BOTANY PRACTICAL RECORD

Prepared By
SUBRAHMANIAN. P.M
HSST BOTANY
GOVT.HSS NARIKKUNI
Sl No. Title Date Page No.
CLASS XI PRACTICALS

I CYTOLOGY- MITOSIS

1 i) PROPHASE

2 ii) METAPHASE

3 iii) ANAPHASE

4 iv) TELOPHASE

II IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIMENS

KINGDOM MONERA

5 OSCILLATORIA- VEGETATIVE FILAMENT

KINGDOM FUNGI

6 i) RHIZOPUS-MYCELIUM WITH SPORANGIUM

7 ii) AGARICUS – BASIDIOCARP
KINGDOM PLANTAE

8 SPIROGYRA-VEGETATIVE FILAMENT

9 SARGASSUM-THALLUS

10 FUNARIA-GAMETOPHYTE WITH SPOROPHYTE

11 MOSS - PROTONEMA

12 FERN- SPOROPHYTE

13 FERN - PROTHALLUS

14 PINUS-MALE CONE

15 PINUS–FEMALE CONE
Sl No. Title Date Page No.

CLASS XII PRACTICALS

I ANATOMY

16 i) DICOT STEM

17 ii) MONOCOT STEM

18 iii) MONOCOT ROOT

19 iv) DICOT ROOT

II TAXONOMY

20 FAMILY - SOLANACEAE

21 ANTHER.C. S

III ECOLOGY

22 i) MUTUALISM - LICHEN

23 ii) COMMENSALISM - EPIPHYTES

24 iii) PARASITISM-CUSCUTA

IV BIOTECHNOLOGY

25 i) BT. COTTON

26 ii) BIOREACTOR

27 iii) CLONING VECTOR

V PHYSIOLOGY EXPERIMENTS

28 i) STUDY OF PLANTPIGMENTS BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY

29 ii) HYDRILLA EXPERIMENT

iii) STUDY OF YEAST FERMENTATION AND PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL
30

31 iv) STUDYOF DISTRIBUTION OF STOMATA ON UPPER AND LOWER SIDES OF LEAVES

CLASS XI PRACTICALS
CYTOLOGY- MITOSIS
 STAGES OF MITOSIS

PROPHASE
i. Prophase

Identification
The given stage is prophase of Mitosis
Reasons
Chromosomal material condenses to form compact mitotic
chromosomes.
Chromosomes are seen to be composed of two chromatids attached
together at the centromere.
Each centrosome radiates out microtubules called asters.

METAPHASE

ii.Metaphase

Identification
The given stage is metaphase of mitosis.
Reasons
Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of chromosomes.
Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator and get aligned along
metaphase plate through spindle fibres to both poles.
 ANAPHASE
iii.Anaphase

Identification
The given stage is anaphase of mitosis

Reasons
Centromeres split and chromatids separate.
Chromatids move to opposite poles.

iv.Telophase TELOPHASE

Identification
The given stage is telophase of mitosis.

Reasons
Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles and their identity is lost
as discrete elements.
Nuclear envelope develops around the chromosome clusters at each pole
forming two daughter nuclei.
Nucleolus, golgi complex and ER reform.
IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIMENS
 KINGDOM MONERA

OSCILLATORIA

Identification

The given slide shows Oscillatoria vegetative filament.

Identification Features

It is freshwater, free living, nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium.

The filament is long and unbranched.
Filaments show oscillating movement.
 KINGDOM FUNGI

1. RHIZOPUS

Identification
The given slide shows Rhizopus mycelium with sporangium.

Identification Features
The fungal body is a mycelium
The mycelium is coenocytic.
The mycelium is made up of hyphae.
Spores are produced inside the sporangium.
 KINGDOM FUNGI

2. AGARICUS

Identification

The given material is Agaricus basidiocarp

Identification Features

It is the fruiting body of Agaricus and is known as basidiocarp.

