is 4.M VD,
20. (a) The rate ofdiffusion ofa gas r= V/t.
(b) If 4, and 1, are time taken for the diffusion of v, and v, are volumes oftwo different gases then

Graham's law is

NARAYANA Page. No.74

JR CHEMISTRY CDE MATERIAL

Deduction of gas lavWS from Kinetic gas cquation:

21. Deduce Boyle's law : according to kinetic gas equation
1
PV =nc' 1
=Xmne'
3 (:mne'
2
= KE)
PV = KE....(1) (Butk .EaT)
3
KE= KT........ .(2)

From eq (1) &(2) PV=KT

3
PV=constant (at cont.temperature) This is Boyle's law
22. Deduce Charles's law: According to kinetic gas cquation

1
PV =-mne -mn
PV =KE...)
KE = KT .......2) (But K-Cont)
From Eq 1&2,
2 KT
PV= KT V=
3 3 P
VcT (at cont P) This is Charles's law
23. Deduce graham's law : According to kinetic gas equation
PV =-mnu

pv=Mu'
3
(M = mn)

3pv
3pv
M M MD
’u=, This is grahams law

Ifthe no. ofmolecules 'n is equal to Avogadro»s number

ifmass of each molecules
24. Deduce Dalton's law: Two gases preseent in a container with volume V.
n,,n,
m, m, , velocities u,,u, and number ofmoles
According to kineticgas Eq.
1 l mu?
PV=mnu? p=
3

For 1st gas P, = 3 , For 2nd gas P:

1 1
pv=mi tm,n,u;
Page.No.75
NARAYANA
 CDF
MATERIAL
vekocty. Page.No
volume. weight =1.38x
10ergk'molecule
probable molar molecular Z=Y
nRT
speed.
most gram =1.38x10
Joul.k
'molecule
avcrage low Z.
called 1.224 as constant. by
known has
spe formula represented
rns called is u=1:1.128: Isotherms.
It
gas is gas
or tension
calledthe in conditions gas.
gas
is t
universal
then present diffused conditions. R N
k= is
lighter )
is rescnt
the diffusion
called (SO, aqueous it
given,
molecules components
component constant factor.
in ofmolecules STP called is drveasotalAqueous
tension
is :u gas is S.T.P it sulphurdioxide
Because called compressibility
temperalure pre u... thefor temperature at Boltzmann
of'gas pressure
one all taken lit is
it
moleculés number is of are 22.4Hence is
velocities of pressure N,0,. vapour
luwofspeeds of molesvolumes
time =8.314Jk'mole-!
Tmn,u,
lm," totalmoles constant
is
volume than
Dalton's the maximum gases. as
when
the
lecularx of
atm amongfaster water known called
M.V
d all 8p zd of numberr=
fraction all
squares of 2PV at occupied saturated is
3 is velocity "umber 1 faster times is nRT
This ofvelocitics by mo is &Vand for molecule
3PV SPyVzMposseSsed of -mole
total gas same
of P temnperature 2 and
mean RMS types of between gas PV nT diffusesdiffusesby
2RT (X diffusion is PV
IRCHiLMISTRI M ofany constant(R) exerted per
wiwof lkulate3RT average j8RTrM ichcity of3 pressurefraction
R=
between
3
graphs gas gas constant
ratio mole
273.15K Methane MethanePressure NARAYA
PartialMole of
ih The Rate The One Gas Ratio
Gas
-. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.
\L
MATERI
CDF Page.u.
red state.
undergo in
Incomproportionation.
R re product
pressue surtace as OXidation
is
contact gas. state
caled to
forn oxidation singe
cxtermial Temperature ldeal
molecules. lower aform
is of
called
given
liquid area with
of the intermediate as states
on the
Boyle's
of
applicat surface and poise. twO
coeficient. is
pressure
are STOICHIOMETRY
in
element
other called
oxidation
unity systembetween
molecule. They
thc
as
on
krnown is and laws. same anwithstate
and idisproportionation
s ’2Agiu)
drawn =viscosity
by
liueficd
gardient CGS forces
gas temperature oxidation different state.
oxidation
internediate +
is b':
of gas the disproportionation
is
gas line .In ofattractive involve
ldeal
to
velociy 77 unitsand size three
consntat)
(R=universal
gas
simutaneousty. two
canbe contact 'a' effect higher
perpendicuar SI all combining reactions of in
reverse
gas 31.1C
as
behaves
when in constants
of NSm-2 magnitude
the under
.(1) cT.....2)
:Vcn....3)
with
element
2H,0)+oº)
2H,0)’
Ex Ag
+
Agia)
reduction
oxidation
a force A=area aboutequation.
laws These one Thesame
which by reduction
undergoes +2
N products Comproportionation:
= gas length m the is VanderWaals obtained nT
gradient, the idea gas
coefficient V« P Disproportionation: with in
at CO, Rcal is
temperature unit J m2 coeficient an gasthe
measure and that ielement
s
species
of temperature
pcr units
temperature idealall is 1 p
gives
V law (3) oxidationthe
=velocity
ofviscosity equation
obeys V law: and element
in
CHEMISTRY
JR actingIts dz of 'a' of'b'
of law: Avagadros and two the
). vIsCOsity Significance
of which
Derivation (2) nRT
=
PV NARAYAN
which
high
whichtorcetension( valuevalue gas Boyles Charkes (l) bothThe actant these
the Critical dv dz Units gas Ideal tYom
is The The TheThe (i) ()(ii)
It At A
42 43. 44. 45. 46. 01. 02.
 JR CHEMISTRY CDF MATERIAL

03. Wt. of substance

Number ofmoles =
G.M,Wt. of substance
Ex.How many number of noles ofgucose are present in 540 gms OT gu
Glucose gram molecular weight (C,H,0,) =12x6+1x12+16x6= 72+12+96=180gm
540
umber ofmoles of glucose = = 3moles
G.M.wt 180
04.
Wt. of substance = No.of moles x G.M.Wt. of
substance
Ex. Calculate the wieght of0. l mole ofsodium
carbonate
Na,CO, gram molecular weight-23x2+12+16x3= 46+12+48 = 106gm
No.ofmoles(n) = weight/ Gm.wt
weight =nx Gmwt
weight =0.lx 106= 10.6gm
05. Molecular formula =(emperical fmula),
Ex: The empirical formula of acompound is CH.O. Its molecular weight is 90. Calculate the
molecular formula ofthe compound.
Empirical fomula =CH,0
Empirical formula weight 12 +2+16= 30
mok cular weight =90
n =
molecular wt 90
3
empirical formula wt 30
molecular formula = (empirical formula), {CH,0), =C,H,0,
06. Oxidation numbers:
(a) NaH,PO, (b) Na HSO,
+1+2+x+4(-2)= 0 +1+1+x+4(-2) =0
x-5=0 X-6=0
x=+5
I=+6
(c) HP0, (d) K,MnO,
4(+1) +2x+7(-2)= 0 2(+1) +x+4(-2) =0
+4+2x-14 =0
X-6=0
2x=+10,
I=+6
x=+5
(e Ca., ) NaBH
+2 +2x =0
1(+1)+x+4(-1) =0
2x =-2
X=+3
x=-1
(g) H,S,0, (h) K AlSO,),.12 H,o
2(+1) + 2x +7(-2) = 0
2+2x-14=0
+1+3+2(x+4(-2) =0
2x=12
+4+2x-16=0
x=+6
2x-12=0
X=+6
NARAYANA Page.No.78
AYANA 08. 07
JRCHEMISTRY
By
addingbot5(S0,
h + SO,2H,0’HSO, HS0,
+ S0,+ SO,+ sO,’ Balance 3x4 =0 C,o, 8)C,H,Ou e) H,S,0,
+2 a)
Oxidation
reaction
half MnO4oq) 12x+22(1)+11(-2)=0
3x CH,CH,OH
+2x c)Fe,0, oxidation
= 4x=10, x=2.5 Oxidation
3 4
+'4x-12 numbers:
+2(-2) +6-2
2H,0’HS0,+
2H,0’HS0, Mn0,
+SO, +7
the +2+6 number 4r=12
2H,0’HSO;+ SO24g) +
following X=- =0, 3
=
5SO, Reduction = X=0
0,
+4 0 --2 2x=4
2 -4 3 8 of
Oxidation Fe
redox
2MnO, + 2MnO,5S0,+ 3H*+ 3H" + is
3H'+ (aq) average
Mn*+HSO, ’ reactions
+ +16H*
10H,0’SHSO, 2e) 2e +2, HSO, +
H of
+ by
2H,0 +6 ion Fe
+10e (in 0&
acidicelectron
’5HS0, ’ Mn Fe,O, (+3) 3x-8=0,
3x=8 Fe,0, b)
Reduction
reaction
2(MnO, MnO, MnO, MnO, ’ half 3 8
2Mn* + medium)
15H"+ MnO, method
+8H* +8H* ’ 2x+4-4=0
CH,COOH d)
+2Mn* +8H,O +8H* Mn** x+2(-2)-=0 Co, f)
10e ’ X X=0
+ +4H,0 =+4
+5e 5e’ Mn*
- Mn* +4H,0
Mn
+4H,0 MATERIAL
CDF
+4H,0)
age.No.79
AYANA 10.
CHEMISTRY
(09. JR

