ESMA SULTAN

2nd SEMINAR
Indefinite Pronouns

Person. Thing. Place

Somebody/ someone Somthing Somewhere
Everybody/ everyone Everything Everywhere
Nobody/ No one Nothing Nowhere
Anybody/ Any one Anything
Anywhere

Yukardakiler ancak tekil fiil ile kullanılır ama ardından gelen zamir tekil
veya çoğul olabilir.

Our side won, but only because nobody on the other team was playing
at all well.
Win: kazanmak
Won: V2
his
Everyone has their own ideas.
his or her
Man can do that!
He: şahıs his him!!! Kitleye kalabalığa, seyirciye seslenirken bayan
özneler kullanılmaz!!

My your her his their our: possessive p.

*buradaki cümlede ‘her’ tek başına kullanılamaz!!!

!!! ‘Some’ ile başlayan yapılar genelde olumlu cümlelerde veya soru
cümlelerinde (ikram-rica) kul.

The personal officer is looking for someone who has a real talent for
organization.

He would be alive now if only he hadn’t decided to go back into the

burning house for something.

When tourist eventually start arriving in space, they will need

somewhere to stay.
!!! ‘No’ ile başlayan yapılar yüklemi olumlu olan cümlelerde kul. Ancak
anlam olumsuz olur.

Hiçbir şey almadım -me -ma

I bought nothing. Olumlu (Not)
I did not buy. (Satın almadım)
Buy: satın almak

Would you like something to eat?

!!! Aynı cümle içinde kullanıldıklarında ‘no’ ile başlayan bir yapıyı ya da
olumsuz anlam taşıyan kelimeleri ‘any’ ile başlayan bir yapı takip eder.

Nothing important was said to anyone at the meeting yesterday. NOT

yok ama Cümle olumsuz! Anlamca olumsuz
When I was in England, I knew scarcely anybody there. İngiltere de
iken, neredeyse hiçkimseyi bilmiyordum.

!!! ‘Any’ ile başlayan yapılar olumsuz (not eki olan) ve soru
cümlelerinde kullanıldıklarında “hiç” anlamına gelirler. Bu durumda
özne olarak cümle başında bulunamazlar!

There isn’t anything interesting in the news today.

I don’t have anyone to talk to as all my closest friends have gone on
holiday.
The station isn’t anywhere near here, so you had better take a taxi.

!!! ‘Any ile baslayan yapılar olumlu cümleyle de kul. Bu durumda “her,
her biri” anlamını alırlar ve cümle başında özne olarak kul.
If anybody wants a book, they can get it from my office.
This question is very easy, so anyone can solve (çözmek) it.

!!! ‘Every’ ile başlayan yapılar Türkçe’ye ‘herkes, her yer, herşey
şeklinde çevrilebilir.
Although the new manager has been very strict with us, he is highly
respected by everyone in the company (şirket).
Unless there is any change, he will present us.
On weekdays there are lorries everywhere.
!!! Soru sözcüklerinde, bazı zamirlerden ve sıfatlardan sonra “Daha-
başka- ayrıca” anlamlarını vermek için ‘else’ kullanılır.
I have nothing else to do.
Can anybody else solve that?

8.Reciprocal Pronouns (Each other- one another).

What was the our former topic?
We love each other.
We are getting on well with each other/ one another.

The children often play together and sometimes tease (kızdırmak) one
another.

9.Impersonal Pronoun: One

‘One’ kişi, insan anlamında kul.
One has to pay one’s rent regularly if one doesn’t want to get into
trouble.
Has to
Have to +V zorunda olmak

!!! One bir ismin yerini de tutabilir.

I’ll try to draw a kangaroo, but I haven’t seen a real one.
A:Which books do you want me to give you?
B: The ones on your left, please.
The books on your left…..

3rd Seminar
10.Demonstrative Adjectives/Pronouns : This-That. Singular
(tekil)
These-Those.
Plural (Çoğul)

This car belongs to me. (Singular). “Bu” anlamına gelir, yakını ifade
eder….
These cars belong to me. (Plural)

That dress is my favorite one. “Şu” anlamında kul, Uzağı ifade eder.
Those dresses are my favorite ones.

