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Table of Contents Page no

Section 1: Laboratory Responsibilities 4

Section 2 - Chemical Management 13

Section 3-Chemical Waste Management 46

Section 4: -Laboratory Equipment and Facilities 63

Section 5 -Employee Health 73

Section 6-Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 78

Section 7-Safety Training Requirements 81

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Abbreviations’

CAMS- College of Applied Medical Sciences

CFATS- Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards

CHP- Chemical Hygiene Plan

CLS- Clinical Laboratory Sciences

FMEA- Failure mode and effective analysis

Hazop- Hazard and operability study

HEL- Higher explosive limit

KSU- King Saud University

LEL- Lower explosive limit

LFL- Lower flammability limit

LI- Lab In charge

LSM- Laboratory Safety Manual

NFPA- National Fire Protection Association

PEL- Permissible exposure limits

PPE- Personal protective equipment

RP- Responsible Party

SDS- Safety data sheets

SOPs- Standard operating procedures

UFL- Upper flammability limit

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SECTION 1: LABORATORY RESPONSIBILITIES

A. PURPOSE

Clinical Laboratory Sciences (CLS) in College of Applied Medical Sciences

(CAMS) at King Saud University (KSU) has committed to creating, maintaining
and enhancing a safe and healthy environment for all institution-related
individuals, including students, faculty, and personnel.

1. Laboratory
A laboratory is defined as an area which might be single or group of room, or
part of a room known as the laboratory of a particular researcher, where
experiment is performed for educational, or clinical purposes. The
manipulations may require combining various hazardous chemicals/microbial
products/biological samples into a range of preparations, performed on a small
scale, and a chemical laboratory must also have safety practices or safety
equipment to minimize the hazardous chemicals threats.

The Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) describes laboratory practices, laboratory

equipment, personal protective equipment (PPE) and procedures to help ensure
that CLS department laboratory employees are protected from the hazards
associated with the use of chemical substances. The CHP for CLS-lab can be
computer, paper or combination. Laboratory staffs working in areas involving
hazardous chemicals must be able to access it at all times. The CHP should be
accessible for all the employees working in CLS department. Laboratory-specific
information such as chemical inventories, standard operating procedures
(SOPs), or safety data sheets (SDS) and other reference materials may be kept
in the lab or elsewhere if necessary. Individuals may keep personal copies of the

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Laboratory Safety Manual (LSM) and the lab’s SOPs, but a master index of
where the complete CHP is located, identifying the current revision number or
date for each part, should be easily available to all personnel at all times Some
information not directly associated with safety procedures, which might be
troublesome to replace if lost, such as certifications that individuals completed
safety training, may be kept separately in locked cabinets. That location should
be identified in the laboratory- specific information section.

Laboratory Safety Manual contains information applicable to the CLS

laboratories, explanatory materials and biological hazards to comply with
regulations. Pertinent regulations covering laboratories include:

2. Chemical Waste Management

CLS Laboratory Safety Manual also includes information on chemical waste
management in order to assist laboratories in complying with Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia regulatory standard, Dangerous Waste Regulations

3. Chemical Hygiene Plan Accessibility

The CHP must always be accessible to laboratory employees and students at all
times the laboratory is occupied. If multiple rooms are included in the
laboratory, the plan must be available without

having to get a key from another person or leaving the lab space.

4. Applicability to Students
It is the policy of the CLS that students in laboratories are given the same level
of protection as university employees while not technically bound by these
procedures.

5. Chemical, Non-Chemical Hazards and Biological Hazards

Hazardous chemicals are considered to be those which either present or could
cause a health hazard such as an acute skin burn from a corrosive acid or a

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disease from a chronic, long-term exposure, or a physical hazard from a
chemical action such as a fire or explosion. Hazardous chemicals can often be
identified from their labels, which could state “Danger,” “Warning,” “Caution” or
words to that effect, or the label could have a symbol which indicates a hazard.
The chemical’s SDS may also indicate that the chemical has dangerous
properties, could cause some disease or injury or that personal protective
equipment, such as gloves, is recommended when handling the chemical. In
addition to chemical hazards, this Laboratory Safety Manual provides
information about general hazards (e.g., electrical safety, high noise, etc.) which
may be present in the laboratory environment. Biological/infectious hazards
include bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, poultry, animals and humans. These
dangers may cause a variety of health issues, ranging from skin irritation and
allergies to diseases (tuberculosis and AIDS), disease (liver cancer, and infection
with hepatitis viruses of B and C), etc. Infection can be caused by various types
of organisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions.

B. RESPONSIBILITIES

1. Responsible Lab in charge

Chemical laboratory must have a single Lab incharge (LI) which is an entity
appointed by a department. The LI has scientific and technical advice in the
laboratory space for the research or activities. The LI has the responsibility and
authority to enforce regulations and policies relating to safety; this includes
ensuring the services are appropriate for the research carried out. Based on
state regulations, each laboratory must also have a responsible person who is
informed about the procedures performed by the laboratory, is actively involved
or monitors of those procedures, and has the authority to enforce correct
procedures. The laboratory’s LI must ensure the following is accomplished:

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2. Develop the CHP
Any laboratory must have a CHP consisting of the Laboratory Safety Manual
plus information specific to the laboratory. The major areas of the laboratory-
specific information portion include:
• The safety requirements, either as laboratory rules or SOPs which include PPE
requirements
• Laboratory-specific topics covered in the laboratory’s training program
• Additional details specific to the laboratory and generally described on the
laboratory-specific information template in Appendix C of the Laboratory Safety
Manual.
3. Create a List of Chemicals Stored in the Laboratory
An accurate list of chemicals which is available in the laboratory must be
documented and entered into the precise rooms and updated annually, at
minimum.
4. Identify and Assess Hazards
The LI must ensure that all laboratory staff understand the hazard assessment
must be made with fresh and updated procedures. The LI or the laboratory
person familiar with the procedures of the laboratory shall evaluate certain
procedures and shall determine measures to effectively minimize risks. Any
employee of the laboratory may recognize hazardous conditions which could
result in personal injury or damage to property. Once identified, the hazardous
conditions must be assessed. Steps in the assessment include:
1. Research chemicals and processes to be used
2. Identify and evaluate all types of hazards involved. Some evaluations to
consider: what are the hazards? What is the worst that can happen? What can
be done to prevent that? What can be done to minimize each risk? What should
be done if something goes wrong?
3. Consider if additional hazards may be present, if scaling up

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5. Ensure emergency response situations have been addressed:
If the assessment results in requirements for controls, the requirements must
be documented. For best practices, it is recommended that the assessment be
documented, whether or not controls are required.
6. Document and Enforce Appropriate Safety Practices
Safe laboratory work practices and guidelines that are needed must be recorded.
Specifications can be conspicuously written in the laboratory or included in
SOPs as "general laboratory regulations." If an individual fails to meet the
requirements, the responsible party of the laboratory shall initiate enforcement
actions and record such activities.

7. Ensure Signage/Labels in Place

Appropriate signage must be posted and hazardous material containers must
be labelled.
8. Assess, Provide and Document Training
The responsible person of the laboratory shall ensure that the training
requirements for staff are specified according to their duties. Employees, visiting
scientists, and students working in the laboratory may receive general and
laboratory-specific instruction, including the dangers of the present chemicals,
and the necessary safety procedures including the use of PPE. The CLS
department may provide general requirement information, such as emergency
response procedures. Laboratory personnel are responsible for the planning
standards pertaining to the products and procedures carried out within the
laboratory; the analysis and examination must be reported.

9. Ensure Staff Have Access to Safety Information

All personnel who work in areas with hazardous chemicals must have access to
essential safety information while they are at work, including the CHP, SDSs
and the regulation. This information should be available in the laboratory space
where work is performed.

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10. Ensure Visitor Safety
1. Before starting any chemical use, visiting scientists and volunteers
performing procedures within the laboratory must receive equivalent training
as other employees on the hazards and safety precautions, including
requirements for use of PPE.
2. Visitors must be shielded from the dangers within the facility,
decontaminated and washed before they can touch those surfaces and
equipment.

11. Enforce Restrictions on Children and Minors

The laboratory must not be used as a childcare area, in accordance with the
CLS Administrative Policy Statement. Juveniles (age 14 - 17) working as
volunteer workers or as staff in the facility must not be exposed to contaminants
that face higher health risks. These risks involve items such as human body
fluids, toxic and dangerous chemicals, or job that needs PPE other than goggles,
footwear, eye protection or hard hats. Specific student-learner exemptions apply
to juveniles (age 16 and 17) if the position or volunteer assignment is part of a
technical education program, or if the minor is involved in a CLS college credit
course.

12. Enforce Restrictions on Pets

CLS department forbids pets in laboratory premises.

13. Perform Annual Reviews and Update Documents

Annually, LI should ensure the new material has been incorporated into the
CHP and evaluate that circumstances have not improved from a safety
perspective by: reviewing (end of academic year, annually) for updates to the
Laboratory Safety Manual; receiving a current copy of the LSM and making it
available to all employees.

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• Check that actual laboratory procedures and conditions remain consistent
with SOPs and other laboratory-specific information
• Review internal inspection results and the condition of equipment used by
laboratory staff to identify possible safety deficiencies, such as dirty, defective,
or worn equipment; out-of-date fire extinguisher; emergency shower
inspections; etc.
• It is recommended that laboratory staff make any changes necessary and note
the annual review.

14. Perform Accident Follow-up

One must disclose all accidents and incidents. Any accidents/incidents that
result in injury to staff to the degree that they require medical attention, and
accidents/incidents involving unplanned fires and explosions, shall be reported
to the LI. It is proposed that incidents which do not result in significant injury
or damage but contribute to close misses also be recorded to the responsible
person of the laboratory.

15. Department of Chair and Director

Departmental Chair is responsible for the following:
16. Ensure Safety of Laboratory Occupants
Provide a safe and healthy workplace free from recognized hazards. This can be
accomplished by being aware of the CLS Accident Prevention Program, being
familiar with Departmental health and safety plans and the activities generally
being conducted, being aware of the general requirements in this manual and
other safety and health requirements, and taking
a. reasonable approach in minimizing hazards and risks.
17. Enforce Laboratory Control Methods
Ensure the SOPs about the use of specifically hazardous substances define
conditions for authorization

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18. Review Accidents
Have procedures in place to become knowledgeable of incidents impacting
laboratory operations within the CLS-labs, and ensure that corrective action is
taken to prevent recurrence of injuries if appropriate.

19. Review and Follow Up on Inspection Findings

Ensure that corrective actions are completed for safety deficiencies.
20. Ensure Appropriate Laboratory Closures/Moves
Ensure laboratory closures or moves are done responsibly.
21. Assume responsible party (RP) duties or assure a RP is appointed for a
laboratory when there is an extended absence of the LI. This may be due to
sabbatical, extended remote work assignment, retirement, or illness.
22. Employees/Students
Employees and students have a responsibility to:
a. Comply with Guidelines and Policies
Know and comply with lab safety guidelines and policies required for all
assigned tasks.
b. Report Unsafe Conditions
Report unsafe conditions to your LI or Chairperson of the CLS department. If
you identify a procedure or assigned task as being exceptionally risky, you can
perform it only after you believe the risk has been reduced to an acceptable
level.
c. Report Accidents
Report accidents and incidents to your supervisor, and to the CLS department.
d. Use Personal Protective Equipment
Select, maintain and use PPE appropriately, consistent with your training.
Students may be required to provide your own PPE for use in academic
laboratories.