adding By Oxidation
reactionhalf
+2MnO,
bot+16H* MnO,Mn' ’
h 10e +8H*(5e + Se 8HMn0; Reduction Balance adding
bothBy
3(SO, SO, SO, SO, SO,SO;-’
+8H* Cr;o. Balartce
+ + +
MnO, ’ + 2H,2H,0’
reduction
(+7to+2) the +2H,0’ 0 2H,0’ +
Mn* Reduction the
+ followingredox
MnO, MnO, ’ -’ following
J0e+16H+
6H 5H,0+ +4H,0 +4 3S0, SO;+4H* sO sO Oxidation
+2MrO, -’ ’ Mn
+4H,0 +
+8H,0
’2Mn Mn Oxidation
(+4+t6)to redox
so +4H*
5So’ Mn* Cr,0; Cro 3S0,
+4H,0)x2 Mn* reactions 4H* +
2MnO, + + +14H* + + reactions
550 + 4H,0 2H* 6H,0’ +2e) 2e
5s0+18 +sof by
’ ’ SO
mediun)
acidic(in
-’2M ion + (0q) by
2Mn* 3SO6e’2Cr* 3SO ion
5H,0+ (H,0 HH,0 Oxidation (acid electron clectron
+8H,0 S0;SO, ’ + +12H*
+5SO H,0 0 +14H*
2Cr* +6e’2Cr*+7H,0Cr,0
+
L8 medium) method
C;0; Cr,o; Cro; Reduct
Croreact2C
’ioinohanlf
5SO; SO; + + + + ++7H,0 + +14H +14H* ’ method
+3H,0 SO; SO; SOj H,0 6e 2Cr*
’ ’ ’ + ’
5S; sO; - ’ 6e2Cr*+7H,0
SO; ’
+2H* SO; 2+So:
+10H* +2H* 2Cr* +7H,O
MATERIAL
CDF
+2e +
+10e + H* 7H,0
e.No.80 )x5
2e
 12. CHEMISTRYJR
A

adding Balance adding

10e+16H*+2MnO,’ MnO, Mn
’
bothBy 2 (5e 8H* 8H* MnO,Reduction Balance
bothBy6e 2x MnO, -
2H,0 2H,0 Mn0, Reduction
(3e+ +
+8H* MrO,+MnO,
+4 ’ reduction following
redoxthe
’ the
6e H,0 Mn0, + t Mn*
2H,0+ Mn0, MnO, reduction
MnOKag) following + +
+ Mn0, Se’ Mno,
+ + (+7
4H,0+ 4H,0 2 +3e 16H*+ J8e Mn* 4H,0
’ + (in
Mn ’ M to +3
Mn0, basic redox +ÛfT*+ +2) +c,
+ O,
’ Mn20H +ag) 2 Mn+4H,0)x2 +4H,0 4H,0 + o’Mn
2 2 MnO, reactions
Mn0, Mn ’ 0, reactions Mno,
2 ’ + medium)
O, Mn0, +40H ’MnOxsy 2Mn0,
MnO, 40H 5C,O + 5C,O Mn* by
+61 I’31,
*se 6 ’ oxidaliorn by oxidation
2 (+7 -’ +8H,0 ion
+ ion
’ MnO, to ’2Mn* 2Mn*+ elcctron
(acid me
+,dium)
80H40H) + +4) +x) electron
(1 10CO,
2 C,O; Oxidation (+3+4)to
Mn0, to (C,O C,0 ’2CO,
C,O CO,C,0, ’
+ 0) method
80H +100CO,+
method +8A,0 ’10CO,
5C,0,
+10e
+ de ’2C0,
’
31, 2C0, 2C0,
+ 8H,0
80H 61’3I, 6e
+ (21 Oxidation
1,
2/
’ +2e
+
’
I,
) 2e
x5
+2e
MATERIAL
CDE
)>x3

o.81
A JRHEMISTRY

adding
bothBy
2Cr(OH),
+2H,0+ ’C
OHOxidation
40H (iOH),
I00H (5OH 5OH +Cr(OH), Baa1ce addug
both By
3x(80H 80YOH
H4H,PO, Oxidation Balance
8OH ’H,PO,
’P P
4OH +Cr(OH),
+ +0H the
Cr(OH), +P, P, the
following + + following
-
+2Cr(OH),100H+2H,0 + + CrO -P, ’ P, P,
Cr(OH), +3 I20H PI,
Cr(OH),+ 3x(80H 4H, ’ -’
3H,0+1O; ’ ’ equation 12e
CrO, 4H,PO, PO,4H,PO: 4H +redox
’ +4P, +12H,0 H,PO,
+ CrO,+ +5 ,PO;
I0, + reactions
-’2Cr0; +4H,0 CrO oxidation
; Cr(O),
ioreduction +12H,0’ +P, 4e
+
’ 2Cr(OH),
6e 4H,0 +4H,0 + + (basic)
2Cr0, a P, ’ 4e
+ by
-’[+60H 3e ’4PH,4H,PO; ) on
+ +3e 1r +IO
10H,0 12H,PO, electroy
+1 ’ +Crot
+5H,O 2Cro, )x2 OH +120H
+6e + neh00
3H,0+IO, +30H10,’TReduction
3H;0+ 3H,0+ (basic) +4PH, 4e)
+12H,0+12e 12H,0+
12e 4PH, ’P
P’4PH, Reductio
P’
PH,
+10H,0
+
10, 10; 12,O+
+
6e +6e 4PH+120H ’ P’4PH,
+’T+
6e
’1 30H
4PHl+120H P,
’l+60H
+ MATERIAL,CDF
+60H +3OH 120H
No.
Page.82
IRCHEMISTRI
Chenical analysis ofa carbonconpound gavehe tollowing percentage composton by wey.
the cleents present. carbon 10,069% hydrogen 0.84°o. Chlorine-89.10u.
Calculate the empirical formula ofthe compound.
Synbol of percentage of Atomic Atomic Sinple whole
the elenent Ratio nmabe
composition weight Ratio-o/Atwt

0.84 -1 1
10.06 12.00 0.84 084

0.84
H 0.84 1.00 0.84 ]
0.84

Ci 89.1 35.5 2.50

2.503
084

Empirical formula= CHCI,

16. Calculate the empirical formula ofa compound having percentage composition
"potassium(K)=26.57chromium (Cr)=35.36 oxygen (0)-38.07
(Given the atomic weights of K. Cr, O
as 39, 52 and 16 respectively)

Symbol of percentage of Atomic Atomic Simple whole

the element compo sition weight Ratio = %0At.Wt Ratio number

0.68
26.57 39 0.68 =1 2
K 0.68

0.68
35.36 52 0.68 =1 2
Cr 0.68

2.38
38.07 16 2.38 =3.5
0.68

Empirical formula = K,Cr,o,

Page.No.83
NARAYANA
 JR CHEMISTRY CDFMATERIAI.
17. ACarbon Compound contains 128% 2.1% H. 85, 1% (Br). The molecular wéight ofthe
compond is 187.9 cakculate the molecular formula

Simple whole
Symbol of percentage of Atomic Atornic
rurnber
the element Ratio-%IAt wt Ratio
compostion weight
106 1
12.8 12 1.06 1.06

2.10 =2
H 2
2.1 1 2.1 1.06

1.06
Br 1.06 =1 1
85.1 80
1.06

EF = CH, Br; EFwt =12+2+80 = 94

mwt 187.9
n= =2
EFwt 94

MF =(EF), =(CH,Br), =C,H,Br,

18. Calculate the molarity of Na,Co, in a solution prepared by dissolving 5.3g inenough
water to form 250 ml ofthe solution.
Wt 1000 5.3 1000
Sol. : M= ’M= X =0.2M
GMW V(in ml) 106 250
19. An astronaut receives the energy required in his body by the combustion of 34g of sucrose per
hour. How much oxygen he has to carry along with him for his energy
Sol:- CH0, +120, ’12c0, +11H;0
342g 12x32g O,
34g ?
34x12x32
-= 38.17g
342
Ihour’ 38.17g
24 hour ’?
38.17x 24 =916.21lg of 0,
20. What volume of CO, is oblained at STP by heating 4g of CaCO, ?
Sol:- CaCO, -’ Ca0+ CO,
100g of CaC0, ’ 22.4 lit of CO,
4g ’?
4× 22.4 89.6
100 100
=0.896lit of CO,
NARAYANA
Page. No.84
JRCHEMISTRY CDF MATERIAL
Cakulate the anount of water (e) produced by the combustion of l6g of methare
Sol: CH, +20,’ C0, +2H,0
Imole 2 mole
l6g
Given l6g
2x18-36g
React 16g
36
Amount ofwater (g) produced by the combustion of 16g ofmethane = -x 16=36g
16

