TTF REVIEWER ➔ Farrant (1980): "Teaching is

Reporters: the process that facilitates

Viray learning. The teacher has an
Vinuya important role to play because he
Sicat acts as a catalyst, actively
Reston stimulating learning”
Palay 2. Roles of a Teacher
Palafox ● As a Person
Nepomuceno ● As a Professional
Additional ● As a Community Leader and
Social Advocate
1. What is teaching? ● As a Model of Character
➔ H.C. Morrison (1934): ● As an Expert
"Teaching is an intimate contact 3. Problems in Multicultural
between a more mature Classroom
personality and a less mature one ● Language barrier
which is designed to further the ● Domination of different learning
education of the latter." styles
➔ Edmund Amidon (1967): ● Non-verbal behavior
"Teaching is defined as an ● Presenting one topic from
interactive process, primarily different perspectives.
involving classroom talk, which ● Diversity of extracurricular
takes place between teacher and activities
pupil and occurs during certain ● Teaching communication skills
definable activities.” ● Constant work with parents
➔ B.O. Smith (1969): "Teaching 4. Goals of a Multicultural
is a system of actions involving an Classroom:
agent, an end in view, and a ● Increase of diversity
situation, including two sets of ● Foster inclusivity and cultural
factors – those over which the responsiveness
agent has no control (class size, ● Help students develop values like
size of classroom, physical empathy and open-mindedness
characteristics of pupil, etc.) and ● Promote cultural democracy in
those that he can modify, such as society and schools
a way of asking questions or ideas ● Improve academic achievements
gleaned." for all students
➔ T.F. Greens (1971): "Teaching ● Develop skills, attitudes, and
is a task of a teacher, which is knowledge necessary for
performed for the development of community functioning​
a child.” ● Gain cultural competency
5. What is Learner-Centered 10. The 8 Multiple
Teaching? Intelligences are:
➔ Learner-centered teaching places ➔ Linguistic – Ability to use
the learner at the center, making language effectively.
them responsible for learning, ➔ Logical-Mathematical –
while the teacher facilitates this Capacity for logical reasoning and
process problem-solving.
➔ Problems in Learner ➔ Musical – Ability to understand,
Centered Teaching: create, and appreciate music.
◆ Time Consuming ➔ Bodily-Kinesthetic – Skillful
◆ Resistance from Students control of body movements.
◆ Assessment Challenges ➔ Spatial – Ability to think in
◆ Parental Expectations
images and visualize spatial
◆ Accountability and
Standards relationships.
6. What are Multigrade ➔ Interpersonal – Ability to
Classes? understand and interact
➔ Multigrade classes consist of two effectively with others.
or more different grade levels in a ➔ Intrapersonal – Capacity to
single classroom, often handled understand oneself, including
by one teacher emotions and motivations.
7. Problems in Multigrade ➔ Naturalistic – Ability to
Classes: recognize and categorize
➔ Shortage of skilled teachers elements of the natural world.
➔ Isolated working conditions 11. The Four Pillars of
➔ Inadequate teacher training Education
➔ Lack of textbooks and materials - Education is at the heart of both
8. What is ICT Integration? personal and community
➔ ICT integration is the use of development. It is essential for all
technology tools like computers, individuals to develop all their
tablets, and interactive talents to the full and to achieve
whiteboards to enhance their personal aims. Jacques
educational processes, improving Delors (1996: 117)
both teaching and learning ➔ Learning to Know: Focuses on
9. What is Grade-Based learning how to learn by
Education? developing concentration,
➔ Grade-based education typically memory, and critical thinking. It
refers to the traditional system of equips individuals with
placing students in specific grade knowledge and skills (literacy,
levels according to their age and numeracy) to understand the
progressing them based on world, fostering curiosity, lifelong
mastery of content for that grade
 learning, and sustainability - Anticipatory Socialization:
awareness. Prepares individuals for future
➔ Learning to Do: Involves roles (e.g., spouse, parent).