Hem sıfat hem de zamir olarak kullanılır. Bu yapılar her zaman mesafe
ve uzaklıkta anlatabilirler.
-After the conquest of Istanbul in 1453, many splendid mosques were
built in that city/ those cities.
Conquer: fethetmek

-His father has been very busy these days as he has been interviewing
important people.

11.That/ Those. (Şu.)

Bunlar cümlede daha önce geçmiş bir ismin yerine kull.
Young people have chosen different ways of life from those of their
parents.
Choose: seçmek
Chosen V3

12.Forms of ‘Other’: diğer

Another: başka
Other: diğer
Others: diğerleri
The other: (bilinen) diğer
The others (bilinen) diğerleri
Every other: her diğeri
One after another: birbiri ardına
One after the other: birbiri ardından

Another: Aynı türden bir tane daha ya da başka bir anlamını vermek
için kul. Sıfat olarak kul. Ardından tekil isim alır.

Another method used to prevent large avalanches is to dislodge snow

masses.
I enjoyed this book so much; I want to read another.

I need another five minutes to finish this test.

Bu cümlede ‘five minutes’ tek bir birim olarak alınmış ve ‘ bir beş dk
daha’ anlamında kull.

Other: diğer/ Others: diğerleri

Bu yapılar başka, başkası, diğeri, diğerleri anlamında kul.
-As it is usually the young and healthy who leave the countryside, this
creates a shortage in the workforce for farming and the other rural
activities.
-They have to call us from the other number.

!!! ‘Other(s)’ ‘some’ , ‘any’ , ‘no’, ‘many’ gibi yapılarla beraber

kullanılabilir.
⁃ A friend of yours has a spare ticket for a special pop concert, and
has asked if you would like to join him and some others at the concert.

⁃ He turned down the offer on grounds health, but I think there

were some other reasons.

The other/ The others: Sayısı belli bir grubun diğer ve diğerleri
anlamında kullanılırken ‘other’ ve ‘others’ yapıları başlarına ‘the’ alırlar.
“The Other” hem sıfat hem de zamirdir. The others sadece zamirdir.
The other girl.: sıfat
The other: zamir , bundan sonra isim gelmez.

-Our team played well but the other team played even better!
⁃ I passed all the other courses that I took (take) at my university.
⁃ I passed all the others. Buranın arkasına isim gelmez… çünkü “the
other” zamirdir. Zamir ismin yerini tuttuğu için isme ihtiyacı yoktur, Bu
yüzden tek başına kul.

Consist of
Wait for

Time Expressions for Tenses

Past Present
Future
a long time ago nowadays soon
a little while ago at present in the near future
in the past at the moment in the distant future
at one time these days later on
the day/week before at this time in an hour
yesterday today tomorrow
back then as I/we speak later today/this week
in those days for the time eventually
 being
last week/month/year this next
week/month/year week/month/year

4th Seminar
Grammar: Dilbilgisi
Tenses: zamanlar
1-Simple Present Tense (Geniş Zaman). -r
Yardımcı fiil: Do -Does
YARDIMCI FİİL CÜMLEYİ OLUMSUZ VEYA SORU CÜMLESİNE ÇEVİRMEK
İÇİN KUL.
+I read my criminal book at evenings.
?Do you read criminal books at the evening?
Yes I read
No I don’t read.

I you we they: V: Read (yalın halde kul)

+She reads her crimi……

He she it : read (sadece olumlu cümlelerde TEKİL ŞAHISLAR(he-she-it)
fiile ’s’ takısı alır)
_She doesn’t read…
?Does she read her criminal…..?

She reads my criminal book at evening.

She doesn’t read …

I call my mom every day.

I don’t read newspaper on Sunday.

She visits us every Sunday morning.

She sometimes researches for the project.

Our uncle never talk with us this visit.

My teacher rarely revise the subjects.

