volume VI issue I fall 2006

Globalization and Higher Education

Globalization is a term frequently used in For example, the corporations that hire our
the world today, but its precise meaning is not graduates have, themselves, become globalized.
always clear. Globalization and internationalization They expect that our graduates will be capable
are sometimes interchangeably used so that the of working in Thomas Friedman's flattened
differences between them are not consistently world,ii meaning that our graduates need new
defined. In higher education, there are a skills and increased exposure to multiple
dizzying variety of definitions of both words. cultures. These corporations expect us to go
wherever the students are- including internal
Rather than abstractly define globalization markets- to recruit for our advanced education
and internationalization, I use these words like programs (e.g. Executive MBAs), and the
Samuel Palmisano, Chair of the Board and competition for student and faculty talent is
CEO of IBM, who charts historical periods in increasingly global. Of course, technology is
the modern corporation's development.i producing miracles in communications and
"Internationalization," in Palmisano's view, information management that enable higher
describes the hub and spoke industrial education to move more aggressively and
networks of the last half of the 19th and early effectively into a wider geographic arena.
20th centuries. These networks focused on
home country manufacturing with One of the most important developments
international distribution and, in many cases, of recent years is that governments have come
international supply of raw materials. to realize the key contribution of higher
"Globalization," on the other hand, is a late education in global national positioning,
20th century process in which corporations creation of national wealth and welfare, and
have modularized production and utilized new attracting significant foreign exchange. Since
modes of information technology and in the shrinking role of government often makes
which protectionist national barriers are providing adequate financial support to enable
relatively absent. higher education to maintain these roles very
difficult, several governments have produced
Regardless of terminology, change is in the national policiesiii that are intended to make
air in higher education. The knowledge the hub and spoke international activities of
Globalization and Higher economy is growing rapidly worldwide, and in their universities more effective. The goals of
Education ....................................1 most advanced nations, national wealth now such policies are generally to counteract falling
depends more on education and creativity government financial support for higher
The Compass................................2 than on natural resources. Consequently, the education by increasing income from
value of and demand for higher education is international students, while at the same time
On the Web ................................3 increasing worldwide. At the same time, attracting the brightest international students.
however, a major global political and
Community Outreach Programs....4 economic change is occurring. This change is Another major change has been the
reflected in the government's shrinking role in growing use of English as the language of
Fast Forward ................................5
many aspects of life and a corresponding instruction in higher education. As English
New Research at CHEPA ..............5 increase in the importance of global market
forces in the determination of individual, continued on page 3

Contract with California ..............5 group, and state expenditures. It has also led
to an almost universal lessening of per capita
How do you define Globalization? ..6 governmental support for higher education,
resulting in higher education increasingly
Selected CHEPA Publications ........8 finding itself pushed out of its traditional
protected national role into the competitive
global marketplace.