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23. Environmental Health and Safety Department EH&S is responsible
for the following:
Develop the Laboratory Safety Manual produce and update CLS Laboratory
Safety Manual, which provides generic information for each laboratory.
24. Perform Laboratory Surveys/Audits
Conduct laboratory surveys and assist in implementation of self-inspection
procedures.

25. Conduct General Lab Safety Training

Develop and provide general safety training courses in CLS laboratory safety,
such as the instructor led Laboratory Safety Practices.

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SECTION 2 - CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT

BASIC LABORATORY SAFETY PRACTICES

1. Working Alone
Do not work individually in the laboratory where highly toxic chemicals or
processes are included in the procedures undertaken. If you deal with smaller
threat chemicals on your own, let other laboratories know about your
involvement or establish an accountability system for your boss or colleagues.
Be aware of any specific laboratory policies pertaining to operating alone.

2. Prevent Hazardous Exposure

Prevent skin contact with chemicals: For example, use appropriate personal
protective
equipment as per Lab Safety Manual, (e.g., goggles, gloves, and/or lab coat) but
consider it as the last line of defense and use other precautions, such as
appropriate containment equipment and checking regularly that connections
are tight. Clean up spills as soon as possible and minimize clutter at workspaces
to avoid inadvertent exposure. Prevent inhalation of chemicals
To avoid inhalation of a chemical:
• Use a fume hood whenever handling volatile or aerosolized chemicals, even if
they are of relatively low toxicity.
• Cap chemicals as soon as possible.
• Limit the smelling of chemicals to the minimum amount necessary; only smell
a chemical if no other method of identifying a chemical is available and just waft
the air at the container opening towards your nose.
• Investigate the source of unfamiliar odors in order to eliminate them. Prevent
ingestion of chemicals to avoid ingestion of a chemical:
• Do not taste any chemicals/any microbial media or biological samples.

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• Mouth suction must never be used to pipet chemicals or start a siphon;
instead, use a pipet bulb or an aspirator.
 The harmful effects of these biological hazards on human health are
mostly of three types-infections, asthma and poisoning
• Avoid touching your mouth and face with your hands while working with
chemicals. Prevent injection of chemicals to avoid injection of a chemical:
• Dispose of needles as soon as any injection is complete.
• Use needles with inherent safety devices that prevent inadvertent needle
sticks.
• Dispose of sharps into appropriate waste containers and do not over-fill sharps
containers.
• If operating a high-pressure system, never check for a pressure leak using
your hands.
• Do not carry any kind of laboratory sharp in your clothing or lab coat pocket
3. Washing Hands
After removing gloves and leaving the laboratory area, wash hands well with
soap and warm water. Never wash organic solvents with any.

4. Food and Drink

Laboratory food and drink intake increases the likelihood of exposure to
chemicals; consumables are forbidden from being processed, cooked, or eaten
in chemicals-using CLS laboratories.

5. Glassware/Utensils
Glassware or utensils used for laboratory operations must never be used to
prepare or consume food or beverages.
6. Storage of Food/Beverages
Laboratory refrigerators, ice chests and cold rooms are not allowed for food or
beverage storage intended for human consumption.

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7. Access to Emergency Exits and Equipment
Emergency equipment, such as eyewashes, showers, fire extinguishers and fire
alarm pull stations must be directly accessible. Storage, even temporary
storage, and equipment must not block doorways, corridors, aisles and
stairways to assure unobstructed access to exits in the event of an emergency.
8. Laboratory Signs
Laboratory Caution signs must be posted. These signs may provide information,
prohibit unsafe behavior, require protective measures or designate locations of
various supplies and equipment. Magnetic or framed Caution signs may be used
to designate a temporary hazard. Warning signs must be removed when the
hazard no longer exists.
9. Housekeeping
Laboratory bench tops and other work surfaces must provide enough space to
safely execute procedures. Aisles and egress routes must be clear to allow for
prompt evacuation in the event of a spill, fire or other emergency.
Maintain the following housekeeping expectations in the laboratory at all times:
• Flammable materials kept away from ignition sources
• Incompatible materials and chemicals must be separated
• Emergency equipment and supplies (eyewash, shower, spill kit, fire
extinguisher) readily accessible
• Fume hoods uncluttered
• Orderly chemical storage
• Chemical labels complete, legible, and visible when stored
• Limited use of the floor for storage; avoid trip hazards
• Clean work surfaces
• Sinks kept clear
• Minimum amounts of garbage/trash

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• Tubing and power cords protected from physical damage and not a tripping
hazard
10. Sharps Safety
Sharps are devices which are used to cut or puncture parts of the skin or body
including sticks, scalpels and lancets. Other sharp objects can still cause
injuries although they do not fit the regulatory definition of sharps, such as
broken glass, glass septum vials, glass pipets, razor blades, sharp teeth and
research animal nails. Precautions to prevent injury and exposure are
important. Identify sharps for use in laboratory procedures. Replace a non-
sharp substitute such as a blunt needle or plastic pipette, or try using a secure
sharps unit, if appropriate. Training and preparation are important to avoid
injuries when a sharp one needs to be used. Stop recapping needles; use a
needle holder to recap the needle if necessary. Never leave an unused needle
hidden in the work area. Place all sharp waste in a red sharps container as
quick as possible. Store reusable sharps such as a bucket or tray, in a labelled
storage container. Use a magnet to hold reusable metal sharps, such as razor
blades. Avoid factors and conditions that can lead to the injury of a sharp
person, such as hurrying, or working when you are tired or feel bad. Keep the
work area organized and uncrowded so sharp items are visible at all times.

11. CHEMICAL INVENTORY AND THE SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS)

Laboratories must maintain chemical inventories in CLS-wide chemical tracking
system. This is designed to track inventories during emergencies and assist
laboratories in complying with federal, state and local regulations. Chemical
inventories, location contacts and chemical-specific hazard summaries must be
available to emergency personnel so they know what chemicals may be involved
in an accident and whom to contact in the event of an emergency. Laboratories
should use precise inventories to keep track of chemicals, avoid unnecessary

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purchases, prevent keeping legacy or unneeded chemicals and submit chemical
collection requests.
12. Conducting Your Chemical Inventory
Personnel must inventory all chemicals found in the laboratory and specify the
maximum amount normally found at this location. Dilutions and reagents
prepared in the lab for further work do not need to be included in the inventory,
but must have a container label visible, unless the entire preparation is used or
disposed of on the same day. Review and update inventories annually, when
moving a laboratory or starting a new project or whenever there are significant
changes in your chemical inventory.
13. Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) are documents that describe the physical and health
hazards of chemicals. Manufacturers of chemicals must provide SDSs for
chemicals they sell. Laboratory staff and students must have access to SDSs or
all chemicals used in the laboratory. EH&S recommends laboratories maintain
paper copies of SDSs for the hazardous chemicals likely to spill and/or cause
injury. Having an SDS immediately available when someone is exposed to a
hazardous chemical aids emergency personnel in how to respond and treat that
person.
14. CHEMICAL PROCUREMENT
Most chemical products can be purchased without restriction from suppliers
through eProcurement. However, the following rules and guidelines apply to
some chemicals:
15. Hazardous Chemicals
Order only the amount of chemicals needed. Many manufacturers will supply
smaller quantities or containers. Do not stockpile chemicals. Chemicals that are
expired and/or appear to be no longer useful are considered hazardous waste.
Purchase hazardous chemicals in plastic-coated bottles (when available) instead

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of uncoated glass bottles. Hazardous chemicals should be received directly by a
laboratory or a chemical stockroom. If the chemicals are received in an office,
there should be a safe location such as a designated table with adequate open
space reserved for temporary storage of the package. When you open a
shipment, you should verify that it is the correct chemical, that the container is
intact, and that the date of receipt and label are legible.
Department of CLS must licenses radioactive materials use. Using radioactive
materials requires prior approval from EH&S.
16. Highly Dangerous Materials
Materials that are extremely hazardous to property, health, or the environment
(e.g., explosives, pyrophoric materials, highly water-reactive chemicals, and
highly toxic gases, etc.) may not be procured until the necessary administrative,
engineering and environmental controls are in place. Hazardous materials must
be stored and used in accordance with numerous regulations.
17. Compressed Gas Cylinder Procurement
Gas cylinders should be purchased through the preferred supplier, Praxair, to
ensure that the supplier has a cylinder return authorization program. Only
order the amount of gas that you need. Some gas suppliers will not take returns
of partially full or empty cylinders or containers. If a different vendor is
necessary to provide a specialty gas, the purchaser must get a written return
agreement from the distributor or manufacturer prior to purchasing the gas.
18. CHEMICAL STORAGE
19. Evaluate Chemical Hazards for Storage
Hazards due to the reactions between incompatible chemicals may include:
• Generation of heat
• Fire
• Explosion
• Toxic gas or vapor production

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• Flammable gas or vapor production
• Formation of a substance with greater toxicity than the reactants
• Formation of shock- or friction-sensitive compounds
• Pressurization of closed vessels
• Solubilization of toxic substances
• Dispersal of toxic dusts and mists
• Violent polymerization
The general approach is to separate all chemicals into compatible groups. The
specific SDS should always be consulted when evaluating chemical properties
and hazards of the materials for storage. Most chemicals have multiple hazards;
decisions should be prioritized as follows:
20. Flammability
The most important consideration for storage is the flammability characteristic
of the material. If the chemical is flammable, it should be stored in a flammable
cabinet. If the total for flammables exceeds quantity limits, they must be stored
in a flammable’s cabinet.
21. Reactivity
If the material will contribute significantly to a fire (e.g., oxidizers), it should be
isolated from
flammables. If the material will contribute significantly to a fire when water is
applied (e.g., water reactive chemicals), it should be stored to ensure it is
protected from any contact with water, including water that would be applied
while extinguishing a fire in the lab. Isolate materials that can react with
themselves (e.g., polymerization).
22. Corrosives
Corrosive substances are chemicals that cause a reaction that lead to the
damage of a solid

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structure. A material is considered corrosive if a liquid or solid causes
irreversible destruction of human skin at the site of contact within a specified
period.
23. Toxicity
The toxicity of the material, with particular attention paid to regulated
materials, means that certain chemicals will be isolated within a storage area.
For example, an extreme poison that is also flammable should be locked inside
the flammable storage cabinet.