applying knowledge practically ➔ Education in Primitive
and developing skills like Society:
creativity, collaboration, and life - Focused on life skills essential for
skills. It includes professional survival.
training and work-related values, - Skills developed became cultural
preparing individuals for ethical patterns.
and responsible participation in ➔ Key life skills included:
the workforce. - Tool-making
➔ Learning to Live Together: - Adherence to moral codes
Emphasizes developing social - Language acquisition
and civic skills such as respect, ➔ Early Humankind:
understanding, and conflict - Security found in group life.
resolution. It fosters - Children learned through
collaboration, empathy, and observation of elders, illustrating
awareness of human diversity, informal education.
helping individuals live in ➔ Primitive Societies: Practical
harmony and peace with others. skills (hunting, fishing), stories,
➔ Learning to Be: Aims for the myths, songs, and dance.
complete development of a - Agents: Parents, tribal elders, and
person’s intellectual, moral, and priests.
physical dimensions. It focuses ➔ Greek Period (1600
on self-fulfillment, independent B.C.–300 B.C.)
thinking, and personal - Goals: Develop responsible
responsibility, enabling citizens (Athens) or military
individuals to contribute fully to leaders (Sparta).
society. - Curriculum: Liberal arts for
12.Periods of Education well-rounded education; military
➔ Education Definition: An training.
institution created by society to - Agents: Philosophers, educators,
ensure survival, stability, and and families.
convenience. ➔ Roman Period (750
➔ Socialization: B.C.–A.D. 450)
- Process of learning roles, - Goals: Foster civic responsibility
statuses, and values for and administrative skills
participation in social institutions - Curriculum: Rhetoric, law, and
(Brinkerhoff, 1989). practical skills for governance.
- Agents: Rhetoricians and tutors.
➔ Arabic Period (A.D. - Agents: Schools, teachers,
700–1350) families, communities,
- Goals: Cultivate religious technology, and NGOs.
commitment; develop expertise
in sciences. Foundation of Education in
- Curriculum: Mathematics, Philippines
medicine, and Islamic studies.
➔ Pre-Colonial Period:
- Agents: Scholars and religious
Education focused on cultural
leaders.
traditions, values, and spiritual
➔ Medieval Period (A.D.
beliefs through apprenticeship,
500–1500)
storytelling, and informal
- Goals: Develop religious
learning.
knowledge; establish social order.
➔ Spanish Colonial Period:
- Curriculum: Theology,
Dominated by the Catholic
philosophy, and classical studies.
Church; Jesuits established the
- Agents: Monks and universities.
first formal schools emphasizing
➔ Reformation (A.D.
religious education and classical
1500–1600)
languages.
- Goals: Encourage literacy and
➔ American Colonial Period:
religious commitment.
Significant reforms introduced;
- Curriculum: Basic literacy;
secular curriculum with a focus
religious doctrine.
on English and modern subjects.
- Agents: Reformers and
➔ Japanese Occupation:
emerging school systems.
Education system disrupted
➔ Renaissance (A.D.
during WWII; post-war
1350–1500)
re-establishment focused on
- Goals: Promote humanism and
preparing students for
classical education.
independence.
- Curriculum: Greek and Latin
➔ Post-Independence Period:
literature; arts.
Continued development of the
- Agents: Humanist educators and
education system with an
patrons.
emphasis on inclusive education
➔ Modern Period
and technical/vocational training.
(1700–Present)
➔ Contemporary Era: Diverse
- Goals: Equip students for a
and inclusive education system
complex world.
addressing modern needs,
- Curriculum: Diverse subjects
promoting early childhood
including STEM, humanities, and
education, and improving access
social sciences.
for marginalized populations.
13. Legal Laws:
- Defined as rules established by a - Aims to improve the quality of
governing authority. education and student outcomes.