However, there are also powerful pulls into

the global marketplace for higher education.
 In Tom Friedman's popular tome on enable us to break free of the straitjackets
globalization, The World Is Flat, he makes of credit hours, semesters, and what
a convincing case that globalization is constitutes a course.
more than old-fashioned progress and
different from the expansion of American Interdisciplinarity: In a flat world social
culture throughout the world. His book is problems are not viewed in isolation.
provocative but not entirely persuasive in Teams work on projects from multiple
compass
its optimism that positive results are perspectives.
assured if we follow his prescription for
increasing free trade and embracing Multiculturalism: When Congress
technological change. Although I may called for English to be the official
quarrel with his views on how to deal with language of the United States, no major
globalization, I found many of his claims higher education association or any major
thoughtful. He argues that the forces of college president objected. Globalization initiative on academic freedom with
globalization are not going to be turned suggests that all citizens should be fluent Amnesty International. Stay tuned).
back. Just as it would appear ludicrous if I in at least two languages, and if they are
called for a return to the manual not, they risk their ability to be competitive It is neither my role nor is it possible to
typewriter and the dissolution of the in a global economy. provide cookbook-like recipes about how a
internet, Friedman contends much of what campus should respond to these topics.
is taking place - technological advances Engagement: The long held model of Different campuses will develop creative
and outsourcing, among other changes - the university as an ivory tower divorced responses based on their histories and
are not going to stop simply because they from the everyday concerns of society is trajectories. However, if your campus is not
are different from the way we have done not tenable in a global village. A greater discussing these issues, start. If you have
things in the past. The challenge is how to sense of involvement is imperative. discussed these issues and simply
harness these changes in productive ways. reaffirmed that everything is fine, think
Academic work: The static model again. If you think you have made
Friedman discusses the importance of where professors do the same sorts of changes, but they are little more than
education and recognizes that a high work to achieve tenure is over. A more political compromises that reaffirm the
school diploma is no longer sufficient, but robust model that enables individuals to do status quo, start over. Most importantly,
he does not consider what the implications multiple activities needs to be developed. recognize that the often-glacial pace of
of globalization are on academe. Based on campus change will be impacted by an
his analysis and the writings of others, I Academic freedom: Academic freedom academic version of global warming. To
present six issues that will impact is a campus-based concept that enables ignore such signals is to do so at our risk.
postsecondary education because of individuals to speak and write on
globalization. controversial issues. In a global world, we --Bill Tierney
need to be concerned not merely with our
Learning formats: Advances in own campuses but with the rights of
understanding how people learn and how individuals on campuses throughout the
technology can support teaching will world. (To that end, I am beginning an