24. Chemical Storage Practices

Establish and follow safe chemical storage and segregation procedures for your
laboratory:
• Provide an appropriate storage place for each chemical and return the
chemical to that location after use.
• Store in compatible containers.
• Incompatibles must not be stored together.
• Avoid storing chemicals on bench tops.
• Avoid storing chemicals in laboratory fume hoods.
Store volatile toxics and odoriferous chemicals in a ventilated cabinet (if
available).
• Do not expose stored chemicals to heat or direct sunlight.
• Storage shelves should be level, stable, and secured to the wall or stable
surface. In case of an earthquake, shelves should have raised edges or rim
guards (minimum height: 2 inches) to prevent containers from falling shelves
should be kept free of chemical contamination and dust sources.
• Containers should not protrude over shelf edges.
• Store heavy bottles on lower shelves; store corrosives below eye level ideally,
cabinets and shelves should be sturdy and low to the floor and constructed of

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material that is impervious (i.e. non-reactive) with the corrosive; they should
also be ventilated or located near the
ventilation system.
• Containers of chemicals must be capped when not in use; make sure that caps
on containers are secure; replace damaged caps.
• If a chemical does not require a ventilate cabinet, store inside a closable
cabinet or on a shelf that is anchored and that has a lip to prevent containers
from sliding off.
• Chemicals should not be stored under, near, or in the sink to minimize the
chance of accidents and improper discharges to the sanitary sewer. Any vapours
of corrosive materials and bases will cause corrosion of the plumbing fixtures
under the sink. Some chemicals, including many corrosives, are water reactive
and in the event of a water leak, there can be unanticipated and unfortunate
consequences.
• Do not store chemicals in hallways, corridors or exit ways.
• If chemicals must be stored adjacent to each other on a benchtop, use
secondary containment to prevent incompatible chemicals from mixing and
reacting with each other.
• Use secondary containment or spill control, such as placing the container on
an absorbent pad (generally required for containers on the floor).
• Particularly hazardous substances (highly dangerous or toxic chemicals, select
carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens) should be stored together if compatible.
• Signs should be posted indicating toxic chemical location and unique hazards
• Maintain the lowest possible quantities of highly toxics
• Chemicals with a high degree of toxicity (e.g., venoms, mycotoxins, and select
agents), should be doubly contained and stored in a locked area accessible only
by authorized personnel.

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• Use containers that are chemically resistant and non-breakable Store
chemical wastes (following the same guidelines as above)
• Waste containers must be labelled with a completed University of Washington
hazardous waste label. If reusing a container that previously held another
compatible chemical, the original manufacturer’s label must be defaced. For
more information about chemical waste.
• Use properly designed refrigerators or freezers for storing volatile flammables
(certified by the manufacturer for flammable materials storage) which require
refrigeration.
• If containers are placed in refrigerator/freezer door shelves, use secondary
containers, additional barriers, Velcro or other protective measures to keep
them from falling out when the door is opened.
• If chemicals are stored in a shared area or room, the storage space, cabinet or
container should be labelled with the responsible party’s name so that
ownership can easily be identified.
Table 1 Chemical Storage Recommendations

Flammables Store in approved safety cans or cabinets. Do not store

incompatible materials in the same cabinet. Keep away
from any source of ignition: heat, sparks, or open flames.
Flammable solids must be segregated from flammable
liquids
Acids Do not store with flammable solvents or combustibles.
Ideally, store in a cabinet designed for acids; do not store
acids on metal shelving. Segregate inorganic from organic
acids. Isolate nitric acid and perchloric acid from
everything; including other perchloric.

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Bases Store in corrosives cabinet or on protected shelving away
from acids. Segregate inorganic from organic bases.
Light Store in amber bottles in a cool, dry, dark place
sensitive
chemicals
Nitrated Nitrated compounds can be considered explosive; special
compounds care and handling may be required.
Oxidizers Store in a cool, dry place away from flammables and
reducing agents. Oxidizers must not be stored on wooden
shelves or in
cardboard boxes.
Peroxidizable Store in airtight containers in a dark, cool place. Most
compounds peroxidizable compounds are flammable and should be
stored in a flammable liquid storage cabinet. Label
containers with receiving and opening dates. Test for the
presence of peroxides at least every six months. Discard
before exceeding expiration date. Inspect peroxide forming
chemicals often for evidence of contamination,
degradation, or any change from normal physical or
chemical characteristics. If you suspect a material may
have become explosive, contact EH&S immediately and
post a warning sign so others do not handle or disturb the
material.
Pyrophoric Store in a cool, dry place, making provisions for an airtight
substances seal. Materials (e.g., tert-butyl lithium) will react with the
air to ignite when
Exposed.

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 Toxic Store according to the nature of the chemical, using
chemicals appropriate security where necessary. Generally, store in a
ventilated, dry, cool area in a chemically-resistant
secondary container.
Water- Store in a cool, dry location away from any water source,
reactive including sprinkler systems. Have a Class D fire
chemicals extinguisher available in case of fire.
Compressed Store in a cool, dry place, preferable outside of the building
gas and secured with a chain. Separate flammables and
containers oxidizers by 20 feet or a 1-hour rated firewall.
General Store on laboratory benches or shelves with like chemicals.
chemicals

25. Flammable Liquids in Basements

Flammable liquids are also limited in basement rooms, to comply with the
International Fire Code. The aggregate storage quantity in basement areas is
limited to about half the amount of an equivalent above grade area.
26. Additional Requirements
Whenever possible, all flammable and combustible liquids should be stored
within an approved flammable liquid cabinet. Small amounts, up to 10 gallons,
may be stored outside of a flammable liquid cabinet under certain conditions.
This includes the overall flammable load within the control area.
27. CHEMICAL LABELING
28. Original Container
The label on an original chemical container must be legible and written in
English. It must include the chemical/product name as shown on the SDS and
the manufacturer's name and address.
1. Product name

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2. Manufacturer’s name and contact information
3. Signal word (e.g., “danger”, “warning” or no signal word)
4. Hazard statement(s) (e.g., toxic if inhaled, combustible liquid)
5. Pictogram(s)
6. Precautionary Statements (e.g., keep container tightly closed)
Avoid damaging the original container’s label, if possible. If a container label
becomes illegible, replace the label.

29. Labelling Stock / Working Solutions

Containers of preparations, sample aliquots and other working solutions are not
required to be labelled if the container will be emptied before the end of the work
shift and used by only one person. If a preparation or working solution is used
by others, or kept longer than the day of use the container must be labelled with
the following information:
• Identity of the contents (spell out chemical names)
• Signal word, if known or suspected (e.g., “danger”, “warning”)
• Hazards, if known or suspected (e.g., “flammable”, “corrosive”, “irritant”)
30. Labelling Specialized Containers
Containers that are too small for labels, installed into a process or would become
unusable for their intended purpose if labelled must still have their contents
identified in some way. Use any labelling method that enables employees and
visitors from other agencies, such as the fire department, to identify the
chemicals and their hazards. Examples include a sign identifying the materials
and their hazards, colour or numeric codes cross-referenced on a chart or room
diagrams identifying locations of the chemicals and hazards.
31. Additional Label Required for Peroxide-Forming Chemicals
Label chemicals that form peroxides with the date the container was first
opened, using the label code.

25
 32. Additional Label Required for CFATS Chemicals
Label chemicals listed in the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards
(CFATS) with a warning label to remind workers that the substances are
regulated and cannot be shipped off campus without prior EH&S notification.
33. Labelling Waste Containers
Waste containers must be labelled following the guidelines in this manual, for
hazardous chemical waste. If re-using a container to hold waste, the container
must be compatible and appropriate for the waste. Completely deface all old
labels on containers used for wastes. Affix a new label.
34. TRANSPORTING CHEMICALS
Chemicals should be transported in a container that prevents leakage. The
container should be closed. Avoid transporting chemical containers which may
have contamination on the outside (i.e., avoid the need to wear gloves or other
PPE while transporting chemicals). If the container is breakable, it should be
placed in a secondary container.
1. Transporting between Floors and Buildings on Campus. This section applies
to transportation by hand or by cart. In general, when possible, use freight- only
elevators when moving chemicals between floors.
35. Moving a Single Chemical
1. The person doing the moving must be trained in the hazards of the chemical
and know what to do in the event of a spill of that chemical.
2. The exterior of the container should be clean enough that it may be handled
without the need for protective gloves.
3. Chemical bottles must be labelled and should be securely capped and placed
in a bottle carrier.
4. Chemical containers that are glass and do not have closing caps or handles
should be placed in bottle carriers or larger containers and surrounded by
vermiculite or other absorbent material.

26
5. When moving a lecture bottle, do so in a manner that protects the valve.
Larger gas cylinders must be moved using precautions.
6. Whenever possible, use freight elevators to transport chemicals. If no freight
elevator I provided, passenger elevators may be used, but passengers should be
discouraged from travelling with liquid and solid materials. Passengers (other
than the material handler) are not allowed in elevators with compressed gas and
cryogen transport.
36. Moving Multiple Chemicals
1. The person doing the moving must be trained in the hazards of the chemicals
and what to do in the event of a spill of those chemicals.
2. The person must also have a spill kit that can handle the spill of those
chemicals.
3. The exterior of the containers to be moved should be clean enough that they
could be handled without the need for protective gloves.
4. Chemical containers must be labelled and securely closed. Lecture bottles
should be packed in a manner that protects the valve.
5. Chemicals should be grouped by compatibility and by hazard class (e.g.,
flammable, toxic, etc.) and each group should be placed in larger containers or
tubs while being transported.
6. Containers used to transport multiple chemicals should be lined with an
absorbent material such as vermiculite to cushion the load and absorb and
contain any spills. Multiple glass bottles in the same tub should be cushioned
using the absorbent to prevent the bottles
from rattling against each other.
7. Carts used to move chemicals should be stable under the load and have
wheels large enough to negotiate uneven surfaces without tipping or stopping
suddenly.

27
37. Transporting Chemicals off Campus
EH&S is required to notify the Department of Homeland Security if you ship
certain listed
substances governed by the CFATS.
38. SPECIAL CHEMICAL HAZARDS (PARTICULARLY HAZARDOUS
SUBSTANCES)
Personnel need to take special precautions with chemicals that are reactive,
explosive, highly toxic, select toxins, carcinogens and reproductive hazards,
sensitizing or allergenic, synthesized chemicals, in compressed gas cylinders or
at high pressure, that present exceptional flammability hazard, or have
additional specific requirements due to federal regulations. If the degree of
hazard is serious enough, the chemical is classified as a particularly hazardous
substance.
Expanded precautions for use include:
• Improve the security and integrity of the chemical storage
• Review proposed procedures by another PI
• Intensive training on the chemical’s hazards and the equipment used
• Require increased proficiency before any particular individual may
perform the procedures be demonstrated and documented
• Require a second lab worker be in the lab in case of emergencies
• Ensure all safety measures are included in the SOPs
• Check that additional measures for shipping such materials have been
confirmed
39. Reactive Chemicals
A chemical is a reactive if it has the capability to undergo violent chemical
change, such as explosions or production of toxic fumes, in certain situations.
Purchase and use these chemicals in small quantities or find a suitable
alternative. Take extreme care when handling and storing these compounds.