- Regulate behavior and maintain 17. Republic Act 7877:
order in society. - The Anti-Sexual Harassment Act
- Enforced by governmental of 1995.
institutions. - Protects individuals from sexual
- Can be categorized into various harassment in educational
types, including statutory laws, institutions and workplaces.
common laws, and administrative - Mandates the creation of policies
regulations. to prevent and address
14. Article 14 Sec 2 of the 1987 harassment.
Constitution: - Encourages a safe and respectful
- Mandates the state to provide environment for all students.
quality education to all citizens. 18. Republic Act 10157:
- Ensures that education is - Known as the Kindergarten
accessible, equitable, and Educational Act.
relevant. - Makes kindergarten education
- Promotes the development of a compulsory in the Philippines.
well-rounded individual. - Aims to provide early childhood
- Encourages the establishment of education to prepare children for
educational institutions at all elementary school.
levels. - Emphasizes the importance of
15. Republic Act 6655: early learning and development.
- Known as the Free Public 19. Republic Act 10627:
Secondary Education Act. - The Anti-Bullying Act of 2013.
- Provides for free secondary - Requires schools to implement
education in public schools. anti-bullying policies.
- Aims to eliminate financial - Addresses both traditional and
barriers to education. cyberbullying.
- Ensures that all students have the - Aims to create a safe and
opportunity to complete supportive school environment
secondary education. for all students.
16. Republic Act 10533: 20. Republic Act 10354:
- Enhances the Philippine Basic - The Responsible Parenthood and
Education System. Reproductive Health Act of 2012.
- Strengthens the curriculum to - Provides access to reproductive
meet global standards. health services and education.
- Increases the number of years for - Aims to promote responsible
basic education from 10 to 12 parenthood and family planning.
years.
- Ensures that individuals have the - Comprises various levels:
information and resources they elementary, secondary, and
need for reproductive health. tertiary education.
21.Education Act of 1982: - Each level has specific curricula
- Establishes the framework for the and educational objectives.
Philippine education system. - Includes formal, non-formal, and
- Emphasizes the role of education informal education systems.
in national development. - Aims to cater to diverse learning
- Aims to provide quality education needs and contexts.
that is accessible to all. 25. What is Core Curriculum
- Encourages the development of a and its Subjects?:
holistic educational approach. - Core curriculum refers to
22. What is Case Law, essential subjects required for all
Jurisprudence: students.
➔ Case Law: - Typically includes:
- Law established by the outcomes - Mathematics
of previous court cases. - Science
- Provides precedents for future - Language Arts (English,
legal decisions. Filipino)
- Helps interpret and apply - Social Studies
statutory laws. - Aims to provide a well-rounded
➔ Jurisprudence: education and foundational
- The study and theory of law. knowledge.
- Encompasses various legal 26. What is Mother Tongue
principles and philosophies. Based Multilingual
- Involves the analysis of legal Education?:
systems and their applications. - An educational approach using
23. Article 14 Sec 5 Of 1935 the student's mother tongue as
Constitution: the primary medium of
- Outlines the state's duty to instruction.
establish a public education - Particularly emphasized in early
system. education (e.g., kindergarten to
- Ensures that education is grade 3).
available to all citizens. - Aims to enhance comprehension
- Promotes the development of a and learning outcomes.
literate and informed citizenry. - Supports cultural identity and
- Encourages the establishment of promotes multilingualism.
educational institutions at 27. Typologies
various levels. ➔ Criminal Law: Deals with
24. Different Educational offenses or crimes against society,
Structure: encompassing a range of
 violations from minor infractions
to serious felonies.
➔ Constitutional Law: The body
of rules and doctrines that govern
the operation of political
communities and the rights of
individuals.
➔ Civil Law: Pertains to the law
governing the rights and
relationships among individuals
and entities, excluding criminal
and commercial law.
➔ International Law: A set of
rules and principles that govern
the relations and conduct of
sovereign states, international
organizations, and individuals.
➔ Corporate Law: Covers the
laws related to the formation,
operation, mergers, and
acquisitions of companies.
➔ Other Typologies of Law:
◆ Administrative Law
◆ Labor Law
◆ Commercial Law
◆ Environmental Law
◆ Family Law
◆ Property Law