E3S Web of Conferences 563, 03074 (2024) https://doi.org/10.

1051/e3sconf/202456303074
ICESTE 2024

Investigation of the effect of fertilizers on the biochemical and

physical characteristics of carrots (Daucus carota L.)

Aidai Turatbekova1*, Malokhat Abdukadirova2, Sanjarbek Shamuratov3, Bakhodir Latipov3, Mirzabek Saporboyev4,
Jafar Shamshiyev5, Yusuf Makhmudov6
1
Department of Chemistry and Biology, Kimyo International University in Tashkent, 100121 Tashkent, Uzbekistan
2
Department of Ecology and Water Resources Management, National Research University TIIAME, 100000 Tashkent,
Uzbekistan
3
Urgench State University, Urgench 220100, Uzbekistan
4
Urgench State Pedagogical Institute, Urgench 220100, Uzbekistan
5
Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute, Jizzakh, Uzbekistan
6
Tashkent Institute of Textile and Light Industry, Tashkent 100100, Uzbekistan

Abstract. Carrots (Daucus carota L.) are one of the most consumed and economically significant
vegetables worldwide, prized for their nutritional value and versatile culinary applications. The
biochemical composition of carrot roots, including their phytochemical content, sugars, vitamins, and
minerals, plays a crucial role in determining their quality and nutritional benefits. Fertilizers are
commonly utilized in carrot cultivation to enhance yield and optimize growth parameters. However, the
application of fertilizers can significantly influence the biochemical composition of carrot roots, thereby
impacting their nutritional quality and health-promoting properties. This review comprehensively
examines the current body of literature on the influence of fertilizers on the biochemical parameters of
carrot roots, including changes in phytochemical content, sugars, vitamins, and minerals. Furthermore, it
discusses the underlying mechanisms driving these effects and explores potential implications for carrot
cultivation practices and consumer health.

1. Introduction
Vegetables are regarded as one of the primary sources of vitamins, minerals, fiber, organic acids, and other nutrients
for humans. Vegetables, different from grains, tend to be crops with a predominantly carbohydrate metabolism.
Because their products are primarily consumed fresh, it is critical to increase the content of vitamins, carbohydrates,
mineral salts, biologically active substances, and antioxidants in the food tissues while decreasing the concentration
of nitrates, nitrites, nitrosamines, heavy metals, radionuclides, and pesticide residues, all of which may negatively
impact human health.
A healthy soil is crucial for producing the nutritional components found in vegetables, specifically the number of
nutrients in the soil, the soil's ability to pass and retain moisture, and the availability of air and heat to plants [1, 2].
Unfortunately, repetitive cultivation diminishes soil fertility, resulting in an unequal distribution of macroelements
and microelements. The requirement for missing nutrients can be satisfied by the right use of organic and mineral
fertilizers, which not only enhances soil output and fertility, but also improves the purity and quality of the end
products. Nonetheless, it is vital to consider the biological features of vegetable crops, as well as how they interact
with the soil.
Carrots (Daucus carota L.) are one of the most common and economically important vegetable crops in the world.
The vitamin value of carrots is primarily due to the high content of carotenoids (precursors of vitamin A) [3, 4], and
is also rich in dietary fiber and proteins necessary for the human body. Carrots promote recovery processes, increase
the number of antioxidants in the blood, which strengthens the immune system and promotes the growth of healthy


*
Corresponding author: turatbekova888@gmail.com

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 563, 03074 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202456303074
ICESTE 2024

cells. Used to treat various infectious diseases, diarrhea, lowers blood cholesterol, has antifungal, anti-inflammatory,
antibacterial, anticonvulsant, and anticancer properties [5, 6].
It has been discovered that the nutritional and organoleptic qualities of carrots can vary significantly from time to
time, due to factors affecting their chemical composition. These factors may be determined by the composition of the
water, the nature and structure of the soil, the quality and quantity of fertilizers applied. The use of complex
fertilizers and irrigation can affect the basic biochemical characteristics of carrots and, consequently, the nutritional
value of finished products, including their content of nutrients and vitamins [3, 7]. Of particular relevance at present
are studies of the influence of mineral and organic fertilizers on the quality of vegetable crops, including biochemical
indicators of the quality of carrot, which was the subject of study in this review work.

