“FIRE ALARM”

EC111-PROJECT REPORT

Department of Electronics & Communication

Guided By: Submitted By:

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
3. MATERIALS , COMPONENTS &EQUIPMENTS
4. RESULT
5. CONCLUSION
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
7. REFRENCES

 LIST OF FIGURE USED

Figure 1 match stick page no.:3

 Figure 2 Fire bell page no.:4
Figure 3 Modern Fire alarm page no.:5
Figure 4 Fire alarm panel page no.:6
Figure 5 Fire alarm speaker page no.:7
Figure 6 Fire fighter page no.:8
Figure 7 Circuit diagram page no.:10

 LIST OF TABLE USED

Table 1 Truth table page no.:9

 SYMBOLS USED
No symbols used.

ABSTRACT
Definition: A fire alarm system warns people when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or
other fire-related emergencies are detected. These alarms may be activated
automatically from smoke detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated
via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. Alarms
can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns.

Purpose of fire alarm :

The four ways your fire alarm system works to protect your property and its occupants
from the dangers of fire are by detecting fire, alerting occupants, managing risk, and
notifying the fire department.
1. Detect Fire
Your fire alarm system is designed to detect fire in two main ways: smoke and heat. It
should also have the capability of manual pull, in case a fire is observed before smoke or
heat reaches the sensors of the system. Other systems are activated when movement in
the sprinkler system is detected, indicating that the sprinklers are responding to a fire.
2. Alert Occupants
When the fire alarm system detects smoke, heat, or water movement, it alerts occupants
of the building using both audible and visible alarms. These alarms will be bright, loud,
obnoxious, and impossible to ignore, which help mobilize individuals to follow your
evacuation plan. Using both types of alarms ensure that every person in the building is
alerted.
3. Manage Risks
Your building’s fire alarm system works in a third way to protect you: by reacting to
potential risks using control measures. When the alarm is activated, some systems
perform a set of tasks that help prevent fire and smoke from spreading as well as protect
occupants, such as: automatically shutting doors in different zones, powering off
ventilation and air conditioning, or redirecting elevators to bring cars to a designated
level.
4. Notify Authorities
The fourth purpose of your fire alarm system is to notify authorities. This ensures the fire
department is en route as quickly as possible, so they can respond and extinguish the fire
before it becomes an even bigger threat.

ADVANTAGES &APPLICATION OF FIRE ALARM :

What is the application of fire alarm?

A fire alarm system warns people when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other fire-
related emergencies are detected. These alarms may be activated automatically from
smoke detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated via manual fire alarm
activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations.

 Fire protection systems.

 Detection.
 Alarming and evacuation.
  Extinguishing.
 Danger management.
Applications:

6 benefits of fire alarm monitoring

Fire alarm monitoring holds multiple benefits that will improve the overall safety of your
business.
1. Rapid response to alarm activations
The monitoring team can action an emergency response in a matter of minutes, much
faster than an individual can in the stressful event of a fire. This, therefore, increases the
chances of the fire brigade controlling the fire and reducing the damage to your site.
2. Reduce false alarms
False alarms are not only frustrating and annoying, but they can also waste your and the
emergency services’ time. When monitored, false alarms can be prevented as only
confirmed alarms are acted upon.
3. Reduce business disruption
If a fire is detected and acted upon quickly, which it will when being monitored, then this
can help reduce any potential business disruption in the form of any damage to the site,
equipment or stock, as well as panic from employees. With a monitored fire alarm, you
will all be able to leave the site calmly and promptly knowing that the fire brigade is
already on its way.
4. Reduced risk to employees
With a third-party monitoring your alarm system, this responsibility no longer sites with
you or your employees. You will all be able to exit the site safely if a fire does break out,
with no need for employees to attend to the alarm activation and potentially putting
their lives at risk.
5. 24/7 Increased protection from fire
Fire alarm monitoring operates 24/7, 365 days of the year, meaning your site is
constantly being monitored. You will therefore have increased potential from fire and
better overall safety than if your system was unmonitored.
6. Peace of mind
Having a monitored fire alarm system gives you complete peace of mind that someone is
keeping a watch on your site for potential fires breaking out. You therefore don’t need to
worry if no one is on-site, if it’s during a weekend or bank holiday, or about putting such
responsibility on your staff.

INTRODUCTION

A fire alarm system warns people when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other fire-
related emergencies are detected. These alarms may be activated automatically
from smoke detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated via manual fire alarm
activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. Alarms can be either
motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns. They can also be speaker strobes
which sound an alarm, followed by a voice evacuation message which warns people
inside the building not to use the elevators. Fire alarm sounders can be set to certain
frequencies and different tones including low, medium and high, depending on the
country and manufacturer of the device. Most fire alarm systems in Europe sound like a
siren with alternating frequencies. Fire alarm electronic devices are known as horns in
the United States and Canada, and can be either continuous or set to different codes. Fire
alarm warning devices can also be set to different volume levels.