CHEPA Comings, Goings, and News

We welcome associate professor Dr. Dr. Mari Luna de la Rosa, CHEPA's former Alabama. We miss her as former Navigator
Darnell Cole and assistant professor Dr. Alicia postdoctoral researcher, has taken the editor and researcher.
Dowd to the Rossier School of Education and position of Research Director with The
CHEPA research team. Previously Dr. Cole was Institute for College Access and Success Mr. Victor Garcia has joined CHEPA as
associate professor of higher education at (TICAS). Mari’s efforts here were critical in Director of Outreach & Engagement. Page 4
University of Hawaii, Manoa. He was also our Financial Aid & Access research project. of this issue describes his current focus.
assistant professor and co-director of the We wish her success in her new position.
College Student Personnel program at the We welcome new CHEPA research
School of Education at Marquette University. Former research assistant, Dr. Paz M. assistants Ronn Hallett, Doug Burleson, and
His research areas of interest include Oliverez has recently joined the Los Angeles Kendra Kemp. Ronn is a second-year PhD
race/ethnicity, diversity, and college student Unified School District, Board of Education as student whose work focuses on equity for
experiences. Dr. Dowd is former assistant program analyst in their Educational Policy marginalized students in public schools.
professor in the Higher Education Unit. Her research focus is in college access Doug and Kendra both belong to this year's
Administration Doctoral Program at the and aid for at-risk and undocumented new PhD cohort here at Rossier.
Graduate College of Education of the students. She remains a research associate of
University of Massachusetts, Boston. She CHEPA. Rizza Gonzalez, former CHEPA
focuses her research on political-economic undergraduate student worker, has moved
issues of public college finance, and the Dr. Kari Holley, former CHEPA research on to study law at UCLA. Freshman
factors affecting student attainment in higher assistant, is now assistant professor in higher undergraduate and 2006 SummerTIME
education. education administration at the University of
2
 Globalization and Higher Education
continued from page 1
becomes the language of business and
partners. Often the required partner is a On the Web
local educational institution. Sometimes it is
science, the ability to communicate well in it a supplier of support services or the http://www.ncee.org
becomes more imperative for students who government. However, in the end, The National Center on Education and the
want to succeed. As a consequence, it is numerous institutions have succeeded in Economy is dedicated to providing the tools and
important for higher education in a country creating foreign campuses or degree
to offer course work in English not only to technical assistance the nation needs to lead the
programs where the home institution world in education and training. The center has
prepare their citizens for global competition, essentially controls curriculum, academic
but also to attract the best international re-established the Commission on the Skills of the
staffing, entrance criteria, etc. This has not
students. Although hard data showing the American Workforce in response to changes in
been an easy process due to rapidly
rising use of English in higher education is the global economy.
changing education regulations in many
hard to find, anecdotal information indicates countries, difficulties in gauging student
that the increase is major, and seen in http://www.ase.org
demand, dealing with the required partners,
countries as diverse as Malaysia, Korea, and The Alliance to Save Energy's Green Campus
and getting faculty to participate in or
France. Program is leading the way towards campus
oversee these campuses on a continual
sustainability by bridging the divide between
basis.
The most fundamental re-envisioning of students and institutional energy costs. Through
higher education undertaken as a Green Campus, students are working to save
A much more interesting and
consequence of extra-national considerations is energy on campuses by building general campus
controversial approach involves franchising,
arguably that of the more than 40 countries awareness, incorporating energy conservation and
in which a course or program from an
that have joined the Bologna process.iv This institution is licensed to and delivered by an
efficiency into course curricula, and implementing
process has two major goals. The first is to projects targeting energy use, student purchasing
overseas institution in the name of the
use higher education to help develop and decisions, and operational changes.
franchising institution. This approach moves
strengthen the identity of the European directly into Palmisano's globalization stage.
(very broadly defined) area. The second goal, The instruction process has been http://scholarsatrisk.nyu.edu/
which is global in its focus, is to attract modularized with the curriculum's Scholars at Risk (SAR) is an international
students from around the world to the new development separated from its delivery. network of more than 100 universities and
European education. The Bologna process Development has remained at the home colleges working to promote academic freedom
calls for the (regionally) typically 5-8 year institution, but delivery has been "off and to defend the human rights of scholars
first degree to be broken into two cycles, shored" to an overseas local provider for worldwide. Membership is open to accredited
bachelor and master, with comparable efficiency and effectiveness. At this time, higher education institutions in any country
definitions throughout the Bologna zone. quality control often has been a major committed to the principle that scholars should be
The signatories are committed to create concern with this approach (and to a free to work without fear or intimidation.
quality assurance systems, a common credit somewhat lesser degree, with the foreign Academic associations and other organizations
system, and to work to remove obstacles to campus approach). Such concerns also exist sharing common interest in academic freedom
student mobility. 2010 is the target for this in Palmisano's world. Part of the process of and related values are invited to join as affiliates.
process' completion with the creation of the globalization of industry has been learning
European Higher Education Area. Within how to assure quality control from http://timss.bc.edu/
the European Higher Education Area, we are contractors worldwide. Thus the problem The Trends in Mathematics and Science Study
seeing a new kind of collaborative approach of quality in franchised higher education is and Progress in International Reading and Literacy
to higher education with a near-total almost certainly addressable with time and Study attempt to compare student achievement in
removal of national educational effort. over fifty countries. Every four years, the TIMSS
protectionism. It will be very interesting to assesses fourth and eighth graders, as well as
see the new kinds of educational Higher education is just beginning to students in their final year of schooling. The
collaborations that can be created in coming respond to the forces that have reshaped PIRLS evaluates fourth graders every five years.
years within this new Area. much of the world. Much thought and
experimentation will be required to http://www.ogmios.org/home.htm
As globalization's pressures and determine what our new missions should The Foundation for Endangered Languages
opportunities escalate, many institutions of be and how best to fulfill them. These are seeks to raise awareness about endangered
higher education have moved beyond indeed interesting times! languages, promote language use, and monitor
Palmisano's international model. Most policies affecting language use. They sponsor an
countries employ some form of educational Lloyd Armstrong, Jr. is Provost annual conference and publish a quarterly
protectionism, and getting around these Emeritus and University Professor at the newsletter.
barriers to present educational programs University of Southern California with
leads into something that looks like appointments in the Rossier School of
Palmisano's multinational phase. Generally, Education and the College of Letters, Arts,
entry into a protected country requires local and Sciences.
ON THE
Endnotes:
i. Samuel J. Palmisano, @The Globally Integrated Enterprise@, Foreign Affairs 85,127, May/June 2006.
WEB
ii. Thomas L. Friedman, The World is Flat, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, New York 2005
iii. See. e.g. Engaging The World Through Education: Ministerial Statement on the Internationalization of
Australian Education and Training, by the Honorable Dr Brendan Nelson, MP, Minister of Education, Science
and Training (2003); and descriptions of England’s Initiative for International Education (phases I and II), which
can be found at www.number10.gov.uk.
iv. For extensive background material, see the Bologna Secretariat website at www.dfes.gov.uk/bologna/.
3
community outreach update The Time is WRITE! SummerTIME
Writing Program 2006 In Fact
From July 5 to July 28, the Center for meetings allowed them to feel more
• The number of bachelor's degrees awarded
Higher Education Policy Analysis hosted comfortable in the program and gave
increased by 33 percent between 1989-90 and
the fifth annual SummerTIME Writing them the individual attention they
2003-04, while the number of associate's
Program. This year's cohort included needed to obtain personalized
degrees increased by 46 percent. (NCES, 2006)
sixty local, low-income students who information. Students also met
graduated from public high schools. All individually with a tutor who discussed
• Nineteen percent of children living in the U.S.
of the students will attend four-year specific ways that the student could
ages 5-17 speak a language other than English
universities beginning this fall. By improve. Informal conversations
at home. (NCES, 2006)
doubling the cohort size this year, between students and staff and with
CHEPA continues to expand its influence each other augmented scheduled
• Students of color make up 43 percent of public
on the local community. meetings.
school enrollment in the U.S. (NCES, 2006)