2. Phytochemical Content of Daucus carota L.

Carrot (Daucus carota L) belongs to the Apiaceae family of plants. Biennial, less often annual or perennial
herbaceous plants. The root is spindle-shaped, whitish, woody. The leaves are pinnately dissected and long-petiolate.
The flowers are small, mostly white, hermaphrodite, having both male and female organs͖ inflorescence complex
umbrella. The core of the root crop (xylem) is surrounded by a layer of bark (phloem); Between the core and the bark
there is a cambial layer, consisting of cells capable of dividing (due to which the growth of the root crop occurs). The
color of the bark is usually more intense than the color of the pith. Carrot roots have different shapes and colors,
depending on the presence of coloring pigments (Figure 1) [8, 9]. Carrots, which contain a lot of anthocyanins, tend
to be purple [10]. Daucus carota L. contains variety of nutrients, including lecithin, pectin, essential oils, volatile oils,
vitamins, gluten, starch, extractin, malic acid, carotene, protein, water, sugar, and trace elements such as calcium,
manganese, phosphorus, iron, potassium, and molybdenum [11]. Numerous phytochemical studies on this plant have
shown active components and amino acids, including triterpenes, volatile oils, licerides, tannins, carbohydrates,
steroids, hydrocarotene, carotene, and flavonoids [12].

Fig. 1. Carrot morphology and root anatomy

Carrot tissue contains a large number of phenolic compounds. These compounds improve sensory properties
including aroma, color, and taste [13]. Carrot root is very rich in hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives [14].
Carrots are reported to be rich in phenolic acids, including caffeic, p-hydroxybenzoic and chlorogenic acids, as well
as anthocyanins, a family of flavonoids [15]. The amount of individual phenolic compounds decreases from the outer
peel to the inner part of the xylem [16]. Peel contains the maximum amount of phenolics at 54.1%, followed by
phloem (39.5%) and xylem (6.4%). However, the concentration of phenolic compounds is determined by the variety,
extraction method, as well as the condition of the soil, harvesting and storage of the crop [17]. The physiological
significance of carrots and their special value in human nutrition are due to the high content of provitamin A,
carotene, and its biologically active part alpha- and beta-carotene in root vegetables [18]. Daucus carota L. mainly
contains two forms of carotenoids: carotenes and xanthophylls. Carrot roots include the following major carotenoids:
ß-carotene (75%), α-carotene (23%), lutein (1.9%), as well as cryptoxanthin, lycopene and zeaxanthin [19]. In
cultivated carrot roots, 80% of the total amount of detected carotenoids is Beta-carotene [20]. The number of
carotenoids is influenced by two main factors: genetics and external influences [21].

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3. Plant nutrient availability

Certain components are necessary for plants to finish their developmental cycle, and these elements cannot be
substituted. Conditionally replaceable components also need to be present in small quantities to positively affect
plant growth and development. The method of absorption of nutrients to varying degrees depends on various factors
affecting the availability of macro and micro elements. One of the most important factors is the reaction of the soil
environment (pH) [22]. The availability of nutrients to plants is correlated with different pH levels.
Plants can readily access many macroelements such as nitrogen, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sulfur within a
pH range of 6.5–8, with the exception of phosphorus. Microelements, on the other hand, are available to plants in
slightly acidic conditions with a pH of 5–7 (Figure 2) [23, 24]. Within the appropriate pH ranges, plants can
efficiently uptake nutrients. It is important to consider the biological characteristics of vegetable crops when
adjusting environmental pH levels. For carrots, the optimal pH range is between 6.0 and 6.5.

Fig. 2. Nutrient availability based on soil pH [24]

One of the most significant factors for healthy plant growth is the optimum salt content in the soil solution. At very
low concentrations of soil solution on poor soils, plants are not able to absorb the required amount of nutrients, while
at the same time, an excessively high concentration of salts can sharply retard the growth of plants and even lead to
their death, which often happens on saline soils of dry steppes and deserts, as well as when applying excessive doses
of mineral fertilizers. According to available research, carrots can withstand low salinity conditions. However, under
conditions of the highest salinity (16 dS/m), plant height, leaf length, fresh leaf mass and root mass decrease [25]. In
an experiment by Jahan et al. The influence of salt concentration and carrot variety on plant performance was
revealed (Table 1). In areas where there are saline fields, it would be advisable to harvest carrot varieties that have a
higher salt-tolerant ability.