28
Chemicals with an National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of three or
four for reactivity are considered particularly hazardous substances, due to
being highly dangerous. Extra precautions taken need to be documented in your
SOPs.
a. Compounds that Generate Toxic Gases
Some compounds that contain sulfide or have a cyanide (-CN) functional group
can generate toxic gases in sufficient quantities to present a danger to human
health when combined with other compounds, such as hydrochloric acid.

Table 2 Toxic Gas Generators

Copper (II) cyanide Mercury (II) Sodium
cyanide cyanoborohydride
1,4- Dicyanobutane Methyl sulfide Sodium
dicyanoaurate (I)
Diethyl Octyl cyanide Sodium sulfide
cyanophosphonate
Fumaryl chloride Potassium Toluene diisocyanate
cyanide
Heptyl cyanide Sodium cyanide

40. Oxidizers

Oxidizers are chemicals that initiate or promote combustion of other materials.

Oxidizing agents

include halogenated inorganics, nitrates, chromates, persulfates and peroxides.

Several accidents have occurred at the UW due to waste oxidizers being

disposed into common

29
waste receptacles under the mistaken belief that the oxidizer would no longer
react with the other

waste chemicals.

Table 3 Oxidizers

Ammonium dichromate Lithium perchlorate Potassium chlorate

Ammonium nitrate Nitric acid Potassium

permanganate

Chlorine (liquid or gas) Nitric oxide Sodium nitrate

Chromic acid Oxygen (liquid or gas) Strontium nitrate

Guanidine nitrate Perchloric acid Sulfuric acid

41. Chemicals That May Polymerize

Polymerization is a chemical reaction in which small molecules combine to form

larger molecules.

Polymerization can be hazardous when the reaction releases large amounts of

energy or drastically

increases the volume of the chemical.

Table 4 Chemicals that may polymerize

Acrylic acid Isopropenyl acetate Vinyl bromide

acrylonitrile

1,3-butadine styrene 2-vinyl pyridine

30
42. Pyrophoric Chemicals

A chemical that will ignite spontaneously in air at or below 130 °F (54°C) is a

pyrophoric. The

oxidation of the compound by oxygen in the air proceeds so rapidly that ignition
occurs

spontaneously. Such chemicals would be considered particularly hazardous

substances and the

extra precautions taken need to be documented in your SOPs.

Table 5 Pyrophoric Chemicals

Barium metal Potassium metal Sodium methylate

Lithium diisopropyl Rubidium metal Tert-butyllithium

amide

Magnesium powder silane triethylphosphine

Methyl lithium Sodium hydrosulfite Tri-n-butylphosphine

Phosphorus sticks Sodium methoxide Trimethylaluminum

43. Water Reactive Chemicals

Water reactive chemicals react violently with water to release a gas that is either
flammable or

presents a health hazard. Alkali metals, many organometallic compounds, and

some hydrides react

31
with water to produce heat and flammable hydrogen gas. Some of these
reactions proceed so violently that the chemicals are classified by NFPA as
Reactive code three or four and the extra precautions taken (as described in
Section G above) need to be documented in your SOPs.

Table 6 Water Reactive Chemicals

Alpha-toluenesulfonyl Oxalyl chloride Sodium metal

fluoride

Antimony trichloride Phosphorus Tert-butyllithium

oxychloride

Calcium hydride Phosphorus Titanium (IV) chloride

pentachloride

Hydrobromic acid Phosphorus Trimethylchlorosilane

pentasulfide

Lithium aluminium Potassium metal

hydride

44. Potentially Explosive Chemicals

An explosive chemical, when subjected to heat, impact, friction, electric or

chemical charges, can produce a sudden, quick release of pressure, gas, and
heat. When detonated in an uncontrolled or unexpected circumstance,
explosives can result in serious bodily harm or extensive property damage.
Shock sensitive explosives are known to detonate, even when bumped or
handled normally. Common potentially explosive chemicals at the UW include:

32
45. Nitrated Compounds

Nitrated organics and inorganics constitute the largest class of compounds that
are explosive when dehydrated. When you purchase a nitrated compound, do
so in small quantities. Weigh the container and note the weight on the bottle.
Do not break the seal on the cap until the chemical is in active use. Prior to
subsequent use, weigh the container again. If the container weighs less, add an
appropriate solvent to replace the weight lost. After the reagent is opened and
an aliquot is taken, again note the weight of the container. Visually inspect the
container for problems prior to each use and wipe down the bottleneck, cap,
and threads with a wet cloth before resealing.

Table 7 Nitrated Compounds

Diphenyl hydrazine 3-Nitrotoluene Trinitrophenol (Picric

acid)

nitrocellulose Trinitrobenzene Trinitrotoluene

Picric acid is a nitrated compound usually purchased as a solid wet with 10%
water. Extreme heat, blasting cap, or electric charge can detonate picric acid. It
becomes highly unstable if allowed to dehydrate. When wet, picric acid is an
orange coloured, compact crystalline solid with the consistency of lumpy sand.
When dry, picric acid is a crystalline solid with visible air pockets below the
surface. Picric acid will readily form explosive metal picrates, which are
extremely shock sensitive and will detonate with the slightest movement or
vibration. Do not allow picric acid to contact metal that is readily oxidized or be
stored in a container with a metal cap. Lead, iron and copper metals are
particularly dangerous, due to metallic picrate formation.

33
46. Organic Peroxide-Forming Solvents

Organic peroxide-forming solvents become shock sensitive when allowed to

oxidize and form appreciable quantities of explosive peroxides. Most of these
solvents are also flammable. Most peroxide forming solvents are colourless,
mobile liquids. Oxidation can occur when the solvent is exposed to atmospheric
oxygen. This reaction is catalysed by light as well as by temperature and
pressure changes.

Desired Procedures for Peroxides:

1. Highly Concentrated Peroxides - Over a period of time, peroxide

concentrations can increase to hazardous levels. Solvents with high
concentrations of peroxides will appear viscous or contain needle-like crystals.
If peroxides are visible, no further handling is recommended.

2. Explosive Capability-Peroxides formed in organic solvents have caused some

laboratory accidents, including unexpected explosions during distillation and
use. Such formulations are considered low-powered explosives; they will
detonate in moderate concentrations by modest shock, friction, or when heated.
The biggest dangers of organic peroxides in these solutions are opening the
container and distilling. Do not open or move the container if you see crystals
on or around the container cap.

3. Required Procedures-Purchase peroxide-forming solvents in small quantities

that contain an inhibitor, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), which will
delay the formation of peroxides until the inhibitor is used up. Label the
container with the date received and opened. Label the container with the
standard peroxide label. Do not break the seal on the container until the solvent
is needed. Once opened, store solvent in an airtight amber glass bottle or metal
container, with an inert gas, such as nitrogen, in the headspace.

34
4. Testing Peroxides-It is a good laboratory practice to use test strips to test the
solvent for peroxides prior to each use. After each use, wipe down the
bottleneck, cap and threads with a cloth before resealing. Reduce formed
peroxides and add an inhibitor (as necessary) to keep the concentration of
peroxides below 10 ppm. Extreme caution should be exercised if concentrations
of peroxides exceed 30 ppm.

5. Distillation and Evaporation Precautions - Always test for peroxides before

distillation or evaporation because these procedures will increase the
concentration of any peroxides present. Do not distil or evaporate solvents
containing any amount of peroxides. Use a water bath over a hermetically sealed
electrical mantle to safely heat the solvent. Use any distilled solvent
immediately, or add an inhibitor.

6. Use of Inhibitors – Inhibitors slow the formation of peroxides in the future.

They do not reduce or remove peroxides. Organic peroxides should be reduced
safely.

7. Monitoring Expiration Date - Use the solvent before the manufacturer’s

expiration date. Peroxide-forming solvents exceeding their expiration date
cannot be discarded through EH&S until the contents have been tested for
peroxides.

Table 8 Peroxide-Forming Chemicals

Severe hazard High hazard Moderate hazard

3 months 6 months 12 months
Once exposed to Once exposed to Once exposed to
oxygen, oxygen,
oxygen,
rapidly oxidizes at a moderate
slowly oxidizes
rate
oxidizes forming
forming explosive
explosive

35
peroxides. forming explosive peroxides.
peroxides.
Diisopropyl ether Acetaldehyde Ethylene glycol ethers
Divinylacetylene Cumene Ethyl vinyl ketone
Potassium amide Cyclohexene Oleyl alcohol
Potassium metal Cyclopentene Tetrabutylammonium
Sodium amide Diethyl ether fluoride
Vinylidene dichloride Di-n-propyl ether
(1,1-
p-Dioxane
Dichloroethylene)
Furan
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Tetrahydrofuran
Vinyl ethers

47. Azides

Organic and inorganic azides, (R-N3), can explode when heated or exposed to
ground glass joints.

Some azides are shock sensitive. Metal azides are relatively insensitive to shock,
but may explode when heated. Sink disposal of azides can be extremely
hazardous because they can form metal

azides that are shock sensitive, (like iron azide). Azides present a hazard around
ground glass joints because they can be shock sensitive.

48. Fulminates

Fulminates are compounds that contain a carbon-nitrogen-oxygen group. Metal

fulminates such as mercury, silver, and gold are highly explosive. Explosions

36
are typically initiated by heat. Silver fulminates can form in un-discarded
Tollens reagent.

49. Highly Toxic Substances

50. Precautions for Use

In laboratories, particularly hazardous substances include chemicals that are

highly toxic. The procedures for using such chemicals require additional
precautions.

51. Categories of Highly Toxic Chemicals

Various regulatory agencies define highly toxic chemicals differently. The

International Fire Code defines “highly toxic and poisonous materials” for
signage and fire code reasons

52. Carcinogens and Reproductive Hazards

Additional care must be taken to minimize exposures to known and suspected

carcinogens and reproductive hazard chemicals because inadequate
information is available in many cases. Ways to minimize exposures include
steps such as: substituting for less hazardous chemicals if possible, using the
smallest amounts necessary, and using a fume hood or other control system.

53. Hazardous Drugs

Hazardous drugs, as defined and listed by the National Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), include those that exhibit one or more
of the following six characteristics in humans or animals:

• Carcinogenicity

• Teratogenicity or other developmental toxicity

• Reproductive toxicity

37
• Organ toxicity at low doses

• Genotoxicity

• Structure and toxicity profiles of new drugs that mimic existing hazardous
drugs. These include drugs used for chemotherapy (also called antineoplastics),
antiviral drugs, hormones, some bioengineered drugs and other various drugs.
Many of these substances do not have a known safe exposure or “no effect” level.
Federal and state regulations and guidelines exist for the use, handling, storage,
treatment and disposal of hazardous drugs in clinical and research settings.
Follow safety precautions when working with hazardous drugs.

54. Sensitizing or Allergenic Chemicals

Potent chemicals, which can cause sensitization or allergy, may affect

researchers by changing them style of life and, in some cases, force them to
leave their areas of research. This hazard is not limited to traditional laboratory
chemicals; researchers handling animals can become allergic to animal dander
and researchers in forest resources can develop allergies to molds.