How many moles of methane are requircd to produce 22g Co, (g) after combustion?
Sol: CH, +20, ’C0, +2H,0
Imole CH, ’44g of Co,
22g of CO,
22
=0.5 moles
44
23. Calculate the mo larity ofNaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving 4g in enough water to form
250ml ofthe solution
1000
M=.
Sol: GMW V(in ml)
4 1000
-=0,4M
40 25

24. Calculate the nomality of oxalic acid solutions containing 6.3g of H,C O, 2H,0 in 500 ml of
sohution
126
Sol: GEW ofso lute = =63
2

W 1000 6.3 1000

N= =0.2N
GEWt V(in ml) 63 500

25. Calculate the mass of Na,CO, required to prepare 250ml of0.5N solution
1000
Sol: N=
GEwt V(in ml)
0.5 = x 1000
53 250
0.5x53x 250
W= =6.62g
1000

THERMODYNAMICS
1. First law of the thermodynamics :" law : It states that "The energy in a process may be trans
formed from one form into the other but is neither created nor destroyed". (or)
"The impossibility ofconstruction ofa perpetual motion machine of first kind"
- Itisalso known as law ofconservation ofenergy
Page.No.85
NARAYANA
JR CHEMISTRY CDF MATERIAL

2.
Hess law of constant heat summation states that «The total heat change in a reaction is the same
whether the chemical reaction takes place ina single step or in sevefal steps ·

(4) (D)

(B)
a) in path l, 'A changes to Ddirectly i.e single step
A’ D+Q (or) AH=-0
b) in path Il, Achanges to Din three consequtive steps
A ’B +q, or AH=-q,
B’C+q, or AH =-92
C’D+q, or AH =-4,
c) The total heat change in the path is -Q
Q=9tq, +9;
3
The spontaneity of aprocess : Aprocess is said to be spontaneous ifit occurs on its own without
the intervention ofany external agency of any kind.
Eg: a) Heat flows from hot end to cold end
b) Water flows from higher level to lower level
c)Gas flows from higher pressure region to lower pressure region
4. Gibbs energy : Hence, Gibbs introduced another thermodynamic function which involved both enthalpy
(H) and entropy functions. This is called free energy function (G). It is given by the equation.
G=H-TS
G=Gibbs energy (or)Gibbs function but not "Gibbs free energy"
Ina thermodynamical system, the decrease in whosevalue during a process is equal to useful workdone
by the system is called Gibbs energy" AG= AH-TAS
The sign of A_H", A,S" and A,G for different process at different temprature.

A,S A.G' Description

+ Reaction spontaneous at all temperature
Reaction spontaneous at low temperature
Reaction non spont aneous at high temperatur e
+ 4 Reaction non spontaneous at low
temperature
Reaction spontaneous at high temperat ure
+ Reaction nonspontaneous at all te mperature

NARAYANA Page.No.86
JRHEMISTRY CDF MATERIAL

Second law of thermodynamics is stated in different forms.

(bitis impossibleto construct amachine working in cycles which transforms heat from alower
temperature region to higher temparature region without the intervention ofany exfermal agency Such
a machne is called perpetual motion mchine of second kind ( This is not possible)
(2) Al spontancous processes are thernodynamically ireversible and entropy of the system increases
in all
spontaneous processes.
Ex :All naturalprocesses are
6.
spontaneous.
Entropy :The thermodynamical quantity which measures "disorder" ofmolecules or randomness of
the systemis called Entropy".
It is a state function &extensive property
It is denoted by"S" &Change in entropy is denoted by AS
Example -1: lce water vapour
apour

AH.rev
Thermodynamical representation: AS = Ire =
T
q=Quantity of heat
T=Absolute temparature
Units of AS ’Jmol'K
7. Heat capacity of a substance (C): Heat capacity of asubstance is defined as the amount of heat
required to raise its temperature through one degree
C=q'dT; qis heat absorbed; dT rise in temperature
But from first law ofthermodynarmics
q= dU + PdV;
8. Therelationship between Cand C, is C,-Cy =R
C, =molar heat capacity at constant pressure
C,=molar heat capacity at constant volume
R=Universal gasconstant
9. The third law of thermodynamics : The entropy ofa pure and perfectly crystalline substance is zero
at the absolute zero of temparature(-273°C)
T0S= 0
This is known as the third law ofthermodynamics.
10. Theequation forWin isothermal reversible process.
rev

The smallamount of workdone Wwhen the gas expands through a small value, dy, against the
external pressure, P. isgiven by
W
rev
=-Pext. dv
W=-2.303 nRT log
V

W= -2.303 nRT log

P
The sign indicates work ofexpansion.
11. Enthalpy of areaction: During a chemical change heat is either liberated or absorbed the heat
change involved in a chemical reaction is called Enthalpy ofthe reaction.
The chemical reactions which takeplace with the liberation ofheat are called exothermic reactions

Page.No.87
NARAYANA
 JRCHEMISTRY CDF MATERIAL

12. Ex:Nye+3H2NHg AH =-92k/

Standard enthalpy of fornation: The: anount ofhcat absorbed or evoved when l moe ofa: substance
S0u hom its constituent clements is called Enthahv offormation. The elements shouk be intheir
standard state for the fonation rcaction.
Examples:Ht,H,0 2 AH=-286K.J / mol
Standardenthalpy of sublination: The amount of heat required to convert one mole ofa simple
Substance in the solid state into the gascous statc without decomposition of the substance.
Na’Na,j;A,H"=108.4 KJ mol
14.
he enthalpy of commbustion(. H°): The heat evolved when onemole ofa substance is complety
bumt in cxcess ofoxygenor air is called enthalpy of combustion.
1. CotOo) ’ COe) AH=-393.5KJ

CHEMICALEQULIBRIUM AND ACIDS &BASES

O1. LeChatelier's principle: - Ifa system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in concentration,
emperature or pressure then the equilibrium will shift in that direction to nullify the effect ofchange"
Factors which influence equlibrium:
02. Increase of reactantsconcentrations shifts the equilibrium state to the products Side.
(forward direction)
03. Increase ofthe products concentrations pushes the equilibrium to the reactants side.
(backward direction).
04. Pressure will have no effect when no.ofmoles ofreactants is equal to no.ofmoles ofproducts i.e. An =0.
05. Increase ofpressure pushes the reaction equilibrium in the direction in which there is a decrease in
the number of moles.
06. Increase ofpressure favours the backward reaction (towards less number of moles).
07. The decrease of pressure favour the forward reaction (towards more number ofmoles).
08. Increase oftemperature favour the endothermic reaction and decrease oftemperature favours
exothermic reactions
09. Increase oftemperature shifts the equlibrium, in that direction where there is absorption of heat
(endothermic reaction).
10. Decrease oftemperature shifts the equlibrium, in that direction whère there is liberation ofheat
(exothermmic reaction).
I1. Increase oftemperature favours the forward reaction andmore and more NOis formed.
12. Decrease oftemperature favours the backward reaction i.e. the dissociation ofNO into N, ando,.
Applicationof Lechatlier's principle -Synthesis of Ammoniaby Haber's process
N2e) t 3He 2NH y);AH = -92kJ
4volumes 2 volumes
Nitrogen and Hydrogen combine to form ammonia.
The formation ofaumonia is reversible and exothermic reaction.
It is accompanied by decrease in volume.
13. Effect of Concentration:Increase ofreactants N, and H,in l:3 ratio favours the fornation of NH,
14. Effect of Pressure:- NH, is formation is a volume decreasing reaction.
According to Lechatlier -High pressure favours the reactions towards lessor volume side, Hence high

Page.No.88
NARAYANA
JRCHEMISTRY CDF MATERIAL.

pressures are required for the more yicld of NH,.