In addition to an intensive, college- This year's program also included an

• Eighty-five percent of the people in the world
level writing course, students attended expanded internal evaluation to assess
who cannot read live in 34 countries. (UNESCO,
sessions designed to help them navigate program outcomes. The evaluation 2006)
their transitions to college. These included both quantitative and
seminars' topics included how to talk to qualitative components, which allow for • Graduate school applications from foreign
professors, library and computer skills, the capturing of multiple perspectives. students are up 11% in 2006, following two
time management, study skills and note- Three measures of student academic years of decline due to increased security after
taking, and financial aid. This year's progress include standardized test 9/11; however, the total number of
students were also able to hear from last results, rubric grades from a holistic pre- international applications is still down 23%
year's cohort at the SummerTIME 2005 and post- writing sample, and teacher since 2003. (Basken, 2006, available at
student panel. Based on student feedback. Based on all three measures, http://www.cgsnet.org/portals/0/pdf/N_Bloombe
feedback, all college knowledge sessions over 80% of students demonstrated rg_IntlApps_306.pdf)
seemed to be equally popular, indicating improved skills by the end of the
the diversity of students' needs as they program. • The number of international students enrolled
anticipate their college transitions. in U.S. postsecondary institutions has been
Students indicated that they would like All in all, students greatly enjoyed steadily rising since 1976, with 3.6% of the
to see additional sessions on dorm life, the program and appreciated the student population consisting of foreign
becoming involved at their universities, opportunity to participate. One student students in 2002. (NCES, 2006)
health-related issues, and how to stated, "I thoroughly enjoyed the
choose which classes to take. program. It was a great way for me to • From 1983-2003, 41.3% of Science and
ease into the life of a college student. I Engineering doctorate degrees awarded to
To provide additional support, staff am prepared for the fall." CHEPA staff international students were earned by Chinese,
mentors conducted interviews with each will continue to keep in touch with this Taiwanese, and Indians. SOURCE: National
student in order to determine how the year's cohort in order to track students' Science Foundation, Division of Science
program could most effectively help him progress and provide mentoring Resources Statistics, Survey of Earned
or her. Students commented that these throughout the freshman year. Doctorates, special tabulations (2003).