Table 9 Sensitizing or Allergenic Chemicals

Beryllium Chromium Isocyanates

1,2,4- diazomethane latex
Benzenetricarboxylic
anhydride
bichromates formaldehyde nickel
1,2- glutaraldehyde Phenols(certain types)
Cyclohexanedicarboxylic
anhydride

38
Once sensitized, a person may react to extremely low amounts of the chemical.
Response can range from contact dermatitis to anaphylactic shock. Use caution
to minimize exposures. Situations that may lead to an acute exposure (e.g.,
cleaning up a spill) should be carefully assessed to keep the exposure at a safe
level. If a person is sensitized or allergic to a similar chemical any control, which
will prevent exposure to the chemical should be implemented (e.g., improved
ventilation, barriers, or improved procedures). If respirators are used, the
person must comply with all steps in the UW Respiratory Protection Program:

55. Synthesized Chemicals

Synthesized chemicals may present unexpected hazards. The first step should
always be to perform a literature review concerning the expected hazards from
the proposed procedures and the hazards from chemicals with similar
structure, taking into account that these hazards are being assumed. Pay
particular concern to hazards from reactions or during purification or
subsequent activities. Generate minimal quantities until the basic hazards of
the chemical can be determined.

56. Nanoparticles

The term “nanoparticle” defines particles with at least one dimension less than
100 nanometres. They may be deliberately engineered or develop naturally.
Such particles may be more reactive and toxic than bulk-size chemicals. Take
special care to prevent them from being released into the environment. If your
laboratory intends to create aerosolized nanoparticles, measure the typical
nanoparticle levels before the process begins and compare to subsequent levels.

39
57. Compressed Gases, Gas Cylinders and Liquid Cryogen Containers
Compressed

Gas is a generic term for describing: compressed gases, liquefied compressed

gases, refrigerated liquefied gases (cryogenic gases) and dissolved gases. Non-
liquefied compressed gases do not become liquid at normal temperature, even
at high pressures. Refrigerated liquefied gases, also known as cryogens, be
Liquefied compressed gases become liquid at normal temperatures when
pressurized in a gas cylinder. come liquid at very low temperatures. The
cryogenic gases have boiling points below -150°C. Dissolved gases are gases
dissolved in other substances while stored in gas cylinders.

58. Hazards of Compressed Gases

1. Both physical and health hazards are present with use of compressed gases.
The high pressure in cylinders (> 900 PSIG) makes the gas cylinder a potential
physical explosive rocket that could punch through walls.

2. Some gases may be corrosive which could result in damage to tissue and/or
equipment at the point of contact.

3. Cryogenic gases have dangerously low temperatures, potential frostbite and

may expand into large volumes of gas that could displace oxygen and result in
suffocation.

4. Inert gases and oxidizing reactions may create oxygen deficiency hazards
(ODH) by displacing oxygen and may lead to suffocation. The early symptoms
may be dizziness and weakness, which may lead to unconsciousness and death.
This is also termed asphyxiation.

5. Flammability of gases, which could result in fires, is a concern especially for

Acetylene, Hydrogen, and Propane.

40
6. The permissible exposure limits (PEL) for toxic materials may be very low, so
even a small exposure could be poisonous.

7. Oxygen leaks may create oxygen-enriched atmospheres, which increase the

risk of fire and explosions.

8. Additional hazards may be found on the gases’ SDSs.

59. Safe Practices

Adhere to the following safe practices when working with compressed gas
cylinders and cryogen

containers:

1. Make sure cylinders have proper labels including: contents, concentrations,

hazard classifications, safety precautions, manufacturer or supplier’s name,
and a tag that indicates whether the cylinder is “full”, “in-service”, or “empty.”
Accept only properly identified cylinders. If the cylinder is not properly labelled,
or the label cannot be read, return the cylinder to the supplier.

2. Make sure gas cylinders are not damaged and do not show sign corrosion. If
you notice they have damaged labels, dents, gouges, burn/heat marks, or show
signs of corrosion, then do not accept them and return them to the supplier.

3. Assume all cylinders contain gas under pressure and treat all gases as
hazardous chemicals.

4. Clearly label all gas lines leading from gas cylinders. This is especially
important if the cylinder cannot be seen from the application point.

5. Use, store and transport cylinders in an upright position unless they can be
safely stored horizontally.

41
6. Make sure caps are in place when cylinder is not in use and during transport.

7. Make sure access to the cylinder valve is unobstructed at all times.

8. Make sure pressure regulators are equipped with pressure release valves.

9. Do NOT empty gas cylinders to a pressure lower than 25 psi (172 kPa). At
lower pressures, suction and backflow can cause contamination of residual
contents with air if the valve is open.

10. Do NOT use Teflon tape on cylinder or tube fitting connections, which have
metalto-metal face seals or gasket seals.

11. When turning off the cylinder, turn the gas supply off at the cylinder valve
first, depressurize the system and then turn off the regulator. If the cylinder will
not be used for any period of time, remove the regulator and replace the cylinder
cap.

12. Keep incompatible gases stored separately. If the cylinder is not in use,
separate oxidizing gases from flammable gases by 20 feet or a one-hour firewall.

Note: one backup cylinder stored in the area with the one in use may also be

considered to be in use and not subject to incompatibility storage requirements.

13. Store highly toxic gases in exhausted enclosures (gas cabinet or fume hood).

14. Avoid sources of ignition and open flame.

15. Do NOT purchase more or larger cylinders than necessary.

16. Do NOT store flammable gases next to an exit or near oxygen cylinders.

17. Do NOT use or permit contact of solvents, oil or grease on cylinders or their
valves.

42
60. Leaking Gas Cylinders

Do not over-tighten the valve in an attempt to stop the leak. If the valve
continues to leak, consider

whether room evacuation and building evacuation is necessary. Take the

following actions as

appropriate:

1. Flammable, oxidizing or inert gases – Wear PPE as necessary. If possible,

allow the cylinder to exhaust into a well-ventilated area (such as a fume hood)
with few or no combustible absorbent materials in the vicinity (such as
cardboard). Post a sign warning of the leaking cylinder. Avoid sparks and open
flames.

2. Toxic or corrosive gases – Wear PPE as necessary. Exhaust cylinder into an

absorbent or neutralizer if possible. If no absorbent or neutralizing system is
available, exhaust the cylinder into an operating fume hood. If escaping gas is
leaking out of the control device or no control device is available, evacuate the
area. Post a sign warning of the leaking cylinder.

61. Flammable and Combustible Liquids

Read the SDS for safety precautions before handling flammable and
combustible liquids. Know the flash points of the flammable or combustible
materials you are using. The flash point is defined as: “the lowest temperature
at which a chemical can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture with air.” Many
common organic solvents and chemicals used in the laboratory have flash
points well below room temperature. At or above the flash point temperature,
there can be sufficient vapor to ignite if an ignition source is present. Flammable

43
liquids are defined as: “having a flash point less than 100 °F (37.8 °C)”.
Combustible liquids have a flash point of 100 °F or higher, but can still produce
enough vapor to burn if heated. Highly flammable chemicals with an NFPA
rating of four for flammability are also considered particularly hazardous
substances.

62. Vapor Control

Use less hazardous chemicals if possible. Use the smallest amount of flammable
liquid necessary for your procedure. Use closed systems whenever possible. If
you must work with open systems, use a fume hood to prevent accumulation of
flammable vapor. Close the fume hood sash when flammable chemicals are still
present, even when not performing your procedure. Each flammable liquid has
two limits: Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) and Upper Flammability Limit (UFL)
defining the range of concentrations in mixtures with air that will propagate
flames or explode. These limits are also sometimes referred to as the Lower
Explosive Limit (LEL) and the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL). The range that a fire
or explosion could occur becomes wider with increasing ambient temperature
and in oxygen enriched atmospheres. In Table 10 (below), Flash Points and
Flammability Limits, flash points and the ranges of LFL to UFL are shown for
typical laboratory chemicals.

44
 Table 10 Flash Points and Flammability Limits of Certain Chemicals

chemical Flash Point Auto-Ignition Flammability Limits

°C / °F Temperature (% volume in air)
°C / °F Lower Upper
(LFL) (UPL)
Acetone -37.8 / -36 465/870 4 60
benzene -11.0 / 12 560/1070 1.3 7.1
Carbon disulfide -30.0 / -22 80/176 1.3 50
Diethyl ether -45.0 / -49 160/320 1.9 36
ethanol 12.8 / 55 365/690 3.3 19
methanol 11.1 / 52 385/725 6.7 36
Methyl ethyl ketone -6.1 / 21 561/960 1.8 10
pentane -40.0 / -40 260 / 500 1.5 7.8
Toluene 4.4 / 40 480 / 896 1.2 7.1

45
Section 3-Chemical Waste Management

Why Hazard Management?

Many potential hazards are associated with the storage and handling of
laboratory chemicals. These hazards may be minimized by understanding the
properties of the chemicals and by developing procedures by which they may be
handled safely. Simply storing chemicals alphabetically is not prudent.
Flammable, corrosive, explosive, and peroxide forming agents require
precautions. Storing incompatible chemicals together may have disastrous
results.

Guidelines for Chemical storage and Handling

A. Chemical handling:
Use bottle carriers to transport chemicals.
Close caps securely.
Pour all chemicals carefully.
Add acid to water, not water to acid.

B. Labels
Be sure all labels are securely attached and legible.
Keep chemicals in their original containers if possible.
Label all secondary containers to avoid unknown chemicals and/or
inadvertent reaction.
Date all chemicals, which may become unstable over time or are
peroxidizable.

46
 C. Shelves
Do not store chemicals on hard-to-reach shelves.
Labels on stored chemicals should be able to be read easily.
Shelves should be made of a chemically resistant material and should
have a 2-inch lip or
side rails.

D. Incompatible chemicals
Incompatible chemicals should not be stored together.
For each chemical, the hazardous nature must be considered individually
and in relation to other chemicals in the area.

E. Excessive storage
Avoid stockpiling chemicals. Purchase only what is needed. Use older
stock first
Discard chemicals that are no longer needed or that have expired.

F. Fume hoods
Fume hoods should not be used for storage of chemicals, unless the
chemicals are part of the experiment being conducted in the fume hood
at that time.
The exception is storage in a fume hood, which is specifically designed for
that storage, and where experimental procedures are not carried out.

What qualifies as Hazardous Waste?

Chemicals or chemical mixture that exhibits any corrosive, flammable, toxic,

reactive and/or persistent in the environment properties is, by legal definition

47
hazardous. some additional chemicals are managed as hazardous waste
because they are carcinogenic.

In order to determine whether or not your chemical is hazardous, use

your knowledge, the chemical’s original label and/or the chemical’s Safety Data
Sheet (SDS) to determine if the waste is corrosive, flammable, toxic, reactive,
persistent in the environment and/or mutagenic or carcinogenic, as defined in
the below sub-sections.