Table 1. Influence of salt concentration on five major parameters of carrot [26]

content (%)

content (%)
Root length

Dry matter

Dry matter
Root fresh
weight (g)
Diameter
Root
(cm)

(cm)

Treatments

T0(Control, 0 10.12 13.76 19.56 13.87 86.13

mM)
T1 (50 mM) 8.97 12.66 13.22 16.21 83.79
T2(100 mM) 7.84 9.61 5.16 16.96 83.04
T3 (150 mM) 9.23 8.09 3.93 20.19 79.82
LSD 0.05 0.31 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.43
LSD 0.01 0.43 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.59

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4. The features of fertilizer usage

Assessing crop production systems involves a critical consideration of nutrient use efficiency. The objective of
nutrient management is to optimize the overall productivity of cropping systems by providing crops with cost-
effective sustenance while minimizing nutrient loss from the fields. Vegetable crops typically require higher soil
nutrient levels, necessitating increased fertilizer application for sustained soil use. To meet the anticipated demand
for food in adequate quantity and quality at an affordable cost, it is necessary to maintain relatively low production
expenses and enhance productivity. The partial nutrient balance method can be utilized to evaluate the productivity
of nutrients absorbed by a crop during a single growing season (formula 1):
Nu
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 t × 10 (1)
𝑓𝑓

where: NuE—Nutrient uptake Efficiency, kg kg -1;

Nut—the uptake of a tested nutrient, kg or g ha -1;
Nuf—therate of a nutrient applied as fertilizer, kg, g ha -1 [27].
Soil serves as the primary medium for plant growth and also acts as the main storehouse for water and nutrients.
Consequently, it is crucial to consider the impact of soil factors on nutrient absorption and fertilizer utilization across
various phenomena and processes at multiple levels (Figure 3).

Fig. 3. Fertilizer Use Effectiveness (FUE): a mechanism [27]

Fertilizer Use Effectiveness (FUE) indices are examined in relation to soil physical and chemical parameters, as well
as nutrient uptake processes. These indices encompass various aspects:
(A) Nutrient release from the solid phase;
(B) Nutrient transport processes from the soil to the root surface;
(C) The plant's physiological response to nutrient supply conditions;
(D) Nutrient transportation processes to the plant shoot;
(E) Nutrient remobilization and transfer into grain/seeds.
Red arrows indicate feedback and influencing replies, while blue arrows show transportation operations. The partial
factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPNf), apparent nutrient efficiency (ANuE), nitrogen gap (NG), nitrogen
remobilization efficiency (NRE), contribution of remobilized N to grain (CNR), apparent nutrient recovery (ANuR),
and nutrient uptake efficiency (NuE) are all explained by the FUE indicators. Furthermore, Umin denotes the
minimum amount of nutrient absorption necessary for the greatest rate of plant growth, while PE stands for
physiological N efficiency [27].
Fertilizers can be classified based on their chemical composition as organic, organomineral, and bio.
Mineral fertilizers are commercially available fertilizers that contain essential minerals as nutrients. These fertilizers
are either single-component, containing one nutrient, or multi-component, containing two or more nutrients. Many
mineral fertilizers contain nutrients in water-soluble form, making it easier for plants to absorb them quickly.
Applying mineral fertilizers increases the concentration of plant nutrients in the soil.