It consists of a stipe, and a cap.
Several gills are present at the lower side of cap.
Several basidiospores are produced in gills.
 KINGDOM PLANTAE
ALGAE

1. SPIROGYRA

Identification

The given slide is the Spirogyra filament

Identification Features

Spirogyra is a filamentous fresh water green alga.

The filament is cellular and unbranched.
Each cell consists of a ribbon shaped chloroplast.
 KINGDOM PLANTAE
ALGAE

2. SARGASSUM

Identification

The given material is Sargassum thallus

Identification Features

It is a brown alga.
The thallus consists of hold fast, stalk and front.
The front consists of primary laterals, secondary laterals and receptacle.
 KINGDOM PLANTAE
BRYOPHYTES

1. FUNARIA-GAMETOPHYTE WITH SPOROPHYTE

Identification

The given material is Funaria gametophyte with sporophyte

Identification Features
The plant body consists of gametophyte and sporophyte.
The gametophyte consists of root like, stem like and leaf like parts.
The sporophyte is differentiated in to foot, seta and capsule.
 KINGDOM PLANTAE
BRYOPHYTES

2. FUNARIA–PROTONEMA

Identification

The given material is the protonema of Funaria

Identification Features

The spore of Funaria germinates and produces protonema.

The protonema is a green photosynthetic multicellular branched
structure with rhizoids.
 KINGDOM PLANTAE
PTERIDOPHYTES

1. FERN SPOROPHYTE

Identification

The given material is Nephrolepis sporophyte.

Identification Features

The sporophyte of Nephrolepis is differentiated into roots, rhizome, and

leaves.
The leaves are pinnately compound.
The leaves bear sporangia and are called sporophylls.
The sporangia produce spores.
 KINGDOM PLANTAE
PTERIDOPHYTES

2. FERN –PROTHALLUS

Identification

The given slide shows the prothallus of Nephrolepis.

Identification features

Prothallus of Nephrolepis is green, flat, heart shaped structure

germinated from the spore.
It is the haploid gametophyte.
It is photosynthetic.
Its lower side bears rhizoids, antheridia and archegonia.
Antheridium produces sperms and archegonia produce egg.
 KINGDOM PLANTAE
GYMNOSPERMS

1. PINUS - MALE CONE

Identification

The given material is the male cone of Pinus

Identification Features

The male cone consists of an axis on which the microsporophylls are

arranged spirally.
Each microsporophyll bears microsporangia on the lower side.
Pollen grains are produced in microsporangia.
 KINGDOM PLANTAE
GYMNOSPERMS

2. PINUS - FEMALE CONE

Identification

The given material is the female cone of Pinus

Identification Features

The female cone has an axis on which the megasporophylls are spirally
arranged.
Each megasporophyll bears ovules at the base.
CLASS XII PRACTICALS
ANATOMY
 DICOT STEM.T. S
Ground plan

Identification features of Stem

1.Presence of conjoint collateral vascular bundles.
2.Xylem is endarch.

Identification features of Dicot

A portion enlarged
1.Vascular bundles arranged in a ring.
2.Vascular bundles are open.
3. Ground tissue is differentiated into cortex and pith.
4. Limited number of vascular bundles.

Identification
So, the material is dicot stem.
 MONOCOT STEM.T. S

Ground plan
Identification features of stem
1. Presence of conjoint collateral vascular bundles.
2.Xylem is endarch.

Identification features of monocot

1.Vascular bundles are numerous and scattered.
2.Vascular bundles are closed without cambium.
3. Ground tissue is not differentiated into cortex and pith.

Identification: So, the material is monocot stem.

