Electronic Devices and Circuits II

(Subject code: )

LABORATORY MANUAL

FOR II / IV B.E (ECE): II - SEMESTER

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

National Institute of Technology (NIT), Andhra Pradesh

Tadepalligudem-534102
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Single stage BJT amplifier

2. Two stage BJT amplifier

3. FET amplifier

4. Differential amplifier

5. Voltage series feedback amplifier

6. Voltage shunt feedback amplifier

7. Current series feedback amplifier

8. Current shunt feedback amplifier

9. RC phase shift oscillator

10. Wein bridge oscillator

11. LC/ crystal oscillator

12. Power amplifier

13. Tuned amplifier

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Figure.1 CE Amplifier Circuit

MODEL GRAPHS:

Figure.2 frequency Response

Figure.3 Transient Response

EXPERIMENT-1
SINGLE STAGE BJT AMPLIFIER

AIM: To Find the frequency response of a Common Emitter Transistor Amplifier and to find the
Bandwidth from the Response, Voltage gain, Input Resistance, output resistance.

APPARATUS:
Name Range / Value Quantity
Regulated D.C Power supply 0–30 Volts 1
Transistor BC107/BC547 1
Resistors 1kΩ 2
Resistors 6.8kΩ,10KΩ, 2.2/2.7KΩ,1.5kΩ. Each 1
Capacitors 10uf,100uf 3
Signal Generator ----- 1
Dual Trace CRO 20MHz 1
Bread Board and connecting wires ----- 1 Set

THEORY: Amplifiers are classified as small signal amplifiers and large signal amplifiers depending on
the shift in operating point, from the quiescent condition caused by the input signal. If the shift is small,
amplifiers are referred to as small signal amplifiers and if the shift is large, they are known as large signal
amplifiers. In small signal amplifiers, voltage swing and current swing are small. Large signal amplifiers
have large voltage swing and current swing and the signal power handled by such amplifiers remain large.
Voltage amplifiers come under small signal amplifiers. Power amplifiers are one in which the output
power of the signal is increased. They are called large signal amplifiers. Figure shows the circuit diagram
of a common emitter amplifier.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure (1).
2. Apply Vcc of 12 Volts DC.
3. Apply I/P Voltage of 20mV at 1KHz from the Signal Generator and observe the O/P on CRO.
4. Vary the frequency from 10 Hz to 1MHz in appropriate steps and note down the corresponding
O/P Voltage Vo in a tabular form.
5. Calculate the Voltage Gain Av = Vo/Vs and note down in the tabular form.
6. Plot the frequency (f) Vs Gain (Av) on a Semi-log Graph sheet, draw a horizontal line at 0.707
times Av (Voltage gain) and note down the cut off points and the Bandwidth is given by
B.W = f2 – f1.
OBSERVATIONS: I/P Voltage, Vs = 20mV
Voltage Gain Av Av in dB
Sl.No Frequency (Hz) O/P Voltage, Vo (V) =Vo/Vi = 20* log V(out/Vin)
1 100
2 200
3 300
4 500
5 700
6 1K
7 3K
8 5K
9 7K
10 10K
11 30K
12 50K
13 70K
14 100K
15 300K
16 500K
17 700K
18 1M

PRECAUTIONS:
Check the wires for continuity before use.
Keep the power supply at Zero volts before Start
All the contacts must be intact

RESULT:
The common emitter amplifier is designed, and its frequency response is plotted.
Voltage gain = Vo/Vin =
Lower cutoff frequency =
Upper cutoff frequency =
Bandwidth =
Input Resistance & output resistance=
QUESTIONS:
1. Define β.
2. Explain in detail procedure for measuring β.
3. Using the values of β, determine the value of α.
4. What are the differences, if any in determining the current gain of NPN and PNP
transistors?
5. In the circuit, what should be the effect of reversing the polarity of VBB?
6. What is meant by bias stabilization? Why it is used?
7. What is the phase relationship between the input and output signals of CE amplifier?