Low pressures favour the reverse reaction i.c., deconposition of NH,.
15. Effect ofTemperature: Formation ofammonia is Exothermicrcaction.
According to Lechatelier -Low temperatures favours cxothermic reactions. Hence low temperaiw
are requircd. But at low tenperaturc thereaction is slow. Thercfore optimum tcmperaturc .*K
775K) is used in Haber's process.
16. Effect of Catalyst:Tospecd up the rcaction, fincly dividcdiron is uscd as catalyst.
ToincreaSe the activity of the catalyst molybdenum or a mixturc ofoxides of Kand Al is ueu ds
promoter
High temperatures decomposes the fomed NH.. Hence high temperatures are avoided in Habei
process.
17. Thus the optimum conditions are
Pressure :200atm
Temperature 725 - 775K
Catalyst Fe (Powdered)
Promoter : Mo (or) (K,0+Al,0)
Application of Le chatelier's principle to the synthesis of SO,
2SO2o) t+O,e2S0,3(g) AH=-189kJ
3vohumes 2 volumes
decrease in
The formation ofS0, is reversible and exothermic reaction. It is accompanied by
vokume.
cqulibrium shifis in forward direction
18. Effect of concentration: If SO, and O, are increased the
and more and more SO, is produced.
direction.
Bycontinusous removal of SO, the cqulibrium shifts in the forward
the backward dircction i.e.
Ifthe concentration of the S0, is increased the cqulibrium shifts in
more dissociation of SO, takes place.
volumeofO, combine to give 2 volumes of
19. Effect of pressure:2 volumes ofSO, and one the reaction where there is decrease
SO, According to Lechatelier 's principle high pressure favours volume (3 volumes to 2 volumes)
decrease in
in volume. The formation of SO, is accompanied by
Higher the pressure greater is the yield of SO, but in contact process: high pressures are not usd
acid at these high pressures.
because towers used in the manufacture are corroded by the
is increase in volume. (2 volumes to 3
Low pressures favour the decomposition ofSO, as there
volumes) Therefore optimum pressures are used (1.5 to 1.7 atmosphere)
exothermic i.e., 189 kJ ofheat is evolved High
20. Effect of Temperature:The formation of SO, is cndothermic and do not favour the forward
temperatures favour the reverse reactionwhich is
the formation ofS0, At low
reaction which is exothermic. Low temperatures are favourable for
673 Kis used. To speed
temperature the reaction is too slow. Therefore an optimum temperature
up the reaction V,0, is used as catalyst.
optimum conditions.
:15 to 1.7 atm
Pressure
Temperature :673K
:V,0,(or) Platinised asbestos
Catalyst
Lowry- Bronsted theory (proton theory) protons to
21. Acid :Achemical specieswhich shows atendency to lose or donatea proton or
other substance is called an acid. An acid is a proton donor
Page.No.89
NARAYANA
 JR CHEMISTRY CDF MATERIAL
cg: HCI, H,PO, CH,COOH.
base:Achemical species wvhichshows s tendeneyto gain aproton or protons tromother subsStance.
Abase is proton
acceptor.
Ex :H,0,HSO, HCO,
23. Neutralisation : The transfer ofproton from acid tobase is called
neutralizaton.
Exl :When hydrogen chlornide is dissolved in water, HC1 donates proton and H,0 accepts
proton. HC is acid and H,0 is basc. The Bronsted-Lowry reaction is represented as:
HCI+ H,0H,0'+CT
Ex-2:When ammonia is dissolved in water. NH, accepts proton and H,O donates
proton. NH, is base and H,O is acid, The Bronsted -Lowry reaction is represented as

Add proton

H,0+NH, NH,+OH
lose protons
24. Conjugate acid -base pair:
Apair ofspecies which differ in asingle proton is called conjugate acid-base par.
-H*

HCI +H,0 H,0 +C

A B CA CB

+H*
HCIlooses a proton to H,C and forms a conjugate base
CI.
H,0accepts proton from /HCl and forms H,0*.
Here HCl and Ci ion are (conjugate acid-base pair.
similarly, H,0 and H,0 are conjugate acid-base pair.
Species Conjugate acid Conjugate base
H,0 H,0 OH
HCO, H,CO, cO
HSO, H,$O, SO,
Lewis Acid-base theory:
25. Lewis acid: Asubstance that can accept an electron pair from other
substance to fom
co-ordinate covalent bond is called Lewis acid. It is electron pair acceptor.
Type of Lewis acids:
26. Simple cations Ag, Co», Cu2, Fe, AI act as Lewis acids.
27. Compounds in which the central atom has an incomplete octet and
possessing an empty
NARAYANA Page.No.90
 35. 34. 33. 32. Tpe 31. Elenments
with0.
A
29. JRCHEMISTRY
8.
38. 37.Limitations
36.
baseLewis baseLewis donates
pair Ex.2: Neutralisation:
Ex.1: called Molecules Molecules MoleCules Lewis m
acids D-orbital
Lewis Compounds
ascoordinate
bond.Acids bases. One
The covalent NH, and Ex.3: a NH, accepts
C,H,,
C,HEx:, All of formLewIS Ex: S.
0,
the H,0 Ex: simple Lewis
forms neutralisation.
+BE,’[H,N Foramtion H,0,co-ordinate'covalent base acids.
negative like ofthe +H" Formation Formation a can
p of acidLewis +H*
NH,
lone containing withanions bases: multiple
havmg
bonds
ofthe Ammonium
HCI, seriousLewis acidLewision
’[H,N’ [H,0’ NH,, :
Abase electrons act
ofelectrons pair six Ex:
logarithm, Hydronium one which as
solution. H,SO, i0n. of of The R-OH, like CO0,, Ex: a
theory: of from or is lewis
defects hydronium NH, formation multiple a SiF,. the
NH, ’ two CI,
substance
to react HÊ BE]nitrogen S0,, central acid.
in ion
HÊ to - lone
R-0-ROH,CN,F bond. in SE,,
the ion H+ BE, bonds the
base with the pairs ,
SO,betwveen
theory : ion. ion of :In of It valence
which
SnC1,, atomhas Ex:
bases H NH, co-ordinate abetween is NO,. BE,,
10, ion :In on electron
of is reaction a the can
the such accepts this and shell atomsFeCl, vacantBCI,,
that central can
forms similar act paidonate
r or
hydrogen as it y between covalent electron
ofdissimilar d-orbitals
NaOH cannot a combines AICI,
pair a atoms atom as donor. an
Lewis
coordinate clectron
ion explain ofelectrons BE, bond, can sextet
or with can bases. clectroncgativities and
concentration and act
KOH act can may
the H,0. as pair
covalent NH, between as Lewis expand
but strengths from Lewis to act
other as
do Oxygen boron a Lews
in nitrogen bond. base bases. bases. ts
a not substance
solution of 1ofwater o of and can oCtetcanMATERIALCDF
form acids aCds.
of BE, an be
and NH, acid
have
is to ct
as
No.91 known like
is
 JRCHEMISTRY coFMATERIA,
39. P"= -log,[H']kp=logn Similarly, p log,[OH |
|H)
40. for agiven solution at 28°C, p" +p"
=14
41. for acids, p" <7 and p" > 7
42. for bases, plH>7 and
nOH<7
43. for ncutral solutions plH = pOH=7
**. ASthe pH increases, the acidic ature of asolution decreases and basic nature increases, as
temperature increases, pH ofwater decrcases, although it is neutral.
4. Butter Solution: The so lution which can resists change in its pllvalue on dilution or on
addition ofsmallamount ofstrong acid or strong base. Is known as buffer solution.
46. Types of Buffer solution: There are two types ofbuffer solutions.
1)Acid buffer solution 2) Base buffer solutions
47. Acid Buffer solution : An acid buffer consists of aweak acid and its salt with astrong base
Ex: CH, COOH +CH, COONa
48. Base buffer solution : Abasic buffer consists of amixture ofa weak base and its salt witha strong acid
Ex: NH,OH+ NH,CI
49. Henderson's equation:The pH ofa buffer solution can be calculated using Hendersons's equation.
For an acidic buffer, the weak acid HA and its conjugate base A- in the form ofsalt are
present in solution. HA H +A
The dissociation constant K, is given as,

K, [HIA
[HA]
[HAJ
[H]=K, [A]
by taking logarthms and rearranging we get
HA
-log H' =-log K, -log
since p =-log H,Pu =-log K, then

[A]
pH= pK, +log [HAJ this is called Henderson's equation.