Increasing Access via Mentoring Program (I AM)

The Center for Higher Education Policy Analysis (CHEPA) is At this time, CHEPA is interested in identifying mentors among
pleased to announce an expansion of the Increasing Access via USC students, staff, alumni, and faculty as well as interested
Mentoring program (I AM). Building on last year's efforts which individuals in the community. Mentors will commit to participating
allowed USC staff, faculty, and student mentors to guide 55 in 2-3 hours sessions held twice a month with 1 or 2 students at one
graduating seniors at one local public high school through the of the nine schools for the academic year. The mentors should be
college admissions and financial aid process, the program is now
willing to invest in learning about the particular challenges facing
providing mentoring at 9 LAUSD high schools where CHEPA
the target population since most of the students in question will be
researchers conduct studies on college access, college readiness,
first-generation, college bound, underrepresented in college, low
and financial aid. The expansion has been made possible through a
two-year grant by the state of California. We will work in income, and in some cases undocumented. This is an exciting
collaboration with UNITE-LA, a community based organization opportunity to continue USC's and CHEPA's commitment to help
dedicated to increasing access for low-income students. CHEPA also change the world, student by student. If you want to learn more
added the position of Director of Outreach and Engagement and about the project contact Victor at victorg@usc.edu or check out
welcomes Victor Garcia to that role. the CHEPA website: www.usc.edu/dept/chepa

4
 Contract with California
The Center for Higher Education and Policy
Analysis (CHEPA) has been working with
SEPTEMBER policymakers and conducting research for over ten
A. Kezar with T. Fulton, J. Jackson, & P. Eddy:
• Preparing the next generation of higher years in an attempt to increase access to college for
A. Kezar, M. Sundt, & J. Anderson: education leaders: The influence of students in urban areas. CHEPA recognizes the vital
• Strategic global planning: Integrating graduate program curriculum role the governor and government representatives
organizational learning have in improving educational opportunities for all
International Association for Institutional D. Cole students. Currently, we are distributing a "Contract
Research Conference in Rome, Italy • The Impact of Interracial Interactions on with California" that describes the minimum
Students’ Intellectual Self-Concept: Ana educational improvements that should be
examination across racial/ethnic groups established if the state is serious about progress.
OCTOBER Eight points compose the minimum standards that
D. Cole with M. Orsuwan, & B. Ross:
are needed to achieve high quality education in
M. Sallee and S. Harris: • Students’ Satisfaction at a Minority-Serving
Institution: Dominant, titled and token
California public schools including providing college
• An Eastern Perspective on Western
students. financial aid, allowing undocumented students
Education
access to services, and ensuring high quality
International Conference on Service-Learning
Research M. Sallee: educational opportunities for all students.
• A Feminist Approach to Crafting Parental
Leave Policies Another area that the Contract addresses is the
NOVEMBER high school counselor ratios throughout the state.
J. Gupton: The tremendous student caseloads that California
K. Venegas, M. Luna De La Rosa, Z. Corwin, • Homeless Youth and College Access high school counselors are assigned to serve has
& P. Oliverez: attracted much attention. Currently, California has
• Responding to the needs of college-bound P. Oliverez, R. Barato, J. Kier Lopez, & M. A.
the highest student to counselor ratios in the
Latino students: Lessons learned through Olivas:
nation. The California Department of Education
the evolution of a college preparation • Restricted Access and Opportunity:
(CDE) reports that the ratios are not consistent for
program College-ready undocumented immigrant
students in California, North Carolina, and kindergarten through grade twelve. Although
The TRPI 3rd Annual Education Conference,
New York students in high school have the greatest access to
Long Beach, CA
counselors in the state with approximately 500
W. Tierney students assigned to each counselor, their ratio
B. Kennedy
• Free Speech on Campus twice exceeds the 250:1 supported by the American
• Opening Doors and Paving the Way
School Counselor Association and is five times over
The Princeton University Preparatory Program
W. Tierney, B. Kennedy, P. Oliverez, and K. the 100:1 recommended by the American
& The Goldman Sachs Foundation Forum,
Venegas: Counseling Association.
Princeton, NJ
• Theory, action & measurable results:
Designing, implementing and evaluating The Contract encourages government
Annual Meeting, Association for the college preparation programs
representatives to fully fund this essential service for
Study of Higher Education, Anaheim,
students and to decrease the ratios to a maximum
CA: November 2 - 4, 2006 W. Tierney, K. Holley, J. Colyar & Y. Lincoln:
• The Challenge of Translational Research in of 250 students per high school counselor.
A. Kezar with T. Bertram-Gallant, R. Education: Writing across the Boundaries Improved ratios would give students the guidance
Carducci, M. Contreras-McGavin, & J. Lester: necessary to choose appropriate courses and access
• Grassroots leadership in higher education: services to increase high school graduation and
W. Tierney
Encounters with Power and Oppression • Academic Freedom and the Changing college preparation.
Nature of Faculty Work in an Age of
A. Kezar with J. Robbins, N.Diamond, and S. Globalization For more information regarding the Contract for
Richardson: International Forum on Higher Education California go to:
• Choosing the research mission: Strategic Policy Research & Management, USM
institution-building in the American Penang HE Forum, Penang, Malaysia
http://www.usc.edu/dept/chepa/
Research university November 8-11, 2006