• Frequency of Adverbs: Sıklık Zarfları

Always
Usually
Generally
Sometimes + Fiilden önce kul.!!!!
Never: hiç
Hardly ever: neredeyse hiç
almost :neredeyse
Rarely/ seldom: nadiren

Nerlerde kullanılır:
1- Günlük rutin
I always go out on Mondays.
My Mum never visits anybody on weekdays. (Yapıca olumlu anlamca
olumsuz ‘neler’ dan dolayı)
My Mum does not visit anybody. (Yapıca olumsuz)
My dear lovely fiancee has a busy trip(gezi)on Thursdays.
My friends call me at nights.
Zehra takes her siblings to school every morning. (Olumlu Cümlelerde
tekil şahıslardan dolayı fiil ’s’ takısı alır.)

• Esma takes her bath once a day.

• Zehra takes the rubbish out twice a day.
• My dear father works three times a day.

• Once: bir kez. Once a yer

• Twice a month
• Four times a year

2- Genel geçer ifadeler…

The sun rises from the East.
The water freezes under the -1 degree.
People do not move along the street.

I have straight blonde hair.

She has a lovely voice.
They have a dark skins.

3- Yer yönlerde- Yemek tariflerinde…

You go ahead the street
He goes down hill.
I turn left. It is on my right.

Melt the butter. Put it on oven. Heat it. Whisk it….

4-Kesinleşmiş ve programlanmış ifadelerde kullanıldığında

‘future’ anlam verir!
The deadline for new registrations finishes next week.
(will finish: future tense)

Once a day
Twice a year
Three times a month
Fourth…..

2- Present Continuous (-ing/-yor) Tense.

Şu anı ifade eden tüm eylemlerde kul.

Am-is -are: yardımcı fiil

The physics is gaining importance day by day.
Gain -ing

+The students are discovering the new materials on industrial

engineering.
-the students are not discovering the …..
?Are the students discovering…..

⁃ Time Expressions:
now: şimdi
At the moment: şu anda
Right not: hemen şimdi

I am calling you right now.

3.a-Simple Past Tense Geçmiş zaman (to be) olmak! İSİM

CÜMLESİ
Was - were: yardımcı fiil. (Am is are’n geçmiş zaman halidir)

Am- is: was / was not

are: were/ weren’t

I am at school now. (Okuldayım)

I was at school yesterday. (Okuldaydım)

I was a student last year .But this year I am a teacher.

He is an engineer.
He wasnt an engineer
They were hard students two years ago.
They weren’t …..

O bir öğrencidir. He is a student.. He was a student.

O artık bir öğrenci değildir. He was not a student
+There is huge mess in the room.
………was…………
-There are not any class on Sunday.
There were not any……

3.b-Simple Past Tense - VERB: FİİL CÜMLELERİ. -di/ dı

Regular - irregular verbs

Ved played
Vd. Saved
Did: yardımcı fiil
Do: yapmak! V2:did
Yardımcı fiil: DİD
-e rağmen
+Laura enjoyed the holiday enormously even though the weather was
so bad.
-Laura did not enjoy the holiday even though the weather was so nice.
+Danny joined/attented his Zoom class last Tuesday.
-Danny did not join the….
+Our robot cleaned the floors on time.
?Did our robot clean the floors on time?

• Irregular verbs
Geçmiş zaman cümlelerinde olumlu (+) cümlede düzensiz fiiller
değişip 2. Hallerini alırlar! Ama olumsuz ve soru cümlelerinde ikinci
halleri gelmez çünkü cümlede past yapısı olarak ’did’ vardır.
Go- went
Have/has- had
See- saw
Take- took
Meet- met
I went on holiday.
I did not go on holiday.
Did you go on a holiday?
Yes I did
No, I did not…

Did you take any English seminars on bachelor degree?

No I didn’t take….
Yes I took English seminars on bachelor degree.

I ____ my job yesterday.

Do. Did. Does. Don’t

Time Expr.
Yesterday
Last day/week/month
Ago: two days ago
Three months ago
40 minutes ago..

I rang the bell 40 min ago. But I had no answers.

4- Past Continuous Tense (Süreç vurgulu geçmiş zaman) -yordu

Fiile -ing getirilerek oluşturulur. Yardımcı fiil olarak ‘was-were’ kul.

