Lec.

1 Basic Operation

서울과학기술대학교 기계자동차공학과
한상조, 김진현, 정광필, 강수민
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?
Introduction to MATLAB v=joilU9m-sNk

MATLAB
- Abbreviation of ‘MATrix LABoratory’
- Program for Matrix and Vector calculation

Features
- Compatible with ‘C’ and ‘Fortran’
- Easy to use for beginners
- Large number of Tool Box
- Graphic functions
- Strong to vector and matrix

How to use…
- Make a m-file
- MATLAB prompt
- ‘Ctrl + c’ stop running
- case-sensitive
Scalar Operation
Basic Operation of Scalar
- Command Prompt

- The variable ‘a’ is created in both workspace and variable editor

- The variable ‘a’ is a scalar but also, ‘a’ is 1x1 matrix.

- ‘clc’ -> clear command prompt

- ‘clear all’ -> clear variable space (workspace)
Basic Operation of Scalar
- M-file (any file name is fine)

- The variable ‘a’ is created in both workspace and variable editor

- The variable ‘a’ is a scalar but also, ‘a’ is 1x1 matrix.
Basic Operation of Scalar
- Scalar

Operation Matlab Expression

a+b a+b
a–b a–b
axb a*b
a/b a/b
ab a^b
- Scalar Operation Priority
Operation Matlab Expression
Parenthesis ()
exponentiation ^
multiplication & division *, /, \
addition & subtraction +, -
ab a^b
Basic Operation of Scalar
- Basic Mathematical Function

function description example

Square root

nth root of real number (when x is

negative, n should be odd number)

exponential function (ex)

absolute value

natural logarithms (ln)

log

factorial
Basic Operation of Scalar
- Basic Mathematical Function
function description example

radian x
degree x

radian x
degree x

radian x
degree x

radian x
degree x

function description example

if x>0 return +1, if x<0 return -1, if x=0 return 0

Practice

- Calculate following equations:

x=2, y=6+x, x=y+7

4*50+3*100+102-400/2
56*pi/180 % radian
25/(25-1)
x=2, y=6x3+ 4/x
2*(sqrt(5)-1)/(sqrt(5)+1)2-1 x=3, y=7(x1/3)+4x0.58

10*acos(-1) cos(pi) + sin(pi/2)

exp(3) % e3 tand(30)

log10(105) % log105 sind(90)

Practice

- Substitute x=pi/5 and calculate both sides and prove equality.

x=pi/5;

(cos(x/2))^2

(tan(x)+sin(x))/(2*tan(x))
Practice

- There’s an object in a room and the object has the initial temperature of T0.
Then, the temperature of the object changes according to T ,
where T is current temp., Ts is room temp., k (0.45) is a constant, and t (hour)
is time.

- Assume that a beer (initially 50˚C) is moved to a fridge (4 ˚C). Determine the
temperature of the beer after 3 hours.

Ts=4;
T0=50;
k=0.45;
t=3;

T=Ts+(T0-Ts)*exp(-k*t)
Practice

- Radius of circles are given as R1=16, R2=6.5, R3=12, R4=9.5. Determine

the distance of C2C4 using the 2nd cosine law.
- Write the code in a M-file and execute the file using ‘F5’.

c1c2 = r1 + r2, c1c3= r1+r3, c1c4=r1+r4,

c2c3=r2+r3, c3c4=r3+r4

Use acos()
From cosine law:
Practice

- Radius of circles are given as R1=16, R2=6.5, R3=12, R4=9.5. Determine

the distance of C2C4 using the 2nd cosine law.
- Write the code in a M-file and execute the file using ‘F5’.

r1=16; r2=6.5; r3=12; r4=9.5;

c12=r1+r2; c13=r1+r3;c14=r1+r4;
c23=r2+r3; c34=r3+r4;

gamma1 = acosd((-
c23^2+c12^2+c13^2)/(2*c12*c13));
gamma2 = acosd((-
c34^2+c13^2+c14^2)/(2*c13*c14));

c24 = sqrt(c12^2+c14^2-
2*c12*c14*cosd(gamma1+gamma2))
Matrix Operation
Basic Operation of Matrix
- use comma (,)