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Nitrogen fertilizers are utilized across all types of crops and soil. They are commonly applied in rows for sowing and
fertilization. The choice of nitrogen fertilizer forms is crucial for the successful cultivation of vegetable crops.
Empirical evidence has demonstrated that nitrate fertilizers such as sodium and calcium nitrate can significantly
enhance yields when used on crops with a short growth period, like radish, lettuce, spinach, early cauliflower,
especially in cold spring conditions. Urea is suitable for general application and is particularly effective for
irrigation-based fertilization. Ammonium-based nitrogen fertilizers, such as ammonium sulfate 51, are best suited for
application during plowing. These fertilizers effectively retain nitrogen in the soil, especially in medium and heavy
loamy soils, and are less susceptible to leaching from heavy watering or precipitation. Consequently, on irrigated
neutral soils, ammonium sulfate often outperforms other nitrogen fertilizers in terms of efficiency. However, the use
of physiologically acidic ammonium sulfate is not recommended for soddy-podzolic soils with high acidity as it
could deteriorate the chemical properties of the soil and elevate the mobile aluminum content. Research investigating
the impact of nitrogen fertilizers on the physicochemical characteristics of carrots indicates that carrots grown in peat
bogs, alluvial meadow soils, and chernozems exhibit minimal response to nitrogen fertilizer application. The findings
of the study suggest that nitrogen fertilizers have only a marginal influence on the chemical properties of the soil,
primarily affecting pH levels, as well as the solubility of mineral nutrients in the soil, subsequently impacting the
uptake and accumulation of minerals by carrot plants [28]. Nevertheless, when nitrogen is combined with other
mineral fertilizers, positive outcomes can be achieved. For instance, in the case of dual application of N90P90K100
fertilizers, there was an increase in average carrot yield from 575.6 to 786.19 kg.ha-1 [29].
Phosphorus fertilizers are required for the optimal growth of vegetable crops in their early phases of development.
Inadequate phosphorus supply during this period has a detrimental impact on plant health, and subsequent application
of phosphorus fertilizers cannot compensate for this deficiency. The chemical industry manufactures a variety of
phosphorus fertilizers, including water-soluble (simple and double superphosphate, ammophos, diammophos),
citrate-soluble (mass slag, defluorinated phosphate, precipitate, thermophosphates, magnesium ammonium phosphate,
calcium metaphosphate), and sparingly soluble (phosphorite meal and bone meal) types. These fertilizers differ in
their phosphoric acid content and solubility characteristics, with superphosphate being the most suitable form for
most vegetable crops. Pure phosphorite flour is rarely utilized for vegetable crops and is not suitable for neutral or
calcareous soils. In vegetable cultivation, it can be applied to prepare acidic soils and for composting with peat and
manure. The application of phosphorus fertilizers results in a modest increase in carrot yield (2-9%), but notably
accelerates the maturation of root crops, enhances their quality, and extends their shelf life across all soil types.

Table 2. Carrot growth characteristics as a result of foliar potassium treatment [30]

Leaves dry
Number of

weight (g)
weight of

Root dry
roots (g)
Diametr

in roots
Leaves

weight

weight
length
leaves
height

T.S.S
Fresh
Plant

fresh
Root

Root
cm

cm

(g)
Treatment

1- season
Control 55.5 10.25 13 2.08 49.7 28.58 1.91 4.65 2.65
0.5 ml/l of foliar K 60 15.75 14.38 2.4 68.9 32.83 3.33 5.6 3.05
1 ml/l of foliar K 66 18.75 15.25 3.2 70.4 36.5 4.03 7.1 3.36
1.5 ml/l of foliar K 67.5 20.25 16.5 3.85 77.3 50.35 6.58 8.85 3.91
2 ml/l of foliar K 69.3 21.5 17.13 4.23 81.25 50.75 6.7 9.51 4.11
L.s.d at 5% 2.3 1.69 0.86 0.45 5.58 1.21 0.16 0.84 0.22
2- season
Control 51 9.5 10.5 2 45.7 26.33 1.84 4.285 2.36
0.5 ml/l of foliar K 57.25 12.5 14.13 2.23 68.4 31.33 3.08 5.1 3
1 ml/l of foliar K 60.5 17 14.75 2.8 69 33.7 3.73 6.35 3.21
1.5 ml/l of foliar K 65.5 18.25 15.75 3.43 77.3 49.05 6.1 8.555 3.51
2 ml/l of foliar K 68.81 20 16.5 3.92 80.4 51.5 6.57 8.87 3.65
L.s.d at 5% 4.83 2.41 1.1 0.55 6.94 4.91 0.56 1.58 0.41