1) Flammable/Ignitable

A waste chemical is flammable if it is one of the following:

• A liquid with a flash point less than 140 °F (e.g., ethanol, xylene or diethyl
ether). The flash point is defined as “the lowest temperature at which a
chemical can form an ignitable mixture with air” (by evaporating above an
open beaker, for example.) The SDS typically includes information about the
flash point if the chemical has one.
• A solid or gas capable, under standard temperature and pressure, of
causing fire through friction, absorption of moisture, or spontaneous
chemical changes and burns so vigorously and persistently that it creates a
hazard.
• A solid, liquid, or gas that evolves oxygen at room temperature or under
slight heating (e.g., peroxides, chlorates, perchlorates, nitrates and
permanganates.

2) Corrosive
A waste chemical is corrosive if it has a pH of less than 2 or greater than
12.5 (Note: a chemical is not allowed to be poured down the drain if it has a
pH of less than 5.5 or greater than 12.

48
3) Reactive

A waste chemical is reactive if it is one of the following:

• A normally unstable compound that readily undergoes violent change (e.g.,

acrylonitrile, butyl hydroperoxide).
• When mixed with water, the chemical reacts violently, forms potentially
explosive mixtures, or generates toxic gases in sufficient quantities to
present a danger to human health (e.g., sodium metal, chloropropionyl
chloride).
• The compound contains cyanides or sulfides that, when exposed to pH
conditions between 2 and 12.5, could generate toxic gases in sufficient
quantities to endanger human health (e.g., sodium sulfide, arsenic sulfide).

4) Toxic
There are many poisonous chemicals which causes prolonged illness or
death while consuming either by swallowing, inhaling or absorbed by skin
in a very small amounts. Specifically, Mercury metal and its compounds are
toxic in nature. Permissible exposure limits (PEL) are specified by OSHA.
Always check the warning and available information on the chemicals to
determine its toxicity.

5) Carcinogens
These are cancer causing agents. According to OSHA standards these
carcinogens are substances or mixture of substances which induces cancer
or increase incidence.

49
 Benzene and toluene are such carcinogens widely known. Ethydium
Bromide used to visualize DNA in gel is also a potent mutagen. Students or
faculty must carefully read the instructions on the label beforehand for
preparation, usage and proper disposal of it.

6) Irritants
These substances cause irritation, a reversible inflammatory effect on living
tissue. Formaldehyde is one such irritant and potent carcinogen. Formalin,
aqueous solution of formaldehyde is used in preservation of tissues and
small organisms in intact state.

Common hazardous chemicals found in clinical laboratories include:

Acetone, glutaraldehyde, acetic acid, isopropanol, any common
concentrated acid (hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric), methanol any common
concentrated base (sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide), toluene,
Ethanol, xylene, formaldehyde etc.

National Fire Protection Association Hazard Labels

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has developed a visual

guide (right) for a number of chemicals pertinent to the MSDS. The
ANSI/NFPA 704 Hazard Identification system, the NFPA diamond, is a quick
visual review of the health hazard, flammability, reactivity, and special
hazards a chemical may present. The diamond is broken into four sections
(blue, red, yellow, and white). The symbols and numbers in the four sections
indicate the degree of hazard associated with a particular chemical or
material.

50
51
Precautions for Chemical Safety
 Review the safety and health hazard data of all chemicals used in the
laboratory.
 Know the signs and symptoms of overexposure and the physical and
sensory characteristics (odor, appearance) of these chemicals.
 Know appropriate procedures for emergencies, including the location and
operation of all emergency equipment.
 When working with hazardous materials, have a second person nearby,
or, at minimum, maintain surveillance by telephone contact.
 Avoid leaving experiments unattended.
 Never use unlabeled chemicals or chemicals whose labeling is suspect.
 Always order the least amount of chemical required.
 Use appropriate personal protective equipment at all times.
 Use hazardous chemicals in a chemical fume hood, whenever possible
 Maintain equipment and inspect it regularly for proper function.
 Use guards and shields where possible.
 Store and handle chemicals in accordance with the guidelines contained
in the Chemical Hygiene Plan or in accordance with the chemical
manufacturer's guidelines.
 Store hazardous waste in a closed, labeled container.
 Dispose of hazardous waste through the University Hazardous Waste
Program.
 Avoid pouring chemical waste materials into the sink. 19. Do not eat,
drink, smoke, chew gum or apply cosmetics in the laboratory.
 Do not store food or beverages in the laboratory or in a chemical
refrigerator.
 Do not mouth pipette. Use a mechanical pipette or aspirator.
 Do not use chipped or cracked glassware.

52
 Report all accidents, even if they do not result in injury.

53
54
55
56
57
Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

Regulations require that hazardous wastes be accumulated and stored in

properly managed containers on sufficiently impervious surfaces (free of
cracks, gaps, etc.).

Biohazard wastes are classified into various categories:

1. Cultures and stocks of agents infectious to humans (including

human, primate, and mammalian cell lines), associated biologicals
(e.g., serums, vaccines, antigens, toxins), and culture dishes and
devices used to transfer, inoculate or mix cultures (e.g., Petri
dishes, vials, filtration devices, flasks, inoculation loops, disposable
gloves).
2. Human pathological wastes including tissue, organs, and body
parts, and specimens of body fluids and their containers. This does
not include urine or fecal material.
3. Human blood and blood products including serum, plasma or
materials saturated with human blood. Excludes feminine hygiene
products.
4. Sharps such as syringes and needles, razor blades, scalpels, blood
vials, Pasteur pipettes, etc. Also includes broken or unbroken glass
(culture tubes, flasks, beakers), glass slides, or cover slips that have
been in contact with infectious material.

58
 5. Animal wastes including carcasses, body parts, body fluids, blood,
or bedding originating from animals known to be contaminated with
(zoonotic organisms) or intentionally inoculated with infectious
agents. Excludes preserved animals used for educational purposes.

Note: Biohazardous wastes must not be mixed with chemical or radioactive

waste, or with other laboratory trash.

Cultures and other solid wastes Storage

Place cultures and stocks of

infectious agents, other
biologicals, and non-sharps
items contaminated with
biohazardous materials into red
bags that have the biohazard
symbol or the word
“BIOHAZARD”. Use double bags
if necessary to prevent leakage.

59
Sharps

Collect all sharps items in approved

rigid, leakproof, and puncture-
resistant containers that are
prominently labeled with a universal
biohazard sign and the word
"BIOHAZARD". To prevent
contamination and potential injury,
dispose of needles and syringes
directly into a sharps container
without any further manipulation S
(e.g., NO clipping, bending, breaking,
shearing, or recapping). Devices that
clip off the needle are prohibited.
Dispose of the sharps container
when ¾ full.

Drain Disposal

Liquid wastes that contain infectious agents, cell culture waste, blood, or
other bodily fluids, must be chemically treated with bleach (e.g., 1:10 final
dilution of bleach) or autoclaved (steam sterilized) prior to disposal to a
sanitary sewer. Do not discharge large volumes of blood or fecal matter in
the sanitary sewer as this may plug the drain and may place maintenance
personnel at risk.

60
Chemical Hazard Storage and Disposal

 Storage: Hazardous waste in laboratories must be stored in satellite

accumulation areas.
 Disposal: Once a satellite accumulation area container is filled, it
must be dated and transferred to a main accumulation area or
shipped off-site within 3 days. Environmental, Health and Safety is
available to provide waste pick up services. Disposal of hazardous
wastes and chemicals in laboratory sinks is prohibited by regulation.
 Labeling: Containers that accumulate and store hazardous waste
must be labeled with the following information
 The words "Hazardous Waste".
 The waste type in words (Spent non-halogenated Solvents,
Waste Oil, etc.).
 The associated hazard in words (i.e. ignitable, toxic, etc.) and
 The date upon which the container became filled.
 Containers must be labeled and situated so that labels are
clearly visible.
 Closure: Containers must be closed at all times, unless waste is being
added or removed. Open-top funnels may not be left in open
containers.
 Condition: Containers must be in good condition. There may not be
severe rusting, dents or other conditions that could cause leaks, etc.
 Compatibility: Containers must be compatible with hazardous waste
stored within them. When in doubt, use the original shipping
container.

61
  Inspections: Containers must be inspected weekly by laboratory
personnel to ensure that they are properly labeled, in good condition
and meet the criteria described above.

Hazardous waste minimization

Laboratory waste minimization techniques include:

 Process/equipment adjustment or modification;

 Toxic material substitution;
 Waste segregation and separation; and
 Recycling where possible, microchemistry will reduce waste volume
and has the added benefit of minimizing health and safety concerns.
In a chemical emergency

 Splash to Skin or Eyes.

 Flush with water at least 15 minutes using a safety shower or eye
wash and seek immediate medical attention.
 Injection: control bleeding, wash with soap and water and seek
immediate medical attention.
 Ingestion: call Poison Control and seek immediate medical attention.
 Inhalation: stop emission if possible, alert others or sound alarm, get
fresh air and seek immediate medical attention.

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Section 4 :-Laboratory Equipment and Facilities

Emergency Equipment’s like Eye wash and Showers

Emergency washing equipment is required when using corrosives (acids and

caustics), strong irritants (which cause inflammatory effects upon contact)
and toxic materials that can be absorbed through the skin. Emergency
washing facilities must be accessible to the person and he should be able to
reach the equipment within 10 seconds.

1) Eye wash stations

Eyewash stations are the most important equipment especially in the labs
near to chemical hood or working station. Chemicals can cause blindness or
instant pain. These small amount of chemicals spill or splash causes eye
damage. Laboratory staff/students should be able to reach eyewash stations
within 10 seconds. There should be no obstruction in the path of eye wash
stations.

Instructions for laboratory personnel

 Should know the location and operation of the eyewash stations in their
area.
 It is recommended that personnel practice locating the eyewash station
while keeping their eyes closed.
 Don’t work alone when working with the hazardous chemicals.
 Ensure the weekly inspection of eyewash area.

63
  During the weekly check, the eyewash should be operated long enough
(30-60 seconds), so that there is no visible rust or contaminant in the
water. If the eyewash is located in a shared area, an individual should be
appointed to perform the weekly test.

2) Safety Showers

Lab Incharge/students should be aware of the location and use of

emergency showers in their area and should able to reach them in less
than 10 seconds. Path to the emergency shower and the area underneath
it should always be clear.

Facility services of the department provides with annual safety

shower testing. Equipment has a tag on it which shows the most recent
testing date.

Fire Safety Equipment

Fire extinguishers

Fire extinguishers are installed in every nook and corner of the

department as well as the college building to be used by trained personnel.

Laboratory staff must be trained to use fire extinguisher with complete

knowledge of hazards involved. Individuals not trained with no knowledge of
extinguisher should not attempt to use them during fire.

Fire extinguishers are wall mounted and easily accessible. Regular

maintenance of the extinguishers are done annually by the formed safety
committee of the department and college.