- use space ( )
Basic Operation of Matrix
- Approach to an element 1

- Approach to an element 2
Basic Operation of Matrix
- Approach to an element 3

- Approach to an element 4
Basic Operation of Matrix
- Usage of colon ‘:’

- Usage of colon ‘:’

Basic Operation of Matrix
- Sum of column elements and indicate as ‘row vector’

- Determinant of a matrix
Basic Operation of Matrix
- transpose: transpose(a) or a‘

- eigenvalues: eig(a)
Basic Operation of Matrix
- trace: sum of diagonal elements -> trace(a)

- diagonal matrix: diag(a)

Basic Operation of Matrix
- Inverse: inv(a)

- rank
Practice

- Calculate a column vector X such that satisfies following equation. Use inv().

x=
>> a=[1 -1 2; 3 2 9; 0 1 -4]; 2.2609
>> b=[1;-2;3]; -0.4783
>> x=inv(a)*b -0.8696

- Calculate the matrix A such that satisfies following eigenvalue and eigenvector:

AV1 = λ1V1
2
AV2 = λ2V2
A=[λ1V1 λ2V2][V1 V2]-1
Practice

- Calculate magnitude and direction of total force:

F1M=400; F2M=500; F3M=700;

Th1=-20; Th2=30; Th3=143;
F1=F1M*[cosd(Th1) sind(Th1)];
F2=F2M*[cosd(Th2) sind(Th2)];
F3=F3M*[cosd(Th3) sind(Th3)];
F_tot=F1+F2+F3;
F_tot_M = sqrt(F_tot(1)^2 +
F_tot(2)^2);
Th=atand(F_tot(2)/F_tot(1));
Vector Input
- row vector

- column vector
Vector Input
- row vector

- vector size: size(a)

Manipulation Matrix
- Matrix Addition & Subtraction

- Matrix Multiplication
Manipulation Matrix
- Matrix division (Inverse Matrix)

Systems of linear equation

AX = B
X = A-1B
Manipulation Matrix
Operation Matlab Exp.
- Matrix operation a+b a+b
a–b a–b
axb a.*b
a/b a./b
ab a.^b
Specially Defined Matrixes in MATLAB
- Empty matrix

- zero matrix

- matrix of ones
Practice
- Define a row vector t and calculate x(t) = e-0.5tsin(5t)
- Plot x(t) as following:

plot(t,x); %plot(x,y)
xlabel('time(s)');
ylabel('x(t)');
title('x(t) calculation');
grid on;
Practice
- Define a row vector t and calculate x(t) = e-0.5tsin(5t)
- Plot x(t) as following:

T=0:0.1:10;

x=exp(-0.5*T).*sin(0.5*T);

% ‘.’ means operation of

equally located elements.
Practice

- Calculate following equations (x=0:0.01:1) and draw graphs:

y = 2x+10

y=6x3+ 4/x

y=7(x1/3)+4x0.58
alternative, iterative, branch statement
MATLAB Control Statement
- MATLAB is a procedure-oriented language.

Alternative if, else if, else,

statement switch

Control Statement Iterative statement while, for

branch statement break, return

Statement (Switch)

- switch
Statement (if)
- if
Statement (if, else)
- else if
Statement (if, elseif, else)
- if, elseif, else
Statement (While)
- sum of 0 to 100. - multiplication of 1 to 10

*ctrl + c => escape from infinity loop

Statement (For)
for k= initial value of k: increment: final value of k
- sum of 0 to 100. - multiplication of 1 to 10
For vs. Column Vector

- for statement - Column vector

In MATLAB, using matrix operation is preferred since loop time of iterative statement is
much longer. The calculation speed is even ten times slower than matrix operation.
Practice

- Determine an integer i that satisfies 12+22+32+…+i2>1000.

n=0;
s=0;
while(s<1000)
n=n+1;
s=s+n^2;
end

- Determine y using statements (hint: if, elseif, else) x=1;

if x>10
y = ln x for x > 10 y = log(x);
y=sqrt(x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 elseif (x>=0)&&(x<=10)
y=exp(x) -1 for x < 0 y = sqrt(x);
else
y = exp(x)-1;
end