Presentation On:

Transaction & IT
Infrastructure

Presented By,
Anik Kumar Kundu ACMA, ITP, LLB
Deputy Manager, Cost & Budget
Beacon Group
E-Commerce:

• E-commerce is a fascinating combination of business models and new

information technologies.
• E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce means buying and selling of
goods, products, or services over the internet. E-commerce is also
known as electronic commerce or internet commerce. These services
provided online over the internet network. Transaction of money, funds,
and data are also considered as E-commerce.
Examples of E-Commerce

• Amazon
• Flipkart
• eBay
• Fiverr
• Upwork
• Olx
• Quikr
Types of E-Commerce Models:
• Electronic commerce can be classified into four main categories. The
basis for this simple classification is the parties that are involved in the
transactions. So the four basic electronic commerce models are as
follows:
Types of E-Commerce Models:

1. Business to Business (B2B):

This is Business to Business transactions. Here the companies are doing

business with each other. The final consumer is not involved. So the online
transactions only involve the manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers etc.

2. Business to Consumer (B2C):

Business to Consumer. Here the company will sell their goods and/or services
directly to the consumer. The consumer can browse their websites and look at
products, pictures, read reviews. Then they place their order and the company
ships the goods directly to them. Popular examples are Amazon, Flipkart, Daraz
etc.
Types of E-Commerce Models:

3. Consumer to Consumer (C2C):

Consumer to consumer, where the consumers are in direct contact with
each other. No company is involved. It helps people sell their personal
goods and assets directly to an interested party. Usually, goods traded
are cars, bikes, electronics etc. OLX, Quikr etc follow this model.
4. Consumer to Business (C2B):
This is the reverse of B2C, it is a consumer to business. So the consumer
provides a good or some service to the company. Say for example an IT
freelancer who demos and sells his software to a company. This would
be a C2B transaction.
Types of E-Commerce Models:
Others:
5. Business-to-Administration (B2A):

This part of e-commerce encompasses all transactions conducted online between companies and
public administration. This is an area that involves a large amount and a variety of services, particularly
in areas such as fiscal, social security, employment, legal documents and registers, etc. These types of
services have increased considerably in recent years with investments made in e-government.

6. Consumer-to-Administration (C2A):

The Consumer-to-Administration model encompasses all electronic transactions conducted between

individuals and public administration.

Examples of applications include: Education: disseminating information, distance learning, etc. Social
Security: through the distribution of information, making payments, etc. Taxes: filing tax returns,
payments, etc. Health: appointments, information about illnesses, payment of health services, etc.

Both models involving Public Administration (B2A and C2A) are strongly associated to the idea of
efficiency and easy usability of the services provided to citizens by the government, with the support of
information and communication technologies.
Advantages of e-commerce:
The main advantages associated with e-commerce are the following:

• ability to reach a global market, without necessarily implying a large financial investment. The
limits of this type of commerce are not defined geographically, which allows consumers to make a
global choice, obtain the necessary information and compare offers from all potential suppliers,
regardless of their locations.

• By allowing direct interaction with the final consumer, e-commerce shortens the product
distribution chain, sometimes even eliminating it completely. This way, a direct channel
between the producer or service provider and the final user is created, enabling them to offer
products and services that suit the individual preferences of the target market.

• E-commerce allows suppliers to be closer to their customers, resulting in increased

productivity and competitiveness for companies; as a result, the consumer is benefited with an
improvement in quality service, resulting in greater proximity, as well as a more efficient pre and
post-sales support. With these new forms of electronic commerce, consumers now have virtual
stores that are open 24 hours a day.

• Cost reduction is another very important advantage normally associated with electronic
commerce. The more trivial a particular business process is, the greater the likelihood of its
success, resulting in a significant reduction of transaction costs and, of course, of the prices charged
to customers.
Disadvantages of e-commerce:

The main disadvantages associated with e-commerce are the following:

• Strong dependence on information and communication technologies (ICT);

• Lack of legislation that adequately regulates the new e-commerce activities, both
nationally and internationally;

• Market culture is averse to electronic commerce (customers cannot touch or try the
products);

• The users’ loss of privacy, the loss of regions’ and countries’ cultural and economic
identity;

• Insecurity in the conduct of online business transactions.

Computer Network Types:
A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that
enables the computer to communicate with another computer and share
their resources, data, and applications.
A computer network can be categorized by their size. A computer
network is mainly of four types:
1. LAN (Local Area Network)
2. PAN (Personal Area Network)
3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
4. WAN (Wide Area Network)
LAN (Local Area Network):
✓ Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in
a small area such as building, office.
✓ LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a
communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
✓ It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs,
network adapters, and ethernet cables.
✓ The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area
Network.
✓ Local Area Network provides higher security.
LAN (Local Area Network):
Example:

Area: Up to 500
meters (half miles); an
office or floor of a
building
PAN (Personal Area Network):
✓ Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual
person, typically within a range of 10 meters.
✓ Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of
personal use is known as Personal Area Network.
✓ Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of
the Personal Area Network.
✓ Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
✓ Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area
network are the laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations.
PAN (Personal Area Network):
Example:

Area: Up to 1000
meters (a mile); a
college campus or
corporate facility
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):
✓ A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger
geographic area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger
network.
✓ Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private
industries.
✓ In MAN, various LANs are connected through a telephone exchange
line.
✓ The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay,
ATM, ISDN, etc.
✓ It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):
Example:

Area: A city or
metropolitan area
WAN (Wide Area Network):
✓ A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large
geographical area such as states or countries.
✓ A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
✓ A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans
over a large geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic
cable or satellite links.
✓ The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
✓ A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business,
government, and education.
WAN (Wide Area Network):
Example:

Area: A regional,
transcontinental, or
global area
Principal components of
telecommunication network & key
network technologies
Computer network components are the major parts which are needed to
install the software. Some important network components are NIC,
switch, cable, hub, router, and modem. Depending on the type of network
that we need to install, some network components can also be removed.
For example, the wireless network does not require a cable.
Following are the major components required to install a network:
• NIC (Network Interface Card)

• Hub

• Switch

• Router

• Modem

• Cables and Connectors