This is also written for acidic buffer solution as pH =pk, +log (Salt)
[Acid]
50. K, and K, relation:
N, (&) +3#, (g)= 2NH, (ge)
K, =
p' NH [NH,J
P, x P'u,
But PV= nRT

NARAYANA Page.No.92
JR CHEMISTRY
CDFMATERIALL
WhereCConc ofthe gas

P: =|N,RT
Pa, =|H,}RT
|NH, (RTö
K, N,]RT|4,} (RT)

|NH (RT
-K(RI)"K,<K,

HYDROGEN&ITS COMPOUNDS
Hydrogen Peroxide(H,0,):
water can be evaporated
01.When barium peroxidesolution is treated with dilute. H,SO, Excess
Under reduced pressure H,0, is produced
Ba0,.8H,0 +H,S0,’ BaSO, +H,0, +8H,0
oxidation of2-alkyl anthraquinol.
02. Fromauto Oxidation method:- H,0, is prepared by auto
This oxidises in atmospheric air to give 2alkyl anthraquinone and H,0,

2-alkylanthra quinol H/Pd 2-alkyl anthra quinone + H,0,

gives peroxodisulphuric
03. Fromperoxodisulphuric acid : - when 50% H,SO, solution is electrolysed
acid
This on hydrolysis gives hydrogen peroxide.
Electrolysis
2H,S0, ’ 2HSO, + 2H*
2HSO, -’ H,S,0, + 2e
H,S,0, Hydrolysis 2H,S0, +H,0,
04. Preparation of D, 0,:
K,S,0, is treated with heavy water to prepare D,O,.
K,S,OM(s,+2D,Ou 2KDSO4ug) + D,O)
Oxidising properties (H,0,):
1. H,0, oxidizes black lead sulphide to white lead sulphate
PbS +4H,0, ’ PbSO, +4H,0
02. In alkaline medium H,0, oxidises the Mn*2 to Mnt+
Mn +2OH +H,0, -’ Mn* +2H,0

Page.No.93
NARAYANA
CDF
MATERIAL So zeolite/
NaZ. further of to expressed Page.No.94
follows. gases,
as like oxides cylinder.
is written ôr
silicate fuels the noblebe
as regenerated
other willbe hydrogen
metals can
removed be except
aluminium hydride
can any pollutants the
) is thecutting elements,
are (NaAlSiO, It to then
cations up. comparing into
sodium element
used onlyofwaterand all
mechanism.
magnesium place.
Silicate
Hydrated is the welding almost
+2H,0+0,
calgon. it
in
(ag) sodium (aq) combustion petrol.amount
energy an
of
2Na' take (M=
Mg,Ca)
as aluminium MCI,
solution. for electrical reactionwith symbol
ion and
known + process. reactions 2Na' the (s)+
than smallused combines
J" on the
calcium + all chloride energyless are
+0, (7 Na,Po,'[Na,CaP,0, (s) injecting is categories.
’21 exchange when NaZ be torchesgeneratingreactor
is Sodium of
iodide (Na,P.O,) zeolite/permutit If°E'(eg.B,H,).
study conditons,
calgon P,O,
MZ, will
ion +C 2
sodium ofheat
(7 H0' to
20H Na, (ag)’ exhausted
ofsiplicity, ’
2NaCI(ag)
ofhydrogen
by hydrogen
fuelfor
the
nuclear
hydrides.
three
hydrides.
reduced water water, minimised for hydrides.
to + over + quantity reation hydrides.
>
rodueed H,0, soft -2Na'
hexanetaphosphate be
aqueous rocket
cells reaction H,
calledE, into
non-stiochiometric
Reducing
properties(H,0,):
H,0, passed : called hardM'
Method to oxy fuel
in
:
moderator
is to + fuel: large combustion a certain
Hydrogen or classified
saltlike
/, + changod sake said
in 2NaZ(s) an + be
and as in exchage compounds, ) molecular
is HON+ I, is PO,, also MZ,(s) can (e.g.MgH,
nwater Ca+
base methane,
L.P.G
etc. usedused
acd (agon
nmethod:
RemovalofhardnesS:
Exchange the added is with
zeolite a
as
releases
thishydrogen under or
JRCHEMISTRY of Na, is For treating D,0a
alsoalso Uses
of are saline
Hymhkonous is method is Hvdrogen in but as in of or
Inpresence binary hydrides or
Sodunmhandwater this
perutit. /
Permutit
Hydrogen Polutants
Nitrogen Hydrogenusedused Dibydrogen,
Hydrogen
Atomic ii)Metallic
Hydrides EH, or i)Covalent
hen When by is is NARAYAN
lonThis lonic
use It It form
of 1) 2) as The
01. 02. Uses i)
I. 3. 4. 6.
 give
valency more process. No.95
Page.
in
- Cliecironconventional 1-l7 Lewis in of
CDF
MATERIAL compounds
p-block their conventional
electron andF metals) order to
tetrahcdral
electron is cathode.
Castner-Kelhner
compounds.
in groupas outermost KHCO,
bonds O The
the form 1.C, behave
of hydrogen acids their are of
N,
earth K. chemicals andamercury
most and its
will
like of lose because
Elements
clectrons writing
volatile write which will atoms GROUPS size the readily
with convenience 13 LcWIS They Alkaline K,CO,
to ) atomic in s-electron of in
are for groupas (e.g.CH, electronegative K,CO, number chloride
compounds of clectrons pairs.
pairs). They anode
theyumbers elcctrons act of
of in
They lone increase metals. manufacture
For covalent, hydrides.clements of lone molecules. IIA (Alkali, held nature. of manufacture and
a sodium
carbon
compounds
HE. relative few
molecular behaviour?
number as HF-3
highly electropositive lated. silk
loosly
and Reing too all present & abnormal in
artificial of ausing
ii)Electron-rich and the -IA 3d''4s?4p'
5s state
iso fabrics electrolysis
H.0 the has fact reauired on ns'.The
forns such are H,0-2 freethe
to
hvdrides In
sugOests their pairs
between EAEMENTS the benot electrolysed
NH. Accordine example which to in for paper, cotton
from the form lone for
most foundextended
Dihvdrooen pair, p^3s?3p°4s'due electron, can
oils the
CH..ns andname expect
have 14 electrons of formation Rb p'3s?3p°densitystate extended
it soaps, mercirising
and by
considerd an 1-lonepresence the not So
classifed
i)Electron-precise,
the H.)is
group
compounds and
themare
freevalency NaHCO,. fats prepared
issolution
are be of
: you excesshas bond ofK abnormal
theynot be
ofbauxite
manufacture ofpure
examples
Hvdride as
(B, do
hydride,
of
elements The S-BLOCK2 2 2s? 2s' in
Li<K<NaRb<Cs
density
occur makes not for process
Castner-Kellner
beenfurther NH, Configuration reagent be
What precise have hydrogen
donors. 1s² 1s² metals one So can can industries
preparation can
brine
Diborane
Shows don't ions.process unlike refining
haveelements Purification
Molecular alsoare
familiar (
compounds. - -
19) =37) process hydroxide
the
detiCient Compounds. All hydrides Alkali laboratory
Lewis
structures
into.
havehydr1desDElectron-deficient,
Dievron- in
electron = metals y Usesthepetrolium
waterNaOH
of textile process,
structures. results (Z (Z (K) metals ofthese i)
JRCHEMISTRY
Most metals -
structure.
rich of
Rubidium
Potassium
Electronic Potassium
solvay
monovalentsolvay in the NARAY
or
elements.Molecular
electrOn acceptors. geometry.such1.e., Density alkali soluble used the the a Sodium
in
this
Covalent deticient Electron hydrides Alkali in in for as
non Lewis formbases
shell The The is in In
An
Lewis All It i) ii) jv) v) vi)
of
5. 6.
1. 2. 3. 4
 arnalgam. to
heated t
water busts. carbonate.
uble Page.No.
CDF
MAPK is spran sodium inso and
This of and of
Ca(OH),
isCaSO,.2H,0 quantity
an (CaSO) or formation
form statues
fracture ammonia,
sodium
NaHCO,. with
to gas adequate plasters.
mercury sulphate of to
hydrogen bonecasts withconverted the mixed
gypsum as in obtain
an wellisa making saturated result is
(amalgam) calciumwith NaHCO,)
with and there to
minutes.as to
combines bydroxide when
anhvdrous
mixing industry wherefor
then
solution brine
Na,C0,,
filtered
and is
Hg
Na-
"s It 393k.
2(CaSO,2H,0)’2(CaSO,).H,0+3H
,0
obtained
is on 15 carbonate ammoniated
impurity. H,0+C0,2NH,HCO,
is into
removing
organwork NaHCO,
cathode,
at sodium waterto building carbonate.
brine CO,
ofNaHCO,
form 5 in of orgamental ammonia. it H,0
convert
H,
give + paris sulphate. to
withsolid
the part
a bi
sodium H,0+C0,NH,),
through
any
+
NaCl--’NH,Cl
+ (after
+2Hg hard in affected sodium
ofsetting
remove this C0,
discharged molecules with crystals
to + filtrate
to of is with
2C7 water Plaster a ofparis in bubbled
prepareThis saturated to reacted Na,C0,
strongly
2NaOH calcium into
property the
dentistry,
filtered containing the
+
Na'
+e with waterplaster".
gets formed.
sodium
carbonate,
bi ammonia,
which
is +e immoblising
ofplaster is heated
of
2 Na' treatcd
- uses of
hemihydrateloses that in to gas is
is
is dioxide + -A
--> 2H,0 burnt
remarkable
mass
employedused is
dioxide solution
carbonate
brine CO, + solution
metal, NeCl cathode: HCO, is 2NaHCO,
NaHCO, recover
and it use is + ammoniated (NH,),
is "dead Solvay
process 2NH,
sodium2 amalgann Preparation 393k, plasticlargest
+
for process
carbon Brine
Carbon
NH, heated.
JRCHEMISTRY Hg usedalso The
lonizatkn: aItis as a
Above hydrogen To
- has
known a USES:
The Solvay 1: 2: 3: 4: 5:
is
It
2) is When
The at The 2Na ) lt fons It Step This Step Step Step Step NARAYA
2) 3) 1) 3)
7
 CDF
MATERIAL 0. loes Page.No
’
NaC0,
+Ca, the magnesium alkalh.
in Na,CO,.10H, called inantacid
found cell decahydrate of
powder form
luids: cofactor. transmission,
the solution. as
akso contains cheapest Used
stutts.
are
biological the white
decahydrate,
They as which interneuronal
require
magnesium hormone.
heating, alkaline
the dye isofmagnesia)
mg-! a
to soda.
2NaCl+CaC0, membranes.
plasma. cclls. chlorophyll changes is ormanufacture
an and
in
calcium the
fluids. 100 a on form caustic
teeth. as water373K.
parathyroid cement
2H,0+CaCl,
blood
cell
into cell ATP. function,about exists and Na,CO,.H,0+9H,0 to from
milk
is and in manufacturing
the signals. acids the produce plants bones at Above
formmonohydrates.
whichsouble
undhydrous H,0 the(called
is and in
the within transfer regulated carbonate
process amino and H,0
’Na,CO,+
by in
primarly across
magnesium,
nerve in neuromuscular solidreadily hydrolysed and water
quantityto signals. light in coagulation. calcitonin
ofwater
and gucose phosphate present sugar
+ enzymes. crystalline completely sodium inhydroxide
NH, Solvay found of sugars
transmission nerve
of
absorption
is
plasma is +OH for
potassium, highestoxidising is hormones: It materialofpurification
’2 in are cells. flowtransportingmany transmitting in
calcium
in
blood
soda.
3K gets HCO,lime: ofmanufacture
2NH,CIplace ionsthe the the ATP roles in soda:white
ofWashing
Properties
concentration washing
to
becomes
ofcrystallisation>373K
Na,C0,
primary magnesium
surrounding
taking (Na):Sodium activating utilize the bodyimportant 0 Quick
theregulating in infound
and two a
CO,10H, H,0’ the
sodium, in (Mg) for
participate
(ii)
Magnesium is
integrityby carbonate hydrate 0
Na,CO,.H,
+ reaction help in (ii) in thatpigment ofthe called of of important in
Ca(OH), Potassium
(K): are (IV)
Calcium(Ca) maintained part uses theemployed of
help in help +
of fluidsionsin help enzymes 99%plays calcium also mono Carbonate in susppension
CHEMISTRY
JR Importance helpalso ions alsoalso
overall SodiunmSodium ions
main also
membrane Sodium
is water
Na, CO Important
an
used
medicine.
interstitial Potassium They
They about its ash.soda
TheyThey (b)The is The is This The is is is NAR
K' (a)All It It It It It
The (c) (d) (a) (b) (c)
(d) (a) (b)(c) A
(i) (a) (b) (c) (a) (b)(c) (a) (b)
10. 11. 12.
 JR CHEMISTRY CDF MATERIAL,