Potassium fertilizers play a crucial role in vegetable cultivation by promoting colloid swelling and enhancing water
retention in plant cells. Additionally, potassium significantly influences the biosynthesis of carbohydrates, proteins,
and amino acids. Its importance is particularly evident in the transportation of organic compounds from vegetative to
food organs, as well as in accelerating the ripening of vegetable crops and improving their quality and preservation
during winter. Consequently, late vegetable crops have a high demand for potassium. When applied to various soil
types, potassium fertilizers notably enhance the yield of carrots. The potassium requirements of most vegetable crops
surpass those of nitrogen due to their involvement in carbohydrate accumulation processes. Application of potassium

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through foliar spraying has been shown to significantly enhance carrot growth, yield, root length, and diameter
compared to untreated control plants (Table 2) [30].
The use of mineral and organic fertilizers in combination is currently endorsed by numerous studies. Since organic
fertilizers enable the soil's mineral composition to be increased, plants are able to absorb more nutrients from the soil
and increase its constituent parts. According to recent studies comparing different fertilizers, the most favourable
results were obtained using a mix of NPK fertilizer and chicken manure [31].
Organic fertilizers are derived from plants or animals and consist of plant residues or animal excretions such as
manure, peat, bird droppings, sapropel, composts, straw, and green manure. These fertilizers contain organic
substances of plant or animal origin and are characterized as long-acting. The nutrients in organic fertilizers are
primarily in organic form, and their release occurs gradually during the growing season without creating excessive
concentrations of mineral salts in the soil. It is recommended to analyse the physicochemical properties of the soil
before applying organic fertilizers, as their effectiveness depends on soil properties, cultivation practices, and humus
content. Research on the effects of different types of organic fertilizers on various vegetable crops suggests that they
have a limited impact on the physical parameters of carrots. However, when compared to unfertilized plants, organic
fertilizers can be beneficial for improving the growth and yield of carrots during cultivation (Table 3) [32].

Table 3. The effect of organic fertilizer (OF) and application rate on carrot leaf length and root total soluble solids [32]

Nevertheless, the assessment of vegetable quality cannot be accurately determined by a single quantitative
characteristic. Specifically, the evaluation takes into account three main criteria: appearance (size, shape, color,
defects, and unique taste), technological suitability (processability and storage), and nutritional value (nutrient
content). Quality attributes are often capable of being quantitatively measured, allowing for comparisons. Given the
significance of carrots' mineral and vitamin content for human health, it is imperative to examine how organic
fertilizers collectively impact the nutritional composition of carrots. In some cases, organic fertilizers may need to be
utilized in conjunction with other methods to yield positive outcomes. For instance, when employing various soil
treatments and utilizing bird droppings in different quantities, diverse values for carotene content (ranging from 7-
23.9 mg/100g) and vitamin C content (ranging from 23.9-50.5 mg/100g) were observed [33, 34]. Other research
indicates that roots treated with organic fertilizers exhibited higher concentrations of beneficial components such as
vitamin C, total sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose), and mineral compounds compared to those treated with
inorganic fertilizers (NPK) [35].
Another important value of organic fertilizers is their prolonged effect on the physical and chemical properties of the
soil. They enhance soil drainage, ventilation, and water retention. Numerous studies have highlighted the influence of
organic fertilizers on soil's physical properties, such as increasing overall porosity and enhancing soil structure and
pore system quality, which indirectly affects soil microflora positively. Compost, a type of organic fertilizer, is
utilized to improve soil porosity and structure, indirectly benefiting plant growth. Research involving compost as a
fertilizer has demonstrated its positive impact on various indicators of carrot growth during the growing season [36].
Additionally, experience with compost has revealed an increase in the availability of essential microelements like
boron, which plays a crucial role in plant cell wall formation, nucleic acid synthesis, cytokinin production, and sugar
translocation within plants [37].

5. Conclusion
Finally, it can be highlighted that fertilizers have a significant impact on the biochemical composition of carrot roots,
impacting phytochemical content, sugars, vitamins, and minerals. However, increasing carrot yield and quality

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requires the right application of fertilizers. Without awareness of the soil's properties and mineral composition,
excessive or unbalanced fertilizer application can jeopardize plant nutrition, cause soil degradation, and disturb the
normal flow of minerals. As a result, implementing precision nutrient management strategies customized to specific
soil conditions and crop requirements is critical for improving carrot growing practices and ensuring the production
of healthy, high-quality carrots for customers worldwide. It is recommended to utilize contemporary carrots.

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