64
Operation of a fire extinguisher: PASS rule

Emergency procedures for laboratories

Emergency phone numbers are mentioned in the lab for different

emergency situations. Contact the person in charge in case of accident, spills
or any other emergency.

65
LABORATORY VENTILATION

Fume Hoods

These are one of the ventilating equipment which seizes, holds and exude
discharge triggered by chemical processes. In other way to control airborne
chemical exposure. These are used with compounds with boiling point below
120 C or toxic.

Lab incharge should be trained for the use of fume hood. Sliding slashes
in a fume hood are for better protection from unexpected chemical reactions.
Periodic maintenance of hood is required. Staff need to coordinate with lab head
member for required maintenance.

Glove box

Gloves protect the user from a variety of hazards including contact with
infectious agents, contaminated surfaces or equipment, and animals.
Employees must select a glove based on the particular tasks, as no one type of
glove can adequately protect against every kind of hazard. Additionally, you
should consider an alternative glove material (e.g., nitrile, vinyl) if you are
sensitive to latex.

Disposable gloves (e.g., latex, nitrile, vinyl) offer little protection against
needle sticks or animal bites, and so it is important to follow good
microbiological practices and procedures to maintain an envelope of protection.
Specialty gloves such as Kevlar or stainless steel mesh gloves can be worn
during necropsy or surgery of infected animals to prevent accidental cuts from
scalpels. Gloves should be long enough to cover the cuff or lower sleeve of
laboratory clothing and protect exposed skin. Double gloving can provide
additional protection. Remove disposable gloves and discard in biohazard waste

66
containers when work with infectious or biohazardous material is completed.
Do not wash or reuse disposable gloves. Heavy-duty latex and nitrile gloves can
be decontaminated, washed, and reused if in good repair. Remove gloves when
performing non-laboratory functions (e.g., answering the telephone, using the
computer), or operating outside the laboratory (e.g., pushing elevator buttons,
turning doorknobs). Always wash hands after removing gloves. Environmental
Health & Safety can assist with proper glove selection.

Biological Safety Cabinets

Biological safety cabinets (BSCs) are laboratory hoods designed to protect

the worker and the experiment by drawing air across the samples and away
from the worker and into a HEPA filter. There are two classes of BSCs. Class II
type A and Class II type B1 units recirculate filtered air into the laboratory and
are not designed for chemical use for this reason. The Class II type B2 unit is
designed for use of some chemicals but is not substitute for a fume hood. The
use of chemicals in this type of hood needs to be evaluated carefully so that the
protective barrier (HEPA filters) is not destroyed by the chemicals.

Laminar Flow Hoods

Laminar flow hoods are designed to protect the employee/student’s work

surface from contaminants and may blow out into the face of the person using
the hood. Therefore, any chemical use will cause the person to be exposed to
the chemical. Toxic or volatile chemicals may not be used in a laminar flow
hood.

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Cold Rooms

Cold rooms are generally closed with no fresh air and are designed for
designated purposes. These should be fitted and designed such that any person
trapped or locked can exit the area easily. Should have independent power
supply with respect to departments to allow light at all times whenever needed.
Chemicals which require low temperatures are stored in these rooms.

Flammable solvents should be avoided as ignition sources could ignite

vapors. Avoid volatile acids too as can cause corrode the cooling coils.

Maintenance of ventilating systems

Ventilating systems should be routinely maintained for any leaks or

blocks. Filter need to be replaced periodically. Keeping a record of this is
mandatory. Monitor the devices for malfunction and should understand the
alarm signal and take necessary action if required.

LABORATORY APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT

General Lab safety practices

 Wear PPE recommended by the manufacturer when using the equipment,

along with safety goggles and gloves. (i.e.: hearing protection, face shield,
etc.).
 Keep the manufacturer’s operating manual with the instrument.
 Record of maintenance should be followed.
 Lab incharge should be trained and familiarize about operating manual
and safety information.
 Avoid removing any warning or hazardous labels from instrument.

68
  Instrument should be grounded properly.
 Disconnect from main power source if instrument is not in use and when
conducting maintenance.

Refrigerators, freezers and cold rooms:

During a breakdown, do contact the dedicated repair mechanic. Avoid

modification or repair by laboratory incharge. Refrigerant gas must be collected
and recycled.

Every refrigerator (4 C), Freezer (-20 C), cryofreezer (-80 C) must be

labelled indicating the storage of samples or chemicals. Proper monitoring of
refrigerator must be done to ensure that no loss of samples or chemicals takes
place in fluctuating power supply.

Flammable liquids must be stored in a dedicated flammable safe

refrigerator and should be kept separate.

Stirring and mixing equipment:

Commonly found stirring equipment’s in laboratories are magnetic

stirrers with heat, shakers etc. proper care needs to be taken when using these
devices as they cause electric sparks. Check for the balance, temperature, rpm
in a shaker. Avoid any spills inside the shaker hood. Disinfect with alcohol after
every experiment performed.

Heating equipment (Ovens, Hotplates)

Basic labs are equipped with heating devices like ovens, hot plates, water
baths, microwave ovens. Avoid Bunsen burners, instead we can replace it with

69
Bacticenerator for sterilization purposes. Monitoring should be done weekly or
monthly to check for proper functioning of heating device.

Precautionary measures should be followed for safety when working with

heating devices. Repair or replace the damaged equipment.

Centrifuges

These are one of the basic in any laboratory systems. These need to be
properly installed and on a balance working bench. Check for the lid if its
properly closed when in motion. Emergency stop should be available along with
disconnect switch to shut the equipment.

Weighing

Weighing balance (digital, electronic) are available in every lab for

measuring smallest amounts of raw materials. Keeping in mind the boats or
container to weigh should not react with material being weighed. Keeping it
clean at all times. Calibrate periodically.

Autoclaves

Proper training is required for both staff and students before operation.
Check the drain before and after use. Knowledge of appropriate containers to
autoclave. Check water level before every autoclave session. Reporting any spills
or leaks to lab incharge.

Decontamination of work areas

Laboratory incharge is responsible for providing a clean and unobstructed

work area for all maintenance and service personnel. Floors should be
cleaned regularly and kept free of obstructions.

70
 If an equipment requires service or maintenance by the
technician/mechanic, ensure the area/equipment is unobstructed, emptied
of chemicals, decontaminated, washed with warm, soapy water and rinsed.

If laboratory incharge is unable to attend service personnel on a

scheduled time, leave a note stating a contact name and phone number in
case there are questions about the work.

Decontamination of equipment for disposal

Laboratory equipment’s are often contaminated with hazardous materials

and/or may be inherently unsafe for further use.

Examples of equipment that must be decontaminated include: BSCs, bins

and tanks, centrifuges, cryostats, fume hoods, freezers, Incubators, lockers,
ovens, refrigerators, sinks, storage cabinets etc.

Some equipment may contain transformers, such as x-ray equipment and

electron microscopes. Oil must be drained off for decontamination purpose,
refueling oil will be tested and certified by the environment health and safety
guidelines.

Decontaminate equipment used to process chemicals

Drain the chemicals from the equipment, including any oil or coolant.
Collect the chemical for reuse or dispose of as hazardous waste. Use an inert
gas or liquid to purge or rinse out chemical residues, if applicable.

71
 Decontaminate the equipment using solvents to remove viscous or non-
water soluble contaminants. Then scrub decontaminated equipment thoroughly
with warm, soapy water. Rinse and dry. Wash and/or rinse water and solvents
may need to be managed as hazardous waste.

Decontaminate equipment used to process biological samples

Remove all biological material (samples) from the equipment.

Decontaminate with a 1:10 bleach solution. After 30 minutes of contact time,
rinse metal surfaces.

Before repair or relocation, biosafety cabinets (BSCs) must be

decontaminated following health and safety guidelines.

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Section 5 -Employee Health

Good laboratory practice helps to minimize the exposure from certain

chemicals and infectious materials, as it is unclear for certain chemicals
toxicity.

Organizations for following Guidelines

 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

(NIOSH)(Recommended Exposure Limits- RELs)
 American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)-(Workplace
Environmental Exposure Limit Guides (WEEL Guides)
 Saudi Central Board for accreditation of Health Care Institutions –
CABAHI
 Ministry of Health-Saudi Arabia
 Saudi Food & Drug Authority.

Routes of Exposure to chemicals and infectious materials:

 Airborne Exposure results from procedure that generate air contaminants

outside of fume hoods/laminar flow, volatile chemical spillage/ gas leak,
microbial cultures (aerosol)
 Inhalation –ingestion,
 Direct skin or eye contact (mucus membrane)
 Injury of skin by a sharp object and/ or high-pressure source.

Example for signs of exposure

Headaches, rashes, nausea, coughing, tearing, irritation or redness of eyes,

irritation of nose or throat, dizziness, and loss of motor dexterity or judgment
73
 and these conditions should be evaluated if there is no pathological cause for
such symptoms. Follow-up is especially important in these cases.

Contact Emergency numbers

Emergency in the University campus—--------950/011 4671079

Chamber of the University’s operations--------4677866/4676298

Civil Defense inside the University campus----955

Civil defense outside the university campus----998

KSU Ambulance--------------------------------------011 4699999

King Khaled Hospital ambulance----------------4671699

Alternate Director----------------------------------4673128

Safe Work Practices

 Keeping the laboratory clean, organized, and functioning properly can help to
prevent incidents and injuries.
 Easy access to exit way and emergency equipment (like eyewashes, drench
hoses, and safety showers) without obstruction
 Always keep the work area clean with equipment and hazardous materials
properly placed/stored.
 Keep drawers and cabinets closed and cords & cables off the floor with proper
placement to avoid tripping hazards, falls and it will help in easy cleaning.
 Promptly clean up spills and dropped materials to avoid slip hazards
•Maintain sink traps and floor drain traps filled with water at all times to prevent
the escape of sewer gas into the laboratory.

74
•Keep sharp or pointed tools properly sheathed or otherwise stored safely when
not in use.

•Clothes should be hanged in proper locations without dropping over equipment

or benches.

•Do not store excess cardboard/ equipment boxes or lab equipment under lab
benches or above shelves/cabinets throughout the lab. This can be a safety as
well as a fire hazard

 Regular maintenance of the equipment is essential, if equipment is not

functioning properly label as “out of service” until the repair is completed.
 Proper biosafety cabinet should be used for specific type of the work

Ex: Biosafety level- (BSL-1) is for All bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and viral
agents having minimum risk.

Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) for work involving infectious agents that pose
moderate hazards to personnel and the environment. Handling personnel must
be well trained and should have restricted access to others while working.

Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) has special engineering and design features for
handling indigenous or exotic agents that may cause serious or potentially
lethal disease through the inhalation. Laboratory personnel must receive
specific training in handling pathogenic and potentially lethal agents,

Brief details mentioned in below table.