APPLICATIONS: BJTs are used as amplifiers or switches to produce wide applicability in electronic
equipment include mobile phones, industrial control, television, and radio transmitters
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:
Input Wave form:

First stage output:

Second stage output:

Figure.2. Transient Response

Figure.3 Frequency Response:

EXPERIMENT-2
TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER

AIM: To calculate the voltage gain and to observe frequency response of RC Coupled amplifier.

APPARATUS:
Name Range / Value Quantity
Regulated D.C Power supply 0–30 Volts 1
Transistor BC107/BC547 2
Resistors 1kΩ 4
Resistors 6.8kΩ,10KΩ, 2.2/2.7KΩ,1.5kΩ. Each 2
Capacitors 10uf-4no,100uf-2no 6no
Signal Generator 2MHz 1
Dual Trace CRO 20MHz 1
Bread Board and connecting wires ----- 1 Set

THEORY:
This is most popular type of coupling as it provides excellent audio fidelity.
A coupling capacitor is used to connect output of first stage to input of second stage. Resistances R1, R2,
Re, form biasing and stabilization network. Emitter bypass capacitor offers low reactance paths to signal
coupling Capacitor transmits ac signal, blocks DC. Cascade stages amplify signal and overall gain is
increased total gain is less than product of gains of individual stages. Thus, for more gain coupling is done
and overall gain of two stages equals to A = A1*A2

A1 = voltage gain of first stage

A2 = voltage gain of second stage.

When ac signal is applied to the base of the transistor, its amplified output appears across the collector
resistor Rc. It is given to the second stage for further amplification and signal appears with more strength.
Frequency response curve is obtained by plotting a graph between frequency and gain in db. The gain is
constant in mid frequency range and gain decreases on both sides of the mid frequency range. The gain
decreases in the low frequency range due to coupling capacitor Cc and at high frequencies due to junction
capacitance Cbe.

PROCEDURE:
1. Apply input by using function generator to the circuit.
2. Observe the output waveform on CRO.
3. Measure the voltage at Output of first stage & Output of second stage.
4. From the readings calculate voltage gain of first stage, second stage and overall gain of
two stages. Disconnect second stage and then measure output voltage of first stage calculates
voltage gain.
5. Compare it with voltage gain obtained when second stage was connected.
6. Note down various values of gain for different frequencies.
7. A graph is plotted between frequency and voltage gain.
 Input signal Vi =10mV; Vs (1st stage) =; Vs ( 2nd stage) =
Output voltage in Gain
Input Signal Gain(A) =Vo/Vi
Sl volts (in dBs)=20log(A)
Frequency in
No. At 1st At 2nd At 1st At 2nd At 1st At 2nd
Hzs
stage stage stage stage stage stage

PRECAUTIONS:

All connections should be tight.

Transistor terminals must be identifying properly.
Reading should be taken without any parallax error.

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the necessity of cascading?

2. What is 3dB bandwidth?
3. Why RC coupling is preferred in audio range?
4. Which type of coupling is preferred and why?
5. Explain various types of Capacitors?
6. What is loading effect?
7. Why it is known as RC coupling?
8. What is the purpose of emitter bypass capacitor?
9. Which type of biasing is used in RC coupled amplifier.

APPLICATIONS:
1. RF Communications.
2. Optical Fiber Communications.
3. Public address systems as pre-amplifiers.
4. Controllers.
5. Radio or TV Receivers as small signal amplifiers.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure.1 Differential Amplifier

EXPERIMENT-3
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To obtain measured values of differential-mode gain 𝐴𝑣𝑑𝑚, common-mode gain 𝐴𝑣𝑐𝑚
and common-mode rejection ratio 𝐶𝑀𝑅𝑅.

THEORY:
Differential amplifiers circuit constructing from two bipolar junction transistor (BJT), so that have two
separated inputs and outputs pins with common emitter pin as shown in figure

TABULARFORMS:

Applied all differential amplifier modes. 𝑉𝑜= 𝐴𝑣 ∗ (𝑉𝑖𝑛1 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 )

Single-input mode:

Vin1 Vin2 Vo1 Vo2

50mv 0
0 50mv
Double input mode:

Vin1 Vin2 Vo1 Vo2

50mv 50mv
100mv 50mv
200mv 300mv
Common input mode:

Vin Vo1 Vo2

50mv
0

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Vary the input signal frequency slowly.