New Research Grants at CHEPA

Professor Adrianna Kezar has been awarded a The grant has three objectives: to interpret the Lumina Foundation for education is an
$530,000 grant from the Lumina Foundation role IDAs currently have in generating college Indianapolis-based, private foundation dedicated
for Education for a three-year national study of access through asset development; to examine the to expanding access and success in education
Individual Development Accounts (IDA). IDAs are potential of IDAs for growth with respect to beyond high school.
similar to 401K plans used for retirement increasing college access for low-income students;
preparation, and Kezar hopes to discover how and to explore the challenges and potential The Goldman Sachs Foundation has
they can help society’s most impoverished have growth for IDAs within the higher education awarded CHEPA $500,000 for a two-year project
greater prospects to participate in higher sphere. related to access for low-income public school
education.
continued on page 7 5
 How do you define Globalization?
In this issue, we asked four scholars to define globalization and to discuss what they thought its impact would be on
tertiary education in 5 years.

Philip G. Altbach projects including the roll-out of global markets, linkages from
Monan Professor of Higher Education and below among environmental and human rights activists, and the
Director of the Center for International Higher free exchange of knowledge and cultural artifacts within a common
Education at Boston College space. The distinctive elements in globalization today are (1) the
open information environment with instant messaging and data
Globalization is defined as the broad economic, transfer created by communications technologies, so that higher
technological, and scientific trends that directly education and knowledge are becoming thoroughly networked on
affect higher education and are largely a world scale, and (2) the dominance of Anglo-American economic
inevitable in the contemporary world. These trends include and cultural contents in many sectors including higher education.
information technology in its various manifestations, the use of a Globalization is associated with a global market of doctoral
common language for scientific communication, the imperatives of universities led by the Ivy League, the one-way influence of
society's mass demand for higher education (massification) and for American institutions on the rest of the world, and a brain drain
highly educated personnel, and the "private good" trend in thinking from emerging nations. But the power of the Internet, air travel and
about the financing of higher education. knowledge are not confined to English-speaking cultures. Over the
next five years we can welcome signs of a more plural environment
According to this definition, globalization is not in which American institutions are affected in their turn by the
determined by the "neo-liberal agenda" or by multinational growth of research in China, Korea and Singapore; the European
corporations, nor is it the "new neo-colonialism" put into play by higher education space is consolidated; conversations with Arabic-
power hungry governments. No doubt, the multinationals as well as speaking institutions may advance; and Spanish begins to become a
some governments seek to manipulate the new global environment global language both outside and inside the United States.
for their advantage. At the same time, NGO's, social movements,
and some universities may oppose elements of globalization. All,
however, are affected, and none can afford to opt out. Professor Dr. Morshidi Sirat
Director, National Higher Education Research
There is little doubt that these broad trends will continue Institute (NaHERI)
into the future. Academic institutions, departments, and individuals
must all understand the implications of the new global environment. Malaysia: Globalization and Its Impacts on
It is, of course, possible to develop strategies and approaches to Tertiary Education
cope with globalization. Clear policies, for example relating to the
World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services Based on my training in geography, I am more
(GATS) may permit nations or academic institutions to affect the inclined to view globalization either as a "process" or as "a fact of
outcome of negotiations. Policies concerning international academic the contemporary world." As a process, globalization is a
linkages or toward the new for-profit higher education sector may heightened tendency towards interactions and interdependencies of
affect governmental or institutional policies. socio-economic and technological factors, which drastically change
our lives and economic spaces. As a fact of the contemporary world,
globalization is "the compression of the world and the
Simon Marginson intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole"
Professor, Personal Chair in Education (Robertson, Globalization, 1992: 8).
Director, Monash Center for Research in
International Education In my adopted discipline of higher education policy
Monash University research, globalization is loosely interpreted as a socio-economic
and technological process, which tends to blur or diminish
The British political scientist David Held and his geopolitical borders and national systems. I associate this process
collaborators define globalization simply as with heightened competition among providers of tertiary education
"the widening, deepening and speeding up of world wide in Malaysia and Asia-Pacific. An important element of this
interconnectedness." It is the process of growing interdependence competition arose from the penetration of transnational education
and convergence, on a worldwide or continental scale, driven by service providers in the Malaysian tertiary education landscape.
more extensive and intensive flows of people, ideas, information, Policy-makers in Malaysia commonly conflate globalization and
technologies and money. It takes many forms and embodies various internationalization together. It is difficult to impress upon policy-