THE P-BILOCK ELEMENTS-GROUP 13

Borax - Na, B, 0, 10H,0
Colenanite -Ca,B,0,5H,0
Borazole or Borazine or Inorganic Benzene - B, N,H,
4 Ortho boric acid - H,BO,
The general clectronic configuration oflIA group elemcnts is ns'p
Inert pair effect: The rehuctanceofns? electrons to takepart in bondformation is known as
inei pait effect.
Duc to inert pair eftect 7 shows stable +tl oxidation state
Due toinert pair efect Ph shows stable +2 oxidation state.
Due to inert pair effect Bi shows stable +3 oxidation state.
7
The common oxidation number oflIIA group clements is +3. From Bto TI stablity ot +3
oxidation number gradually decreases.
Compounds in which the central atom does not have eight electrons in the valence shell are
called electron deficient molecules. Eg: BE,,BCI,, B, H, etc...
9 Borax bead test: On heating, borax first loses water molecules and swells up on further
heating it turns into a transparent liquid, which modifies into glass like material known as
borax bead.
10. The metaborates of many transition elements have characteristic colours and, therefore, borax
bead test can be used to identify them in the laboratory.
11. B,0, reacts with CoO and forms blue coloured meta borate, its formula is Co(BO,), |
12. Diborance is an electron deficient molecule
Preparation of Diborane :
13. BCI, reacts with LiAlH, toform Diborane in presence of diethylether

14. Sodium borobydride (NaBH,) reacts with lodine to fom Diborane by the oxid¡tion.
15. BF, reacts with NaH to form Diborane.
16. Diborane reactswith water to give Boric acid.
17. Diborane reacts with carbon monoxide to give Boron carbonyl.
18. Diborane reaçts with trimethyl ammine togive Borazine adduct.
19. Diborane reacts with ammonia at 12C, diammoniate of diborane is formed. This on again
heating at 200° C gives borazole
20. Formula ofborazine is B,N,H,.
21. Borazíne is also is known as Borazole (or) Inorganic benzene
22. In B,N,H,, each boron undergoes sp hybridization.
23. Borazine on strong heating gives boron nitride| (BN), |.
24. In diborane each boron atom undergoes SP' Hybridisation.
25. Diborane contains 4ternminal Hydrogens atom and 2bridged Hydrogen atoms
26. Boron atoms in diboranebonded to 4terminal Hydrogens through asp' -s bonds

NARAYANA Page.No.98
JRCHEMISTRY CDF MATERIAL
B-H-B bondis fomed bythe overlapping of sp' hybrid orbital with onc electron from one boron
atom, IS orbital ofhydrogen atomand Ivacant sp' hybrid orbital of another boron atom
'4. Thrce ccntred two clectron bond is known as banana bond or tau bond.

THE P-BLOCK ELEMENTS -GROUP14

2)
generaloutenostshell electronic configuration ofthe clements ofgroupl4 is nsiy
Oropy 3- The Phenomenon of cxislence ofancleent in different physicalpropertes with
same chenmical propertics is called
Ex: Crystalline allotropes of carbonallotropy.
are diamond &graphite.
3)
Inert pair effect: The rcluctance (dislike) of 'ns' pair ofclectrons to take part in bond formation
is known as inert pair effect
Ex:- Pb shows stable +2 oxidation state due to inert pair eftect.
4)
Catenation: The Phenomenon of self linkage ofidentical atoms to form long chaims (or) rngs
is called catenation.
Ex:-Carbon shows highest catenation property among allelements.
5) Silicon can form SiF but not SiCI:
6