A portion enlarged
 MONOCOT ROOT.T. S

Ground plan
Identification features of Root
1.Xylem is exarch.
2.Vascular bundles are radial.
3.Root hairs are present

Identification features of Monocot

1. More than six (polyarch) xylem bundles.
2. Pith is large and well developed.
3.Xylem is found round in cross section.

Identification
So, the material is monocot root. A portion enlarged
 DICOT ROOT.T. S
Ground plan

Identification features of Root

1. Xylem is exarch.
2. Vascular bundles are radial.
3. Presence of root hairs.

Identification features of Dicot

1. Two to four xylem and phloem patches.
2. The pith is small or inconspicuous. A portion enlarged
3. Xylem is polygonal in cross section.

Identification
So, the material is dicot root.
TAXONOMY
 SOLANACEAE

Floral Diagram

Floral Characters

- Actinomorphic Flower

- Bisexual Flower

K - Calyx - Five sepals, valvate aesivation and gamosepalous.

C - Corolla-Five petals, valvate aestivation and polypetalous.
A - Androecium- Five stamens, epipetalous.
G – Gynoecium- Ovary superior, bicarpellary and axile placentation.

Floral Formula:

K (5) C (5) A (5) G (2)

 ANTHER C. S.
Identification
The given material is the cross section of an anther.

Identification Features
A typical anther has four microsporangium.
Microsporangium consists of four wall layers- epidermis, endothecium,
middle layers and tapetum.
The inner most wall layer, tapetum nourishes the developing pollen
grains.
ECOLOGY
 ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS

1. MUTUALISM – E.g; LICHEN

Identification
The ecological interaction is mutualism(e.g; Lichen).

Identification Features
Mutualism is the interaction between two organisms in which both the
interacting species will get benefit. [+ +]
Lichens represent an intimate mutualistic relationship between a fungus and
photosynthesising algae or cyanobacteria.
Fungal partner is called mycobiont and the algal partner is called
phycobiont.
 2. COMMENSALISM - E.g; VANDA [Epiphytes]

Identification
The ecological interaction is commensalism(e.g;Vanda).

Comments
Commensalism is the interaction in which one species benefits and the
other is neither harmed nor benefited.[+ 0]
Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plants only for support.
It does not take nutrients and water from the host
 2. PARASITISM – E.g. CUSCUTA

Identification
The ecological interaction is parasitism (e.g; Cuscuta).

Comments
Parasitism is the interaction between two organisms in which one gets
benefit and the other is harmed.[+ -]
Cuscuta is a total stem parasite.
Cuscuta takes food from the host plant by using specialised root called
haustoria.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
 1. Bt. COTTON

Identification
The given photograph is Bt. Cotton

Comments
Bt.cotton contains Bt. toxin genes which kill cotton boll worms.
Bt. indicates Bacillus thuringiensis.
The gene coding for the Bt. toxin is introduced into the cotton plant
and Bt. Cotton is developed.
The toxin is produced by cry genes.

Cotton boll: (a) destroyed by bollworms;

(b) a fully mature cotton boll
 2.BIOREACTOR

Identification
The given photograph is bioreactor.

Comments
Bioreactors are large vessels in which raw materials are biologically
converted into specific products like enzymes, hormones etc.
Bioreactor has an agitator system, an oxygen delivery system, a foam
control system, pH control system and sampling port for periodic
removal cultured products.
 3. CLONING VECTOR

Identification
The given photograph is cloning vector pBR 322

Comments
It is a plasmid vector.
It consists of ori site, recognition sites, antibiotic resistance sites and
rop site
Ori site is the site for starting the replication of Plasmid.
Antibiotic resistance sites are ampR (ampicillin)and tetR
(tetracycline) genes.
Rop gene controlling replication proteins.
PHYSIOLOGY EXPERIMENTS
Experiment- 1

STUDY OF PLANT PIGMENTS BY PAPER

CHROMATOGRAPHY

Aim:
To separate the photosynthetic pigments by unidirectional paper
chromatography.

Materials required:
Petroleum ether, acetone, Watman No. 1 filter paper, glass rod,
measuring jar, split cork, leaf extract etc.