6
makers that these two terms should not be interchangeably used Imanol Ordorika
and that globalization is a process impacting internationalization. Professor, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Jane Knight's statement that "internationalization is changing the México
world of education and globalization is changing the world of
internationalization" (Updated Definition of Internationalization, Globalization designates the complex
International Higher Education, Number 33 Fall 2003: 2) made my arrangements of contemporary society and
task of explaining to policy-makers the distinction between the present phase of capitalist development.
globalization and internationalization much easier. It has become an all-encompassing notion
that attempts to be inclusive of and, at the same time, obscures a
During the 1990s, opportunities and challenges resulting broad set of processes, ideas, policies, and structures. Like
from globalization confronted the tertiary education sector in industrialization, globalization broadly depicts a historical period
Malaysia. Admittedly, these private tertiary education providers characterized by distinct dynamics, ideologies, forms, and
have in some ways threatened the traditional "monopoly" of local institutions.
(public) tertiary educational institutions in the provision of tertiary
education in Malaysia. The 1969 Essential (Higher Education The concept's vagueness and ambiguity accounts for a
Institution) Regulation has effectively barred private sector multiplicity of perspectives. Unsurprisingly, debates about
providers from conferring degrees, and most importantly, foreign globalization's unique or distinctive character exist vis-à-vis other
tertiary educational institutions were not allowed to establish instances of economic and cultural internationalization, the extent
branch campuses in Malaysia. With the onset of globalization in to which capital accumulation has transcended nation-states, or
Malaysia in the late 1980s and coupled with other global the role and power of nation states.
developments and domestic pressures, private tertiary institutions
offering pre-university courses, twinning, and franchise programs This phase of capitalist development is grounded on
were introduced. These important developments were the economic processes, social interactions, politics, culture, and
precursors to significant reforms in tertiary education in 1996 and individual relationships that transcend national borders. These
1997. relationships take place in a world made smaller, at a virtually
instantaneous pace, and enabled by information technologies,
Globalization clearly presents new opportunities, digital communications, and modern transportation. Space and
challenges, and risks for tertiary education. For Malaysia in the next time are redefined by interactions occurring in real time and on a
five years, the government's strategic objective to turn the country planetary scale.
into a regional education hub by fully endorsing and implementing
an action plan suggests that globalization will impact further the For many people, globalization is essentially a new
Malaysian tertiary education sector. Transnational higher education economic order in which the most advanced sectors of the new
providers will become dominant in the tertiary education economy - commodity exchanges, financial transactions, strategic
landscape with trade in education services as an important national innovations, corporate management, and even production - take
economic policy objective. In this scenario, regulating the quality of place at a global level and in real time. Ideology, symbols and ideas
programs and provision of education services will be a daunting are equally important. The discourse of globalization assumes that
task. In the absence of regulations, there is the danger that competition and markets organize and regulate elements of every
Malaysian tertiary education would drift into some new "market- aspect of social life.
oriented format" with serious consequences for quality and equity.