WAs/were+ Ving: past continuous

“-yapıyordu-yapmıyordu-yapmaktaydı-yapmamaktaydı”

It was nearly 8 o’clock when I arrived at home, and they were still
having dinner.
-dığında
He was reading a book when I got there.

She wasn’t calling me last night when I saw her outside.

She was watching tv while my sister was cooking

in the kitchen.
-iken
I was watching Tv when the door knocked.

In -On At
İn: aylarda, mevsimlerde, yıllarda, gün içi ifadeleri….
İn the morning
İn June
İn Summer
İn 2009

On: günlerde ve tam tarihlerde….

On Monday
On 23rd April 1920

At: saatlerden önce

At night
At noon
At midnight
At 10 o’clock.

6th class
Wh- questions

What:ne
Which: hangi
When: Ne zaman
How: nasıl
How much: ne kadar (sayılamayanlarda)
How many: ne kadar. (Sayılabilenlerde)
Who: kim
Whom: kimi
Why: neden
Where: nerede

7th seminar
Ordinal Numbers: Sıralama sayıları

1: first 1st
2: second 2nd
3:third 3rd
4:fourth 4th
5: fifth
6: sixth
….th

Future Tenses
◦ Will-wont+ V ecek
I-you-we-they-she-it….+will /Won’t

I will study my classes. (Anlık, kesinleimemiş gelecek zamandan

bahsederken kul)
They won’t take this exam.

◦ Be going to+ V. Ecek-acak..

I am going to
She is going to +V
They are going to

Negative Sentence: He is not going to read this project. (-)

Question S: Is he going to read this project?

I am going to study my classes. (Planlanmıs, programlanmış eylemler

için kul.)
She is going to take her exams..

I’ll answer it.,

She’ll open door.

Future Continuous Tense (Süreç vurgulu gelecek

zaman)
• Fiile -ing getirilerek olur. Yardımcı fiil ‘will be’ dir.
• Gelecekte belirli bir zamanda yapılacak olan eylemleri , olacak
olayları ve geçerli olacak olan durumları anlatmak için kul.
• !!! Yapıyor olacak, yapmıyor olacak, yapacak, yapmayacak
şeklinde -cevrilir.
•
• -Someone/somebody will be waiting for you when you get off the
plane.
• -This time tomorrow , I will be trying to finish up grading the
students’ final papers. (Bitirmeye Çalışacağım.)
• Will you be growing vegetables as well as flowers?

!!!Bazı yerlerde istisnai hallerde ‘will’ yerine ‘be going to’ kul.
When your plane arrives tonight, I will be waiting for you.
……………………………………………..,I am going to be waiting for you.

!!! ‘Was/were going to’ planlanmış ama gerçekleşmemiş ya da

gerçekleşmeyecek olayları anlatırken kul.
Be: Am/is /are——Was-were
Why did you water the plants? I was going to do it myself..
I was going to visit Mr. Brown tomorrow but the appointment was
cancelled.

8th seminar: 28 Feb

Vocabulary Session 1 -
ed/-ing. & -ly
Verb : Fiil Noun: isim
adjective/adverb :Sıfat/ Zarf
Damage:zarar vermek Damage
damaged car: hasar almıiş
Affect: etlikenmek Effect
effected : etkilenmiş
Vaccinate: aşılamak Vaccination-Vaccine
vaccinated:aşılanmış
Abuse: kötülemek-kötüye kul Abusive
abusing/ abusively (zarf) -ly
Accomadote Accomadation
accomodating
Celebrate Celebration
celebrated
Reflect Reflection
reflecting/ reflectively
Reflecter
Elect Election
electively
Select selection
selected
- sarcasm
sarcastically
Reject:reddetmek rejection
rejected
I reject your offer.
She rejected his invitation.
The boss turned back his rejected documents.
Turn back: geri çevirmek

The turtle is a slow animal. Sıfat

The turtle run slowly. Zarf

-It was a dangerous accident but luckily our car was slightly ______.
-__________ are made up of weakened viruses which help the body
immune strength against diseases.
-You should take either of these two _____selected___courses to receive
a diploma or a certificate.

Soru çözümü yapıldı.