The main reasons are :

a) Si is smaller in size. Six large chloride ions can not be accommodated around it.
b) The interaction between lone pair of chlorideion and Si is not very strong. Hence
SiCI does not exists.
6) Crystalline allotropes of carbon:diamond and graphite
7) Diamond: a) In diamond each carbon atom undergoes sp² hybridisation.
b) Each carbon is bonded tofour other carbon atoms tetrahedrally.
c) It is a three dimensional polymer.
d)C-Cbond length is 1.54 A°and bond angle is 10928.
e) Carbon atoms are strongly held by covalent bonds.Hence it is harder,abrasive and has high
melting point. It is bad conductor ofelectricity due to absence offree electrons.
8) Diamond is used as precious stone:
Diamond has high refractive index value and glitter due to total internalreflection. So, it is used
as precious stone.
9) Graphite :- a) In Graphite each carbon atom undergoes sp² hybridisation
b)Each carbon is bonded to three other carbon atoms to fon hexagonal rings.
c) It is a two dimensional polymer.
d)C-Cbond length is 1.42 A° and bond angle is 120°.It is shorter than diamond
forces
e) The hexagonal layers of carbons are held by weak Vander Waal's
f) Graphite is soft, slippery, lubricant. Due to Hexagonal layers.
g) It is good conductor of electricity due to presence of free clectrons.
Synthesis gas: The mixture ofCO andH, is known as water gas or synthesis gas or Blue gas
10)
(or)Syn gas. It is obtained passing steam over white hot coke.
Producer gas : The mixture of COand N, is called producer gas. It is obtained by strong
11)
heating ofcock with air
12) Producer gas is less efficient fuel than water gas
Fuel gases Calorific value Reason
a) Producer gas 5439.2kjm Low valuedue to presence of N,
b) Water gas 13,000kjm High value due to presence of H,.
Carboxy haemoglobin: The CO forms astable complex with haemoglobin called carboxy
13) haemoglobin. It is 300 times stable than oxy haemoglobin So it is highly poisonous.
Page.No.99
NARAYANA
 JR CHEMISTRY CDF MATERIAL
14) C0,exists as gas:
a. (0, has lncar stucturce and discrete in nature.
0. mbetween (O, molecules weak vander waal's forces arepresent. Hence CO, CxISts as a gas.
1S) SolidCO, is called Dry ice",
Uses: a) Iis uscd as areftrigerant for ice-cream and frozen food.
b) lt is uscd as fire cxtinguisher and also used in the manufacture of Urca.
16) Si0, exist as solid :
tcn silcon istetrahedral bonded to four oxVeen atoms by single covalent bonds resulting in a gant
Ihrec dmensional polymericnctwork structure. Itis non nolar it docs not dissolve in water.
b. Hence itexists as solid compound.
17) Onneatmg sihcon dioxide with hydrogen fhuoride gives silicon tetrafluoride. With excess of
hydrogen thuoride gives hydro fluoro silicic acid.
I8) Reaction with NaOH:- Silicon rcacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium silicate
19) Silicones : Silicones are organosilicon polymers containing Si-O-Si linkage. Silicones
Contaäin R, SiO repcating unit. The unit R, SiO has a structure, similar to that of ketones.
20)
Preparation :- Silicones are prepared from hydrolysis of dimethyl dichlorosilane,
(CH),SiCl, followed by condensation polymerisation yields straight chain polymers.
2CH,CI+ Si Cupomder
S70k +(CH,), SiCI, -2HCI (CH,), Si(OH),
+2H,0

21) Silicones are organo-silicon compounds in which silicon strongly linked to oxygen and carbon
22) Uses of Silicones :
a) Used in silicone rubber preparation
b) Used in the preparation of water proofclothes or papers
c) Used to prepare sealant, grease, lubricants in aero planes.
d) In electrical motors and tools silicones are used as electrical insulators
e) Used in paints and enamels
f) Since these are biocompatible, they are üsed in surgical and cosmetic implants
23) Silicates:
a) The basic structural unit of silicates is SiO in which silicon atoms is bonded to four
Oxygen atoms in a tetrahedron fashion.
b) When silicate units are linked together, they form chain, ring, sheet or three-dimensional
structures.
c) Alarge number of siicateminerals exist ín nature. ex: Mica and asbestos.
d)Glass and cement are two man made important silicates
24) Zeolites: a) Zeolites are alumino silicates.
b) Ifaluminium atoms replaces few silicon atoms in three dimensional network ofSiO, overall
structure is known as aluminosilicate.
c) Generaly zeolites having cage like structures with cavities.
Uses of Zeolites:
a) Zeolites acts as ion exchangers & molecular sieves
b) Used in softening of hard water.
c)ZSM-5 Zeolite is used to convert alcohols directly into gasoline

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Pollutant:The substance which is present in nature and causes the pollution is called as polhutant.
2. Contaminant: The substance does not occur in nature but releases due to human activity and
causes the pollution is known as contaminant
3. COD:The amount ofoxygen required to oxidiseorganic substances present in poluted water is

NARAYANA Page.No.100
 10. 9 8 7 6 4
YANA 22. 20. 18. 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 1. CHEMISTRY JR
23. 21. 19.
,
Ozone,nitric
ofClassical Effects
OXoacids Acid Effects Green
troposphere. in earthGreen Speciation: Eg:
the Receptors: day the TLV Ex: Sink: The The The daysBOD: called
Sodium TheOzone PAN Effects
photochemical smog. Environment eye atmosphere, is Oceans
(Threshold BOD BOD at
depletion is rains is called The BOD as
(iv) (iii)
causes(ü) It () of malaria, ( 1) () of
housecalledhouse iritation 20°C The
chemical
hole
chlorate, peroxyacetyl (i) (i) of smog of medium
photochemical It acid :Increase It
green The TLV. are value value value amouht
It It
causes It S,
Sulphur lead The is
Depletion : also oxide,acrolein, damages
ofozone corrodes It washes N
effect green effect
important for
called
is rains to detectioncaused
causing for for oxygen
Sodium causes a which yellow house is
medium which Limit which
clean
serious mixture melting
in house or polluted
municipal of
nitrate. respiratory away dioxide caused biochemicaloxygen
the water are fever th e Global by affects
layer of causes pollution Value): reacts
sinks water demand.
arsinate,Aldrin corrosion nutrients : global effect effect of which
smoke.
health smog
formaldehyde life of by different water
causes
oZone It
smoke,
ofbuildings
of pipes and etc...
polar
used
acts ailments or are:
CO,,0zone, warming:
or is a The for with sewage is
temperature,
nitrogen is effected person about
problems : resulting needed acid global known atmospheric is oxygen by
skin
layerofmetals,
as ice permissible pollutant the
powerful fog rains. chemical 17ppm. water
commonly in caps adversely lpp1m.
Dialdrin,etc.cancer, and human dioxide warming. The by demand.suitable
and for is
sulphur leaching in the The increases and
chloro speciationas is about
stones peroxyacetyl process forms pollutant a
cataract, eye beingsgrowth pHafter flooding level CO, called micro-organisms
fluoro when
knownirritant. and
dioxide. ofacid of of the 100
are ofheavy oxidation the ofincreasinginorganic, he the
responsible and
ofplants. oflow carbons is sink. 4000 -
damage asbuilding infectious
ozone nitrate animals. rain
called exposed istoxic
metals lying and ppm
water and organic Receptor. substances present
tohole. materials. are oftemperature
for fish reaction diseases areas. water to
the like is this
water
production. commOn less compounds
iron. vapour MATERIAL
water
in CDF
like för (or)
pollution. than with
7-
pollutants
5.6 water
dengue, when during
components of 8hrs.
Page.No.101 surface present
forms present five
in in
a
of n
ANA 18. 17. 16. 14. 13. 12.
15. 11. 10. 09. 08. 07. 06. 0S. 04. 05. 02, 01. CHEMISTRY
24. JR
The
different TheCarbocations Functional
Functional
Heterolytic The functionalThe The Functional Functional Functional Functional unsaturated
Functional
compounds The The The
Functional
phenomenon
phenomenon cutrophication. as
TOwth
ACCSS
knownLrophication :-
order functional valency
organiccarbon omagriculture
properties
cleavage ofstability group group group group group group group groupcompounds ofcarbon atom
are group group
of is of Trigonal ofester ofether
of ofcarboxylic ofcyanides ofketone ofaldehydes of with of
existance leads
existance known of of ofamines acid alcohol algac and Some
cabrocations amides sp in industry
to halide is is hybridizationinorganic occurs
oftwo as the planar -COOR R-0R is is which 13. timesthe
isomerism.oftwo formation is acid is -C is -OH
(-NH,
is is-C-X -CN compounds which are
shaped -C-NH, -CHO carbon CHEMISTRY
ORGANIC
or or is and is and and thrown
more more (CH; -COOH andits is water
over
) its and its more leads tohecomes
ofcarbocation and and secondary formsamultiple
compoundscompounds and secondary secondary secondary into
(sp)hybridized. <'<2<3') |and secondary and its clectronegative is
1our
secondary secondary oflake
drving the
secondary secondary
suffix watet
sufix suffix suffix
possessingpoSsessing and sufix is suffix bond resoures
nutritious
carbanion suffix oate is is
sufix sufix nitrile is ol phenomenon This
is one is (double
the amine is al
the is oylhalide is subStances
lorganic
ike when
same same Amid e oic
(or) ponds
acid
molecularmolecular
triple and
Commonly is lakes. CDF
ge.No.102 bonds)
formula formula MATERIAL,
LDue
are
but but called to
this,
JR CHEMISTRY CDFMATERIAL
diflerent in the nature of alkyl groups which are attached to the main functional group is called
metamerism.