Procedure:2 ml of running solvent (petroleum ether and acetone in 9:1

ratio) is taken in a large measuring jar. It is closed tightly with a sp-lit
cork. A long strip of Watman No;.l filter paper is taken and is cut at one
end to get ‘V’ shaped tip. A pencil line is drawn about 2cm above the
tip and central point of it is marked as origin. Leaf extract is prepared by
grinding green leaves with acetone and filtering it. The leaf extract is
applied at the marked region of filter paper. A plenty of pigments are
applied on the filter paper and the spot should be less than 0.5 cm
diameter. The lower end of the filter paper is dipped in the solution and
upper end is fixed in the split cork in the jar.

Observation:
The pigments of the extract get separated because of their differential
solubility in a moving phase.
The lower most layer is chlorophyll ‘b’ (yellow green), then
chlorophyll ‘a’ (blue green), Xanthophyll (yellow orange), and
Carotene (orange red) respectively
Experiment-2

HYDRILLA EXPERIMENT

Aim:
To show evolution of oxygen during photosynthesis.

Materials required:
A few branches of Hydrilla plant, sodium bicarbonate (NAHCO3), a
graduated beaker, water, a glass funnel, a test tube, etc.

Procedure:
2 gm of sodium bicarbonate is dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water. 2 ml
of this water contains 0.4 grams of sodium bicarbonate.100mlof water
is taken in a graduated beaker. A few branched of Hydrilla are placed in
a beaker. Cut the bases of the branches of Hydrilla, tie them with thread
and cover them with an inverted glass funnel, in such a fashion that the
cut ends of the plants are towards the neck of the funnel. The funnel is
completely under water. A test tube filled with water is inverted over the
tail of the funnel. The whole apparatus is kept in sunlight and observed
for sometime.

Observation:
Small air bubbles come out continuously from the cut ends of Hydrilla
and they are collected at the top of the test tube by down ward
displacement of water. On testing this gas, it is found to be oxygen.

Inference:
From this experiment we can infer that the branches of Hydrilla carried
on photosynthesis and liberated oxygen.
Experiment-3

YEAST FERMENTATION AND PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL

Aim:
To demonstrate fermentation by yeast.

Materials required:
10% glucose solution, baker’s yeast, KOH, conical flask, test tube, glass
rod, lime water etc.

Procedure:
Take glucose solution in the conical flask and add a pinch of naker’s yeast
into it. Add a few drops of oil over the surface of the solution to cut oxygen
supply to yeast. One end of the delivery tube is inserted into the conical
flask above the solution through a one holed cork. The other end of the
delivery tube is inserted into the lime water taken in test tube. Make the
apparatus air tight by applying Vaseline. Keep the set up undisturbed for 2
days.

Observation:
Aftertwo days the glucose solution will be fermented and alcohol smell is
coming out. Lime water turns milky white in colour.

Inference:
Yeast contains the enzyme zymase and it convert the glucose solution into
alcohol and CO2. So, glucose solution becomes alcoholic. The CO2 gas
reach in the test tube through the delivery tube and react with lime water to
form white precipitate of calcium bicarbonate.
Experiment-4

STUDY OF DISTRIBUTION OF STOMATA ON UPPER AND

LOWER SIDES OF LEAVES

Aim:
To study the distribution of stomata on upper and lower surface of leaves.

Materials required:
Fresh dicot leaves, needle, forceps, blade, brush, watch glass, microscope
etc.

Procedure:
Remove upper and lower epidermal peels of Hibiscus leaf into separate
watch glass containing water. From this take a separate square piece of each
peel. Each of this peel is mound in a separate slide and observe under
microscope. Count the number of stomata in upper and lower epidermis
through microscope.

Observation:
In dicot leaf Hibiscus the number of stomata present in upper epidermis is
less than the number on the lower epidermis.

Inference:
In dicot plant usually the number of stomata in lower side of the leaf is
more than the upper side (dorsiventral leaf).
Thank You