New Research cont.

continued from page 5 homeless youth. The research questions The need to understand the lives of homeless
youth.This grant will go toward expanding revolve around issues of personal identity and adolescents and to provide policy solutions
the mentoring and tutoring college-access how homeless youth construct and make tailored for them is critical both to the quality
program that is being developed for 11th sense of their daily lives. In particular, of life and to economic health of Los Angeles.
graders. researchers will pay special attention to how
homeless youth navigate educational and Studying homeless youth is not merely a
The Goldman Sachs Foundation is a global social barriers. social justice issue, although that is certainly
philanthropic organization which promotes important. It is an education issue. The
excellence and innovation in education and The objectives of this project are to give literature has pointed out that homeless
works to improve the academic performance voice to the experiences of homeless youth youth enter into a vicious cycle: if a child is
and lifeliong productivity of young people
worldwide through a combination of strategic and document their lives as they move homeless, then he or she will probably
partnerships, grants, loans, private sector towards adulthood. The goal of this study is experience homelessness again as an adult.
investments, and the deployment of to develop research driven policies regarding One obvious reason is that homeless youth
professional talent from the Goldman Sachs. homeless youth. are poorly educated - most do not graduate
from high school and very few go on to
Funded by the Haynes Foundation, The homeless population in Los Angeles postsecondary education. If society is to
researchers at the Center for Higher County alone is larger than most states' total break the cycle of homelessness, then it
Education and Policy Analysis will conduct a homeless. On any given night, 88,000 people needs to confront the challenges that
series of interviews and observations over the are homeless in Los Angeles County. Of homeless youth face and create programs of
next 18 months regarding the daily lives of those, 15,000 are youth under the age of 18. educational support. 7
Se le c t e d CH EPA Public at ions
Kezar, A., Contreras-McGavin, M, & question? Handbook of Higher Director
Carducci, R. (2006). Rethinking the Education Research, Vol. XXI, 283-344. William G. Tierney, Ph.D.
"L" word in Leadership: The revolution
in leadership. San Francisco: Jossey- Associate Director
Bass. Tierney, William G. (Ed.). Adrianna Kezar, Ph.D.
(2006). Governance and
Kezar, A. (2006). Examining the ways the Public Good. Faculty
institutions create student Albany, NY: SUNY Press. Estela M. Bensimon, Ed.D., professor and director,
engagement: The role of mission. Center for Urban Education
Journal of College Student Guilbert C. Hentschke, Ph.D., professor
Development 47(2), 149-171.. Michael L. Jackson, Ph.D., vice president for
student affairs
Tierney, William G. (2006).
Kezar, A. (2006). The impact of Alexander Jun, Ph.D., associate professor
Trust and the Public Good: William Maxwell, Ph.D., associate professor
institutional size on student Examining the cultural
engagement. Tatiana Melguizo, Ph.D., assistant professor
conditions of academic Melora Sundt, Ph.D., associate dean
NASPA Journal, 43(1), 87-114..
work Darnell Cole, Ph.D., associate professor
New York: Peter Lang. Alicia Dowd, Ph.D., assistant professor
Kezar, A. (2006). To develop or not to
develop theory: That is the
Director of Outreach & Engagement
New publications available: Victor Garcia

Research Assistants
The Role of Boards in The College & Doug Burleson, Ronn Hallett, Jarrett Gupton,
Kendra Kemp, Brianna Kennedy, Margaret Sallee
College Access Financial Aid Guide
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Quality immigrant students
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Monica Raad
Breaking through the
Barriers to College: • Contact CHEPA for copies:
Tel: 213-740-7218 or e-mail: Administrative Assistant
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chepa@usc.edu Diane Flores
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and student financial
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