19. The reagentwith an electron pair is thucleophile

20. The reagent which is clectron secking is called electrophile
21. The polarization of ¡ bondcaused by the polarizàtion of theadjacent a bond is referred as inductive
effect

22. The polarity produced in the molecule by the interaction oftwo x -bonds or between a r- bond and
lone pair ofelectrons present on an adjacent atom is resonance effect
23. The transfer ofshared pair ofr electrons to one ofthe atoms joined bya multiple bond in presence of
attacking regent is Electromeric effect
24.
Thedelocalization of g electrons ofC - Hbond of an alkyl group directly attached to an atom of
unsaturated system is hyper conjugation
25. The organicreactions in which reagent and substrate combined together to give a simple product are
addition reactions
26. The organic reactions in which an atom or group of substrate species is replaced by another atom or
group are called substitution reactions
formn
27. The reactions in which two or more atoms or groups ofan organic substrate are removed to
multiple bonds are called elimination reactions
28. The organic reactions involving rearrangement of less stable species tomore stable species are caled
rearrangement reactions
29. The method used to separate volatile liquids from non-volatile impurities is called distillation
30. The liquids which differ in their boiling points are separated by distillation
31. Nitrogen, sulphur, halogens, phosphorus present in organic compounds are detected by Lassaigne's
test

32. lonic form of sodiumnitro prusside is ( Fe(CN), NO)

33. The organic compound with nitrogen and sulphur on reaction with sodium metal form NaSCN- Sodium
thiocyanate

IUPAG:

The IUPAC name of CH, -CH, -CH, CH = CH, isI - pentene

o The IUPACname of CH,3 C-CH, is propanone

Structure of 3,4,4,5 tetramethyle heptane is

Page.No. 103
NARAYANA
 CHF MATER0AL
JRCHEMISTRY
CH CH3
H¡-CH,- CH - -CH-- CH, -CH3

Structure of 2-methyle 1-butenc

CH, =C - CH,-CH3

ALKANES
34. The general formula ofalkanes is
C,Hn2
35.
Carbon atom attached toone other carbon atom in methane is called primary carbon( atom
36.
Carbon atom attached to two carbon atoms is known as secondary carbon (2 )atom
37.
Carbon atom is attached to three carbon atoms is known astertiary carbon3 atom
38. Carbon atom is attached to four carbon atoms is known as neo (or)
39. In alkanes, the C- C bond quarternary carbon atom
lengthand C-Hbond lengths are 154 pm & 112 pm
40.
Sodalime is a mixture of (Na0H+ Cao).
41. CH, - CH, -COONa (Sodium propionate) on
decarboxylation gives C,H, -ethane
42. Alkyl halides give alkanes on
reduction with Zn and Dil HCI
43. The reaction
ofalkylhalides with sodium metal in dry ether to give higher alkane is called as
reaction wurtz
44. In the preparation of ethaneby Wurtz reaction the
reactants and reagents are CH,I and Naldry
ether respectively
45. Nitro ethane (C,H,NO,), is the product obtained when
C,H, reacts with (HNO,) at
400 450° C.
46. Decomposition ofhigher alkanes to lower alkanes and alkenes due to strong heating in absenceofar
is called Pyrolysis
47. Methane on reaction with steam in thepresence of nickel as a catalyst gives COand H.
48. Conditions in aromatization are 773K, 10-20 atm, Cr,,.V,0, Mo,0, catalyst
ALKENES
49. The general formula ofalkenes is C,H,,

NARAYANA Page.No.864
JR CHEMISTRY CDF MATERIAL

50. Thë bond lengthof C=Cis 134 pii

The bond enthalpy of C=C is 384 KJ/mole
compounds
$). Sraight chain alkenes have higher boiling 'ointthat isomeric branched chain
<3. Hybridisation ofunsaturated carbon in alkenes is sp
s4. Name of CH, =CH-CI is Vinyl chloride (or) Chloro ethene
The dipole moment ofcis 2- butene is 0.33 debye
56. The dipole moment oftrans 2- butene is zero
are conc. H,SO,at 170°Cor anhydrous
57. Reagent and temperature to convert ethyl alcohol into cthylene
Al,0, at 350°C
58. Reagent for dehydro halogenation is alcoholic KOH
ethylene
59. Dehydro halogenation ofethyl bromidewith alc. KOHgives
60. Reagent for dehalogenation is Zn dust in alcohol
gives ethylene
61. Dehalogenation of 1,2- dibromo ethane with Zn in alcohol
62. Palladised charcoal and BaSO, in quinoline is called Lindlar's catalyst
63. Trans alkene is formed, when alkynes reacts
with H, inpresence ofNa/liq. NH,
Pd-BaSO,/Quinoline
64. Cis alkene is formed, when alkynes reacts with H, in presence of
formaldehyde.
65. Ethylene on ozonolysis and reduction with Zn gives
66. In Vicinal dihalides, halogens are attached to adjacent çarbons
67. In Gem dihalides, halogens are attached to sanmecarbons
68. According to MarkowniKoff's rule, propene reacts with
HBr and gives 2-bromopropane as major
product
1-bromopropane as
69. According to anti MarkowniKoff's rule, propene reacts with HBr and gives
major product
and methanal
70. Propene on reductive Ozonolysis gives ethanal

Br, /CCl,A Alc.KOHB br’C

Ethylene
By Br

CH, -CH, C) CH -H
A) B) CH= CH,
Br Br R Br

ALKYNES
71. Calcium carbide (CaC,) on hydrolysis gives C,H, Acetylene (or)ethyne
72. Complete dehydro halogenation of1,2-dibromo ethane in the presence ofalc KOH gives Acetylene
73. 1, 1,2,2 tetra bromoethane (CHBr, -CHBr) on heating with Zndust gives Acetylene
74. Acetylene undergo addition with 2 molecules of CL gives 1, 1, 2, 2 - tetrachloroethane (or)
CHCI, -CHCI, as final product
75 Reagent used toconvert Acotylene into acetaldehyde is 1% HgS0,+30% H,S0,60'C & H,0
Page.No.105
NARAYANA
CDF
MATERIAL iron/copper or acid benzene
below Benzene
sulphonic hexane in para groups. 106
Page.No.
CH,
gives
+CaO) BHC) decomposition
Benzene
H,SO) and
benzenehexachloride( alkyl cyclo
Red-hot ortho directing
and give hexachloro
acetylide conc. gives
called
to (CH,,) undergo meta
polynerized of + and
(NaOH presence HNO, gives FeX, CH,CI, are
sodium ofZn-dust
gives
CH, gives which called
acid cyclohexane positions
lime produce mixture
(conc. (or)
the sulphuric light
(or) Benzene
triozonide are
mono get Soda in readily. mixture AlX, position
molecules polymerizaion CH,called
nitration ofsunLindane para
to ofanhydrous
gives
gives with benzene fuming and AICl,
+CH;C,C
BENZENE substitutionreactions gives nitration presence ion-NO,* meta
(C.H.COONa) catalyst) (or) ortho
76.NH, acetvlene presence H) of to
to (CH,SO presence the Gammaxane to group
in undergo add of presence form
sp' Conc.
H,SO,
is presence (Nickel
in Nitroniunm
Glyoxal group
Sodium
metal three C,H, is the molecules alkylation chlorine ofOzone
and coming CzH,CH,
Benzene in acid the the incoming hot
metal
tubeSB.
Cuube. is Benzoate (C,H,)
(C,H,OH) ofBenzene
Benzene electrophilic CH,CI,sulphonic the in in
sulphonation with(or) givesiselectrophile in
in chlorine UV in halide
Friedel-Craft's the =
carbonSodium acetylene
gam
maX
ane
molten and nitration chloride
addition molesand the C
hot of ofPhenol HNO,
60°C
gives
nitrobenzenealkyl hydrogenation Zn/H,0 direct directing CH,,
Red
with disodium
acetylide formula three ofBenzene
of
of of undergoes undergoes,88. with
Benzene
undergoes hexa reacts
undergoes
3with
the
nitration,
reacts of
Acetylene
hybridization
distillation molecules
tubes
gives
CH, light,
500K ofConc. which which H,O
directing
groups. A =
CHEMISTRYprescnce molecular reduction reacts
called of B
JR
UV
CH,
+3CI,
Hydrolysis
benzene presence groups groups A=C,H,,
Benzene gamaxne MixtureBenzene Benzene Catalytic
Benzene Benzene NARAYAN
the Three Under is CaC,
In
The The The The it
and (or) the In the
The The
1. 78, 79 80. 81, 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 89. 90. 95.
91. 92. 93. 94. 96.