BSL Agents Practices Safety Facilities

Equipment (Secondary
(Primary Barriers
Barriers)
1 Non-pathogenic Standard None Open bench top,
microbiological required sink required
practices

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2 Can lead to human BSL-1 + BSL I/ II for BSL-1
disease via agents that
limited access +
percutaneous injury, generate
and biohazard
mucous membrane & splashes/ easily cleanable
warning signs
ingestion aerosols of furniture
infectious
materials+ +
• waste PPE ( lab autoclave
decontamination coats, available
process gloves, face
protection) +
eyewash
available
3 Indigenous or exotic BSL-2 practices BSL I or II BSL-2
agents with potential +PPE: lab
+ +
for aerosol coats, gloves,
transmission; disease controlled respiratory physical
may have serious or access protection separation for
lethal consequences corridor access
+
+
decontamination
of all wastes & hands-free
handwashing-
lab clothing
sink, eyewash
+
exhaust air not
recirculated
+
negative airflow
into laboratory

4 Dangerous/exotic BSL-3 practices All BSL-3 plus:

agents which lead to plus: procedures
• separate
life-threatening conducted in
• clothing building or
disease BSL III or
change before isolated zone
Class I or II
+ entering
in
combination

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 aerosol-transmitted • shower on exit with full- • dedicated
lab infections or body, air supply/exhaust,
unknown risk of • all material supplied vacuum and
decontaminated
transmission positive decon system
on exit from
pressure suit
facility

77
Section 6-Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

The purpose of PPE is to minimize student and employee exposure to laboratory

hazards. Ex: gloves, eye and foot protection, respirators, and protective clothing
such as aprons and lab coats.

 Laboratory managers should monitor and assess the risks of exposure to

hazardous/Infectious material based on the procedures performed in the
laboratory.

Hazards and Example PPE

Hazard Personal protective equipment

Biohazards Gloves, lab coats, liquid resistant surgical masks,

aprons, sleeve covers, face shields, splash goggles

Chemicals Gloves, chemical-resistant clothing, aprons, sleeves

and shoe covers, vapor- proof splash goggles; lab coats
for general use

Cuts/Abrasions Cut-resistant gloves (leather, Kevlar, chain-mail)

Explosions Protective vests, face shield

Radiation Lead apron, lead gloves, thyroid collar, lead glasses for
X-ray, lab coats/gloves for radioactive materials

Splashes Splash goggles, face shields, chemical-resistant

clothing, gloves, aprons, sleeves and shoe covers

Guidelines to be followed while working in the laboratory:

 Lab coats and appropriate eye protection always be worn when working in
the laboratory as best practice.
78
 In addition to safety glasses or splash goggles, face shields will provide
maximum protection to the face and neck from flying particles and harmful
liquids.
 Feet must be covered fully with proper Shoes without any opening or mesh
and complete cover of legs (Clothing- Preferred materials - cotton, wool, and
resistant polyester).
Synthetic materials, (acrylics, rayon, and polyester) are not
recommended.
 Avoid loose, flowing garments, scarves and Loose jewelry (bracelets,
watches and necklaces).
 Avoid rings that can damage protective gloves or make removing gloves
difficult.
 Tie long hair to avoid caught in equipment, chemicals contact or field of
view interference.
 Wear long, loose-fitted, Flame-resistant laboratory coats and always
button completely for skin protection and cloths from splatter and spills.
 All Lab coats and other protective wear used in a lab should be kept in
the work area to minimize the possibility of spreading chemicals to public
places (including eating or office areas).
 Laboratory coats must be laundered when soiled based on frequency of
use.
 Wear right size gloves whenever working with chemicals, biohazards,
radioactive materials, rough or sharp-edged objects or very hot or very
cold materials and discard discolored/ punctured gloves.
 Be cautious while wearing gloves and avoid wearing gloves while touching
common surfaces (Ex: telephones, computers, door knobs, elevator
buttons) as they can be touched by others without gloves and outside the
laboratory.

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 Do not re-use disposable gloves and dispose contaminated gloves in a
plastic bag carefully.
 Do not wear latex gloves in the lab as they provide very little protection
from chemicals and can be the source of allergic reactions
 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) should maintain having all the
details of safe laboratory procedures, integrated into a protocol, when
involves the use of hazardous substances along with the details of
handling& storage procedures & with situations of Spill and Accident,
waste disposal procedures.
 SOP document should include details like precautions for animal use,
administration of the chemical, aerosol suppression, protective
equipment and waste disposal decontamination procedures,
 laboratory equipment is provided with a manual that includes safety
warnings, the manual (or at least the safety warnings) must be accessible
to laboratory personnel. Do not remove labels indicating possible
electrical shock, sharp edges, or pinch points
 Chemical Inventory must be maintained and all workers must know
where the inventory is maintained

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Section 7-SAFETY TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

Mandatory laboratory-specific hazard awareness program should conduct by

lab in charge to all employees or student.

Training should include

•The location and contents of the Laboratory Emergency Response

•Location of emergency equipment such as fire extinguishers and fire alarm

pull stations.

•Proper use and disposal of sharp objects (including broken glass disposal
boxes).

 Lab in charge responsible for ensuring that all employees receive adequate
training to understand the hazards in their work area.
 Training must occur prior to assignments involving potential exposure to
chemicals/pathogens.

Risk Minimization can be done by

 Using a non-flammable/non-toxic substitute for your material is

available.
 Using a minimum amount of the material
 Keeping containers securely closed and properly disposing of unnecessary
or outdated chemicals. (proper disposal)
 Maintain poster having details of emergency phone numbers and the
Exposure Response
 Identify the locations of emergency equipment on a floor plan; make sure
all staff know the locations of the equipment, such as a spill kit/ first aid
kit

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General Purpose Chemical Spill Kit Contents

Item Description

Absorbent Five spill pads, universal for acid,

base, oil, solvents

Neutralizer One 64 oz. box baking soda for

neutralizing acids

Brush, dustpan One snap together dust pan and

whisk broom

Plastic bags Four 18 x 30, yellow hazardous

material heavy duty waste bags

Plastic drum One 5-gallon re-useable screw top

plastic drum to store kit supplies and
hold bagged spill waste

Goggles One chemical splash protection

goggles

Impervious gloves One pair Silvershield gloves (multi-

layer construction, impervious to
most chemicals

Lightweight gloves Eight pairs of Microgrip powder-free

nitrile gloves, various sizes

Biohazardous Spill Kit

Assemble the following items in a single container than can be easily moved to
a spill area.

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An appropriate chemical A freshly prepared 1:10 dilution of household
disinfectant bleach, orOther decontaminant appropriate for
agent in use

Material to absorb liquids Paper towels,Absorbent lab pads, orAny other

special materials designed to absorb large
volumes of liquid

Personal protective Nitrile or heavy duty gloves,Long-sleeved lab

equipment (PPE) coat or gown,Safety glasses or goggles,Facial
protection for large spills, andAny additional PPE
required for agen

A mechanical means to Tongs,Forceps,Scoops,Sponges,Autoclavable

pick up broken glass dust pan, orAny other method that prevents
direct contact with broken glass

Containers for treatment Biohazard bags for clean-up waste,Sharps

and disposal container for broken glass, andPlastic bucket or
other secondary container for transport

 easily accessible First Aid Kits to lab staff at all times having
absorbent compresses, adhesive bandages, adhesive tape, antiseptic wipes,
burn ointment, exam gloves, sterile pads and triangular bandages.
 Accidents Causing Serious Personal Injury or Exposure call 911 for
emergency response as soon as possible while conducting the following first
aid responses as appropriate.
 If a hazardous chemical gets in someone’s eyes, flush eyes for at least 15
minutes in the eyewash while holding the eyelids open

83
 If natural gas leakage in the laboratory turn off all sources of ignition (open
flames, electrical equipment).

Decontamination

A decontamination procedure can range from sterilization to simple cleaning

with soap and water making a hazardous material safe for further handling.
Process of decontamination includes

Heat: Wet heat/ Steam autoclaving is for decontaminating biological waste and
sterilizing glassware and media.

Liquid Disinfection: surface decontamination agents include ammonium

compounds, phenolic compounds, halogens, aldehydes, alcohols , amines and
10% household bleach.

Vapors and Gases: category include ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, gas,

hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid for decontamination of biological safety
cabinets, whole building or room

Radiation: Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is used in biological safety cabinets for

inactivating contaminants

Decontaminants and Their Use in Laboratories

decontaminant Active Ingredient/ Temp (°C) Contact time

Concentration (min.)

Autoclave Steam 121 50–90

Incinerator Heat 649-929 1-60

Phenolic 0.2-3% 10-30

compounds

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Chlorine 0.01-5% 10-30
compounds

Alcohol (ethylor 70-85% 10-30

isopropyl)

Formaldehyde 4-8% 10-30

Gluteraldeyhyde 2% 10-600

Hydrogen 6% 10-600
peroxide

WASTE MANAGEMENT

 Biological waste disposing includes autoclaving, incineration, and

chemical disinfection.
 Sharps — Needles, syringes with attached needles, capillary tubes, slides
and cover slips, scalpel blades, razor blades, and broken glassware that
are contaminated with biological material should be placed in a plastic
puncture-resistant container (needlebox) and/or autoclave before
disposal
 Plastic pipette tips and serological pipette tips used to process human
body fluids or cultures of infectious agents, should be placed in a
puncture-resistant “pipette” box with the biohazard symbol and
autoclaved before disposal.
 Non-infectious pipettes should also be placed in a puncture-resistant
container before disposal; however, it is not necessary to autoclave.
 Microbiological/Molecular Waste —Includes cultures and stocks of
etiologic agents and recombinant DNA/transgenics. Solid waste should
be placed in an autoclavable bag and autoclaved before disposal.

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  Liquid biological waste (no hazardous chemicals) can be autoclaved or
chemically treated (i.e. bleached) before disposal down the drain. Do not
mix bleach with incompatible chemicals.
 Specimens of human blood/body fluids and tissue cultures can be placed
in an autoclavable bag that has the biohazard symbol on it and autoclaved
before disposal.
 Tissue Culture Wastes (Animal and Human) —All solid waste should be
autoclaved before disposal. Liquid waste can be chemically disinfected
(bleach) before disposal down the drain. The waste should not contain
other chemicals that are incompatible with bleach or other disinfectants
used.
 Anatomical/Pathological Waste —Organs, limbs, animal carcasses etc.,
which must be incinerated (Not Autoclaved!) for proper treatment
 Non-contaminated glass should be discarded in a bag-lined heavy-duty
cardboard box labeled as “broken glass”
 Solid Disposal Supply Wastes —Disposable gloves, gauze, paper
wrappings, parafilm, etc., that are minimally contaminated.
Decontamination is not required before disposal; should be placed in
leakproof containers (i.e., a sturdy, plastic bag).
 Shifting lab require decontamination of new place from all chemicals,
biological materials, radiological materials and any other hazardous
materials.
 Do not block hallways, doorways, or emergency equipment while packing
or unpacking.

Source reference:
 Laboratory safety manual, NOVEMBER 2019/EDITION

Environmental Health and Safety Department, University of Washington

86
 www.ehs.washington.edu

 Laboratory safety manual , Division of Environmental Health and Safety

,University of Florida

 Safety Manual, Duke Laboratory

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