Day 15

User management

superuser All privileges

Create new users

New users All privileges

Create new object

Existing object ✓ SELECT,
✓ INSERT,
Owner Privileges are needed ✓ UPDATE,
✓ DELETE,
✓ TRUNCATE,
Modify and delete ✓ USAGE
 User management
✓ SELECT,
✓ INSERT,
Assign
✓ UPDATE,
Create new users New users ✓ DELETE,
✓ TRUNCATE,
✓ USAGE

Assign

✓ SELECT,
✓ INSERT,
Assign
✓ UPDATE,
Create new roles role ✓ DELETE,
✓ TRUNCATE,
✓ USAGE
 User management

Create new users Sarah

Frank

Assign

Assign ✓ SELECT,
Create new roles Analyst ✓ USAGE
 CREATE USER

CREATE USER <user_name>

WITH PASSWORD 'pwd123'

Create new users

✓ Create objects
✓ Use objects

Create database public

 CREATE USER

CREATE USER <user_name>

WITH PASSWORD 'pwd123'

Role = User + Login

 CREATE USER

CREATE USER <user_name> CREATE ROLE <role_name>

WITH PASSWORD 'pwd123' WITH LOGIN PASSWORD 'pwd123'

Role = User + Login

 CREATE USER

DROP USER <user_name> DROP ROLE <role_name>

 Privileges
✓ SELECT,
✓ INSERT,
✓ UPDATE,
✓ DELETE, Priviliges
✓ TRUNCATE,
✓ USAGE,
✓ ALL

GRANT privilege
ON database_object
TO USER | ROLE | PUBLIC
 Privileges
✓ SELECT,
✓ INSERT,
✓ UPDATE,
✓ DELETE, Priviliges
✓ TRUNCATE,
✓ USAGE,
✓ ALL

GRANT SELECT
ON customer
TO nikolai
 Privileges
✓ SELECT,
✓ INSERT,
✓ UPDATE, TABLES
✓ DELETE,
✓ TRUNCATE,
✓ USAGE,
✓ ALL

GRANT SELECT
ON customer
TO nikolai
 Privileges
✓ SELECT,
✓ INSERT,
✓ UPDATE, TABLES
✓ DELETE,
✓ TRUNCATE,
✓ USAGE,
✓ ALL

GRANT SELECT
ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA schema_name
TO nikolai
 Privileges
✓ SELECT,
✓ INSERT,
✓ UPDATE, TABLES
✓ DELETE,
✓ TRUNCATE,
✓ USAGE,
✓ ALL

GRANT ALL
ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA schema_name
TO nikolai
 Privileges
✓ SELECT,
✓ INSERT,
✓ UPDATE, TABLES
✓ DELETE,
✓ TRUNCATE,
✓ USAGE,
✓ ALL

superuser
GRANT ALL
ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA schema_name
TO nikolai
owner
 Privileges
✓ SELECT,
✓ INSERT,
✓ UPDATE, TABLES
✓ DELETE,
✓ TRUNCATE,
✓ USAGE,
✓ ALL

superuser
GRANT SELECT
ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA schema_name
TO nikolai WITH GRANT OPTION
owner
 Privileges
✓ SELECT,
✓ INSERT,
✓ UPDATE,
✓ DELETE, Priviliges
✓ TRUNCATE,
✓ USAGE,
✓ ALL

REVOKE privilege
ON database_object
FROM USER | ROLE | PUBLIC
 Privileges
✓ SELECT,
✓ INSERT,
✓ UPDATE,
✓ DELETE, Priviliges
✓ TRUNCATE,
✓ USAGE,
✓ ALL

REVOKE privilege
ON database_object
FROM USER | ROLE | PUBLIC
GRANTED BY USER | ROLE
 Privileges
✓ SELECT,
✓ INSERT,
✓ UPDATE,
✓ DELETE, Priviliges
✓ TRUNCATE,
✓ USAGE,
✓ ALL

REVOKE GRANT OPTION FOR privilege

ON database_object
FROM USER | ROLE | PUBLIC
GRANTED BY USER | ROLE
 Privileges

Privilege Applicable Object Types

SELECT TABLE (and table-like objects), table column

INSERT TABLE, table column

UPDATE TABLE, table column

DELETE TABLE

TRUNCATE TABLE

CREATE DATABASE, SCHEMA

CONNECT DATABASE

EXECUTE FUNCTION, PROCEDURE

USAGE SCHEMA
 Privileges
How to grant acces?
Typical statements
CREATE USER

CREATE USER amar

WITH PASSWORD 'amar1234';