2. Connect electrolytic capacitors carefully.

ANALYSIS:
APPLICATIONS:

The amplifier which amplifies the difference between two input signals is called as Differential amplifier.
The differential amplifier configuration is very much popular and it is used in variety of analog circuits.
It is basic building in operational amplifier. signal amplification applications, controlling of motors &
servo motors, input stage emitter-coupled logic, switch, and so on are common applications of the
differential amplifier circuit.

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Voltage series without feedback

 VOLTAGE-SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM: - To obtain the frequency response of a voltage series feedback amplifier and also find its
following characteristics
voltage series gain (Av), current gain (Ai), input impedance (Zin), Output impedance (Zo) and bandwidth
Compare the above calculated values with the values of without feedback amplifier.

APPARATUS:
SL. No Name Range Quantity
1 Power supply 0-30V 1 No.
2 Transistor BC 107 / BC 547 2 No.
1K, 10 K,3.3 K, K, 1 No,2 No,3 No,
3 Resistor
330,680 1 No,2NO.
4 Capacitor 102pF,10 μF,100 μF 2No,2 No, 2 No.
7 Bread board ------- 1 No.
8 Signal Generator ------- 1No.
9 Connecting wires As per requirement

THEORY: Voltage-Series feedback amplifier is a one type of negative feedback amplifier. Series connection
at input increases input resistance and shunt connection at output reduces output resistance. The resulting
amplifier is a true voltage amplifier.

PROCEDURE:
1. Design the circuit as per the given specifications and connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Without giving any input, connect VCE and measure VCC and IC and compare them with VCE and ICQ.
3. Keep VS at 10 mV, using the signal generator measure the Vi at base.
4. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 10Hz to 1MHz in regular steps and note
down the corresponding output voltage of amplifier without feedback (i.e., with bypass filter).

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Output voltage in Gain
Input Signal Gain(A) =Vo/Vi
volts (In dBs) =20log(A)
Sl.No. Frequency in
With Without With Without With Without
Hzs
feedback feed back feedback feed back feedback feed back
 Model graph for frequency response

Vin

Vout

Model graph for Transient Response

CALCULATIONS:
Amplifier with feedback & Amplifier without feedback

Vs=10mV, Rs=1KΩ, Vi=, Vo= , Ro= Ri=

Maximum voltage gain (AVMax) =Vo/Vin=
Bandwidth =

PRECAUTIONS:

ANALYSIS:

APPLICATIONS: Application of voltage series feedback amplifier is that it can be used as a source follower
(Which is called as the drain characteristics) and emitter follower (where the input impedance is high
whereas the output impedance is low which is good for frequency response) from which the feedback
gain, input resistance and output resistance is determined.

RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

What is meant by Feedback?

What are the types of feedback amplifiers? Explain?

Draw the circuit for voltage series feedback?

What are the differences between positive and negative feedback?

What is the effect of negative feedback on gain of an amplifier?

What is the formula for voltage gain with negative feedback?

What are the other names for positive and negative feedback circuits?

What is the formula for input resistance of a voltage series feedback?

What is the formula for output resistance of a voltage series feedback?

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 1: Voltage shunt with and without feedback Amplifier

 VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To obtain the frequency response of a voltage shunt feedback (with and 0000without)
amplifier and obtain the bandwidth.

APPARATUS:
Name Range Quantity
Power supply 0-30V 1 no.
Transistor BC 107 / BC 547 2 no.
8.2k,10K, 1K,3.3 K, 1 no,2 no,3 no,
Resistor
4.7k,2.2k, 1 no,2 no.
Capacitor 10 μF 3no
Bread board ------- 1 no.
Signal Generator 2Mhz 1 no.
Connecting wires As per requirement

THEORY:
In the voltage shunt feedback circuit, a fraction of the output voltage is applied in parallel with the input
voltage through the feedback network. As the feedback circuit is connected in shunt with the output and the
input as well, both the output impedance and the input impedance are decreased.

