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This question is about two experiments on gases.

1.
(a) In the first experiment, liquid Y is injected into a sealed flask under vacuum. The liquid
vaporises in the flask.
The table below shows data for this experiment.

Mass of Y 717 mg

Temperature 297 K

Volume of flask 482 cm3

Pressure inside flask 51.0 kPa

Calculate the relative molecular mass of Y.

Show your working.

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Relative molecular mass of Y ____________________

(5)

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(b) In the second experiment, another flask is used for a combustion reaction.

Method

• Remove all the air from the flask.

• Add 0.0010 mol of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (C8H18) to the flask.
• Add 0.0200 mol of oxygen to the flask.
• Spark the mixture to ensure complete combustion.
• Cool the mixture to the original temperature.

The equation is

C8H18(g) + 12 O2(g) → 8 CO2(g) + 9 H2O(l)

Calculate the amount, in moles, of gas in the flask after the reaction.

Amount of gas ______________________________ mol

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

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 This question is about a volatile liquid, A.
2.
(a) A student does an experiment to determine the relative molecular mass (Mr) of liquid A
using the apparatus shown in the figure below.

The student injects a sample of A into a gas syringe in an oven.

At the temperature of the oven, liquid A vaporises.

The table shows the student’s results.

Mass of fine needle syringe and contents before

11.295 g
injecting

Mass of fine needle syringe and contents after injecting 10.835 g

Volume reading on gas syringe before injecting 0.0 cm3

Volume reading on gas syringe after injecting 178.0 cm3

Pressure of gas in syringe 100 kPa

Temperature of oven 120 °C

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 Calculate the Mr of A.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Mr _______________
(4)

(b) The student noticed that some of the liquid injected into the gas syringe did not vaporise.

Explain the effect that this has on the Mr calculated by the student.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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The table is repeated here.

Mass of fine needle syringe and contents before

11.295 g
injecting

Mass of fine needle syringe and contents after injecting 10.835 g

Volume reading on gas syringe before injecting 0.0 cm3

Volume reading on gas syringe after injecting 178.0 cm3

Pressure of gas in syringe 100 kPa

Temperature of oven 120 °C

(c) Each reading on the balance used to record the mass of the fine needle syringe and
contents had an uncertainty of ±0.001 g

Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the mass of liquid A injected in this experiment.

Percentage uncertainty _______________

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

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 A student does an experiment to determine the percentage of copper in an alloy.
3.
The student
• reacts 985 mg of the alloy with concentrated nitric acid to form a solution (all of the copper
in the alloy reacts to form aqueous copper(II) ions)
• pours the solution into a volumetric flask and makes the volume up to 250 cm3 with distilled
water
• shakes the flask thoroughly
• transfers 25.0 cm3 of the solution into a conical flask and adds an excess of potassium
iodide
• uses exactly 9.00 cm3 of 0.0800 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) solution to react
with all the iodine produced.
The equations for the reactions are

2 Cu2+ + 4 I– → 2 CuI + I2

2 S2O32– + I2 → 2 I– + S4O62–

(a) Calculate the percentage of copper by mass in the alloy.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

% copper _____________________________
(6)

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(b) Suggest two ways that the student could reduce the percentage uncertainty in the
measurement of the volume of sodium thiosulfate solution, using the same apparatus as
this experiment.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) State the role of iodine in the reaction with sodium thiosulfate.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Give the full electron configuration of a copper(II) ion.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Copper(I) iodide is a white solid.

Explain why copper(I) iodide is white.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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 (f) Iodine vaporises easily.

Calculate the volume, in cm3, that 5.00 g of iodine vapour occupies at 185 °C and 100 kPa

The gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Volume _______________________________ cm3

(4)
(Total 16 marks)

This question is about sodium and some of its compounds.

4.
(a) Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why sodium bromide has a melting
point that is higher than that of sodium, and higher than that of sodium iodide.
(6)

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(b) When 250 mg of sodium were added to 500 cm3 of water at 25 °C a gas was produced.

Give an equation for the reaction that occurs.

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of the gas formed at 101 kPa

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Equation ___________________________________________________________

Volume ____________________ cm3

(6)

(c) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of sodium ions in the solution produced in the
reaction in part (b).

Concentration ____________________ mol dm–3

(1)

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(d) Sodium reacts with ammonia to form the compound NaNH2 that contains the NH2– ion.

Draw the shape of the NH2– ion.

Include any lone pairs of electrons that influence the shape.

Predict the bond angle.

Justify your prediction.

Shape

Bond angle ____________________

Justification _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 17 marks)

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 An experiment was carried out to determine the relative molecular mass (Mr) of a volatile
5. hydrocarbon X that is a liquid at room temperature.

A known mass of X was vaporised at a known temperature and pressure and the volume of the
gas produced was measured in a gas syringe.

Data from this experiment are shown in the table.

Mass of X 194 mg

Temperature 373 K

Pressure 102 kPa

Volume 72 cm3

(a) Calculate the relative molecular mass of X.

Show your working.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Relative molecular mass _________________________________________

(5)

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(b) Analysis of a different hydrocarbon Y shows that it contains 83.7% by mass of carbon.

Calculate the empirical formula of Y.

Use this empirical formula and the relative molecular mass of Y (Mr = 86.0) to calculate the
molecular formula of Y.

Empirical formula ____________________________________________________

Molecular formula ____________________________________________________

(4)
(Total 9 marks)

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