Fig.1

Origin and history of fire alarm:

Fire alarm, means of warning in case of fire. Originally, watchmen provided the only fire-
alarm system, but, with the advent of electric power, boxes wired to fire departments
provided a warning system from city streets and such institutional buildings as schools.
While some of the latter remain in use, most modern fire-alarm systems are automatic,
consisting of thermostat-activated devices that at a certain temperature either sound an
alarm or report to a central office, such as a municipal fire station. Some alarms are set to
go off whenever the thermostat shows a rapid temperature rise. The thermostat is
usually placed at or near the ceiling, where it will be most immediately affected by
increase in temperature. Another type of alarm is actuated by a photoelectric cell; when
smoke darkens the room slightly, the alarm is activated. One highly sensitive device
contains a small amount of radioactive material that ionizes the air in a chamber. With
this device a continuously applied voltage causes a small electrical current to flow
through the ionized air, and when products of combustion enter, they reduce the current
flow and activate the alarm.
Sounding the alarm: the invention of the fire alarm system
Several 19th century inventions fundamentally altered the fire detection landscape for the
better. Samuel Morse invented the telegraph in 1837, and it didn’t take long for others to
take advantage of the first form of long-distance communication. In 1852, Dr. William
Channing spearheaded the first city-wide fire alarm system in Boston, Massachusetts.
This system took the “central bell tower” idea and turned it into a “central station.”
Essentially, a notification was sent from a box in a neighborhood to a centrally-located
operating center. When a fire alarm was received, the central station would ring the bell
tower and give responders the specific neighborhood the signal originated from. For the
first time in history, dispatch times considerably improved because of the ability to
pinpoint the location of a fire.

Fig.2

The future of fire alarm technology:

Fire codes regulating the proper design and installation of fire alarm systems are slow to
change, but rapidly improving technology may alter life safety systems for the better.
Already, fire-rated cellular communicators are gaining popularity and will likely overtake
old copper phone lines as the primary communication method for fire alarm systems as
telecommunications companies move toward voice over IP (VOIP) lines. Fire marshals
across the United States are pushing for stricter fire codes including widespread adoption
of Underwriter’s Laboratory (UL) and Factory Mutual (FM) standards. Voice evacuation is
set to make an ever bigger splash than it already has, and the technologies for early
smoke and carbon monoxide detection are consistently improving.
Because the threat of fire is always looming, fire alarm systems remain the most critical
component of fire protection in both businesses and homes. Regardless of what’s on the
technological horizon, home and business owners alike can rest assured that fire alarm
systems are always improving and providing the kind of fire detection that our ancestors
could only dream about.

Fig.3

Design

After the fire protection are established – usually by referencing the minimum levels of
protection mandated by the appropriate model building code, insurance agencies, and
other authorities – the fire alarm designer undertakes to detail specific components,
arrangements, and interfaces necessary to accomplish these goals. Equipment specifically
manufactured for these purposes is selected and standardized installation methods are
anticipated during the design.
 Fig.4
A fire alarm control panel

Fire alarm control panel (FACP) AKA fire alarm control unit (FACU); This component, the
hub of the system, monitors inputs and system integrity, controls outputs and relays
information.
Primary power supply: Commonly the non-switched 120 or 240-volt alternating current
source supplied from a commercial power utility. In non-residential applications, a
branch circuit is dedicated to the fire alarm system and its constituents. "Dedicated
branch circuits" should not be confused with "Individual branch circuits" which supply
energy to a single appliance.
Secondary (backup) power supplies: This component, commonly consisting of sealed
lead-acid storage batteries or other emergency sources including generators, is used to
supply energy in the event of a primary power failure. The batteries can be either inside
the bottom of the panel or inside a separate battery box installed near the panel.
Initiating devices: These components act as inputs to the fire alarm control unit and are
either manually or automatically activated. Examples would be devices such as pull
stations, heat detectors, duct detectors, and smoke detectors. Heat and smoke detectors
have different categories of both kinds. Some categories are a beam, photoelectric,
ionization, aspiration, and duct.
Fire alarm notification appliance: This component uses energy supplied from the fire
alarm system or other stored energy source, to inform the proximate persons of the need
to take action, usually to evacuate. This is done by means of pulsing incandescent light,
flashing strobe light, electromechanical horn, siren, electronic horn, chime, bell, speaker,
or a combination of these devices. Strobes are either made of a xenon tube (most
common) or recently LEDs.
Initiating devices.