WITH FEEDBACK: I/P VOLTAGE Vi =

FREQUENCY (Hz) O/P VOLTAGE (Vo) Gain in dB = (20 log Vo / Vi)
100
200
300
500
700
1k
2k
3k
5k
7k
10k
20k
30k
50k
70k
100k
200k
300k
500k
700k
1M
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. 12V DC supply is given to the circuit for biasing.
3. The circuit is connected without feedback i.e., without RF
4. A certain amplitude of input signal (say 20mV) is kept constant using the function
generator and for different frequencies the output voltage from CRO are noted.
5. Now, the circuit is connected with feedback i.e., with RF.
6. By keeping the input signal constant, the output voltages for different frequencies are noted
from CRO.
7. Gain with and without feedback is calculated from the formula.
Gain = 20 log Vo / Vi (dB)

PRECAUTION:

Avoid loose and wrong connections.

Avoid parallax error while taking readings.

ANALYSIS:

MODEL GRAPHS:

Figure 2: Frequency Response Figure 3: Transient Response

 WITHOUT FEEDBACK: I/P VOLTAGE Vi =

Gain in dB = 20 log
FREQUENCY (Hz) O/P VOLTAGE (Vo) Vo / Vi
100
200
300
500
700
1k
2k
3k
5k
7k
10k
20k
30k
50k
70k
100k
200k
300k
500k
700k
1M

RESULT:

APPLICATIONS:
The feedback applied to the input increases the input signal that can be a voltage signal. This is referred to as
the positive type. It is also known as a direct amplifier. But these kinds of amplifiers are not good at
amplification but can be used in the various types of oscillators.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the relationship between the transfer gain with feedback Af and that without
feedback A.
2. What are the advantages of negative feedback.
3. High BW, less noise, less distortion, gain stability
4. How is the i/p impedance and o/p impedance of a voltage shunt feedback amplifier
5. What are the types of feedback amplifiers.
6. Voltage shunt, current shunt, current series, voltage series feedback amplifiers.

20
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: -

Figure 1: Current series with and without feedback

21
 CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM: To obtain the frequency response characteristics of a Current Series amplifier with and without
feedback and obtain the bandwidth.

APPARATUS:

Name Range Quantity

Power supply 0-30V 1 no.
Transistor BC 107 / BC 547 1 no.
8.2k,10K, 1K,3.3 K, 1 no,2 no,3 no,
Resistor
4.7k,2.2k, 1 no,2 no.
Capacitor 10 μF 3no
Bread board ------- 1 no.
Signal Generator 2Mhz 1 no.
Connecting wires As per requirement

THEORY: Current series feedback amplifier is also called as series fed amplifier or transconductance
amplifier. In this circuit, current sampling and series mixers are used. When the part of the output current is
sampled and given to the feedback circuit, where the fraction of current is converted into a proportional
voltage and then given as input signal. By this technique, the input resistance and bandwidth increase but the
output gain decrease.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. A 10V supply is given to the circuit.
3. The circuit is connected for with feedback, i.e., without bypass capacitor.
4. A certain amplitude of input signal is kept constant using signal generator and for
5. different frequencies, the output voltage from CRO are noted.
6. Now, the circuit is connected for without feedback i.e., with bypass capacitor CE and RE in
7. the circuit.
8. By keeping the input signal constant, the output voltage for different frequencies are
9. noted.
10. Gain for with and without feedback is calculated using

Gain = 20 log Vo / Vi (dB)

.

22
TABULAR FORM: WITH FEEDBACK Vi =

Gain in dB = 20 log Vo
FREQUENCY (Hz) O/P VOLTAGE (Vo) / Vi
100
200
300
500
700
1k
2k
3k
5k
7k
10k
20k
30k
50k
70k
100k
200k
300k
500k
700k
1M
WITH OUT FEEDBACK Vi =
Gain in dB =
FREQUENCY (Hz) O/P VOLTAGE (Vo) 20 log Vo / Vi
100
200
300
500
700
1k
2k
3k
5k
7k
10k
20k
30k
50k
70k
100k
200k
300k
500k
700k
1M

23
MODEL GRAPH: Figure 2: Frequency Response Figure 3: Transient Response

Bandwidth FH-FL

GRAPH: A graph is plotted between gain (dB) and frequency (Hz) for both with and without feedback.

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Connections must be made with proper polarity. 2. Avoid loose and wrong
connections.

ANALYSIS:

RESULT:

APPLICATIONS:
In the current series feedback circuits, both the input and the output resistances are increased because of its
topology. In the current shunt feedback topology, the amplifiers input resistance decreases and the output
resistance decreases because of its connectivity of the input, output and feedback circuits.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1 What is the relationship between the transfer gain with feedback Af and that without
Feedback?
2 Define negative feedback?
3 What are the advantages of negative feedback?

24
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Current shunt with feedback

25
 CURRENT-SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM: - To obtain the frequency response of a current shunt feedback amplifier and also find its
Following characteristics

voltage series gain (Av), current gain (Ai), input impedance (Zin), Output impedance (Zo) and bandwidth
Compare the above calculated values with the values of without feedback amplifier.
APPARATUS:

Components Range Quantity

Trainer Kit -------- 1No
Transistor BC 107 /BC547 2NO
Resistors 1KΩ,2.2KΩ,4.7kΩ, 1No,1NO,3NO,
47KΩ,1.5kΩ, 10kΩ, 2NO,2NO,2NO
Capacitors 10µF, 47µF 3NO,1NO
Function generator -------- 1NO
C.R.O. -------- 1NO

THEORY:
Current-Shunt topology of the feedback amplifier is a one type of negative feedback amplifier. Feedback
signal is proportional to the output current and feedback to input in shunt. The series connection at the
output increases output resistance and shunt connection at input decreases input resistance. The amplifier
works as a true current amplifier
PROCEDURE:
1. Design the circuit as per the given specifications and connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Without giving any input, connect VCE and measure VCC and IC and compare them with VCE and ICQ.
3. Keep VS at 20 mV, using the signal generator measure the Vi at base.
4. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 50Hz to 1MHz in regular steps and note
down the corresponding output voltage of amplifier without feedback (i.e., with bypass filter).
5. Plot the graph between gain (dB) and frequency and calculate the bandwidth.
6. Find the voltage gain, current gain, input and output impedances by following the procedure given
below and compare the values of feedback with the values of amplifier without feedback.
TABULAR FORMS:
Input signal Vi =10mV; Vs (With feedback) = ; Vs (Without feedback) =

Input Gain
Output voltage in volts Gain(A) =Vo/Vi
Sl. Signal (in dBs) =20log(A)
No. Frequency With Without With Without With Without
in Hzs feedback feed back feedback feed back feedback feed back

26
CALCULATIONS:

Amplifier with feedback

Vs=20mV, Rs=1KΩ, Vi=, Vo=, Ro=

Maximum voltage gain (AVMax) =Vo/Vin=

Bandwidth =

Amplifier without feedback

Vs=20mV, Rs=1KΩ, Vi=, Vo=, Ro=

Maximum voltage gain (AVMax) =Vo/Vin=

Bandwidth =

PRECAUTIONS:

ANALYSIS:

RESULT:

APPLICATIONS:
In the current shunt feedback topology, the amplifiers input resistance decreases and the output resistance
decreases because of its connectivity of the input, output and feedback circuit.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

What is meant by Feedback?

What are the types of feedback amplifiers? Explain?

Draw the circuit for voltage series feedback?

What are the differences between positive and negative feedback?

What is the effect of negative feedback on gain of an amplifier?

What is the formula for voltage gain with negative feedback?

What are the other names for positive and negative feedback circuits?

27