Fire alarm pull station

Manually actuated devices; also known as fire alarm boxes, manual pull stations, or
simply pull stations, break glass stations, and (in Europe) call points. Devices for manual
fire alarm activation are installed to be readily located (near the exits), identified, and
operated. They are usually actuated by means of physical interaction, such as pulling a
 lever or breaking glass.
Automatically actuated devices can take many forms intended to respond to any number
of detectable physical changes associated with fire: convected thermal energy for a heat
detector, products of combustion for a smoke detector, radiant energy for a flame
detector, combustion gases for a fire gas detector, and operation of sprinklers for a
water-flow detector. The newest innovations can use cameras and computer algorithms
to analyze the visible effects of fire and movement in applications inappropriate for or
hostile to other detection methods

Fig.5
Fire Alarm Speaker and Pull Station

Measures to assess fire safety :

 Provide adequate means of escape.
 Outline clear pathways to exit doors.
 Install smoke detection systems.
 Maintain smoke suppression systems.
 Conduct regular fire drills.
 Use flame-retardant materials in interiors.
 Make your office accessible to firefighters.
 Keep the building plans handy.
 Fig.6

LAB BASED PROJECT: FIRE ALARM

Objective: Simplify the Logic Function using and implement using logic gates (AND & OR
are 2 input gates) as well as with only 2 input NAND gates.

Materials Required

1. Breadboard.
2. Bulb.
3. Components: Light Emitting Diode, Digital IC’s

• LED’s: Three - Blue, 1 - Red.

• Digital IC’s: 7404 - Inverter, 7408 - Quad 2 input AND, 7432 - Quad 2 input OR, 7400 -
Quad 2 input NAND, 7486 - Quad 2 input XOR and Connecting Wires.

General guidelines/precautions:

Throughout these experiments we will use TTL IC’s to build circuits. The steps for wiring a
circuit should be completed in the order described below:

1. Turn the power off before you construct any circuit on the bread board.

2. Make sure that the power is off before you make any changes in the circuit.

3. For connecting power supply, you have to follow the procedure as given below.

(a) Disconnect the power supply to IC’s.

(b) Switch on the power supply.
(c) Set the output voltage as required (e.g. 5 V).
(d) Switch off the power supply.
(e) Connect the power supply to IC’s.
(f) Switch on the power supply.

4. If an error is found and is not spotted before power on. Turn the power off
immediately before you begin to rewire the circuit.

5. Tidy the area that you were working in and leave it in the same condition as it was
before you started

Common Causes of Problems:

1. Not connecting the ground and/or power pins for all chips
2. Not turning on the power supply before checking the operation of the circuit.
3. Leaving out wires.
4. Plugging wires into the wrong holes
5. Driving a single gate input with the outputs of two or more gates
6. Modifying the circuit with the power on

TRUTH TABLE

A B X Y
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0
Table-1
Now using truth table we try to implement a circuit
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig.7

RESULT: By this experiment we came to know about the algorithm /circuit used behind
the fire alarm sensor.
 CONCLUSION
After completing this project here, I conclude that with the help of this project, I have
came to an better understanding and came to know how to use gates to make a simple
fire alarm . This project give us brief information of working and functioning of fire
alarm.

I conclude that with the help of this experiment, I have came to an better understanding
and how to use the basic Boolean logic gates to construct a fire alarm and how to use
them , I have worked in the experiment, I have used the basic logic gates to construct
the alarm and then verified them using the truth table circuit diagram are made by using
multisim.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

After completing this assignment, first of all I would like to acknowledge and, express my
heartfelt gratitude to my subject teacher Dr. Nagesh Ch. and The other mentors of ECE
department under their supreme guidance and supervision, this projecct made by me
was possible.

I also acknowledge the software which I have used to make the digital circuits is the
“Multi sim” software which was recommended to us , I have made the basic logic
gates ,circuit diagram and then verified them using the truth table as given in the
project.
circuit diagram are made by using multisim.

The project work given, has proved to be very interesting ,useful and fruitful for me as it
has helped me to have the better understanding of the Boolean Functions and Logic
Gates and the interactive lab class held by the sir has cleared all my basic queries regarding
the basic logic gates. The assignment has boosted up my knowledge which will definitely help
me in my near future.

Thank you.
 REFRENCE

MATCH STICK
https://www.epssecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/lit-match.jpg

BELL
https://www.epssecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Old-Fire-Truck-Featured.jpg

MODERN FIRE ALARM

https://www.epssecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/EPS_10-1024x683.jpg

FIREMAN
https://www.epssecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Firefighter-2.jpg

www.wikipedia.com
www.britannica.com
https://www.safetyresources.com/
https://vanguard-fire.com/