GRANT USAGE on schema GRANT SELECT & UPDATE

GRANT USAGE GRANT SELECT, UPDATE

ON SCHEMA name ON customer
TO amar; TO amar;
 Privileges
How to grant acces?
Typical statements

GRANT all privileges on schema

GRANT ALL
ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public
TO amar ;

GRANT all privileges on database

GRANT ALL
ON DATABASE greencycles
TO amar ;
 Privileges
How to grant acces?
Typical statements
GRANT createdb

ALTER USER amar CREATEDB;

GRANT roles to user

GRANT sarah TO amar;

GRANT roles to user

GRANT analyst TO amar;

 Privileges
How to grant acces?
Typical statements
REVOKE INSERT

REVOKE INSERT ON customer FROM amar;

REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES

REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON customer FROM PUBLIC ;

REVOKE ROLE

REVOKE analyst FROM amar;

 Privileges
✓ SELECT,
✓ INSERT,
✓ UPDATE,
✓ DELETE, Priviliges
✓ TRUNCATE,
✓ USAGE,
✓ ALL

REVOKE GRANT OPTION FOR privilege

ON database_object
FROM USER | ROLE | PUBLIC
GRANTED BY USER | ROLE
 Privileges
✓ SELECT,
✓ INSERT,
✓ UPDATE,
✓ DELETE, Priviliges
✓ TRUNCATE,
✓ USAGE,
✓ ALL

GRANT SELECT
ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA
<schema_name>
TO nikolai
 Privileges

USAGE Users
Priveleges Users
Users
Users
Roles

✓
✓
SELECT,
INSERT,
CREATE ROLE <user_name>
✓ UPDATE, WITH LOGIN PASSWORD 'pwd123'
✓ DELETE,
✓ TRUNCATE,
✓ USAGE
 Using indexes

Read Write
operations operations
 Using indexes

Read Write
operations operations

Understanding Types of
Guidelines Demo
indexes indexes
 Using indexes

SELECT
product_id
FROM sales
WHERE customer_id = 5

3, P0625, 5, visa
Table scan
4, P0432, 8, mastercard 6, P0058, 5, mastercard

1, P0494, 4, visa 2, P0221, 5, visa Read-inefficient

Data is stored without a particular order

 Using indexes

SELECT
product_id
FROM sales
WHERE customer_id = 5

Location Value
1, P0494, 4, visa 2, P0221, 5, visa
1 4
6, P0058, 5, mastercard 4, P0432, 8, mastercard
2 5
3, P0625, 5, visa
5 8
 ✓ Indexes help to make data reads faster!

❖ Slower data writes

❖ Additional storage

❖ B-tree Indexes ❖ Bitmap Indexes

 Using indexes

SELECT
product_id
FROM sales
WHERE customer_id = 5

Location Value
1, P0494, 4, visa 2, P0221, 5, visa
1 4
6, P0058, 5, mastercard 4, P0432, 8, mastercard
2 5
3, P0625, 5, visa
5 8
 Using indexes
Location Value ✓ Different types of indexes
1 4 for different situations
2 5

5 8 ❖ B-tree Indexes ❖ Bitmap Indexes

1, P0494, 4, visa 2, P0221, 5, visa

6, P0058, 5, mastercard 4, P0432, 8, mastercard

3, P0625, 5, visa
❖ B-tree Indexes

A ✓ Multi-level tree structure

1
20 ✓ Breaks data down into pages or blocks
AB AD
1 AE
AC ✓ Should be used for high-cardinality
(unique) columns
1 ABA… 15
ABB… ✓ Not entire table (costy in terms of storage)
…
ACA…
ACB…
❖ Bitmap index

✓ Particularily good for dataware houses

✓ Large amounts of data + low-cardinality

✓ Very storage efficient

✓ More optimized for read &

few DML-operations
 ❖ Bitmap index
✓ Particularily good for dataware houses

✓ Large amounts of data + low-cardinality

✓ Very storage efficient

Row_id Value Bit

1 visa 11100
Good for many repeating values

4 mastercard 00011
(dimensionality)
 ❖ Bitmap index
✓ Particularily good for dataware houses

✓ Large amounts of data + low-cardinality

✓ Very storage efficient

Value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Good for many repeating values
mastercard x x
(dimensionality)
visa x x x
 Guidelines

B-tree Index Bitmap Index

Default index Slow to update

Unique columns Storage efficient

(surrogate key, names)
Great read performance
 Guidelines

Should we put index on every column?

No! They come with a cost! Storage + Create/Update time

Only when necessary!

Avoid full table reads

Small tables do not require indexes

 Guidelines
On which columns? 1. Large tables

2. Columns that are used as filters

 Guidelines

Fact tables B-tree on surrogate key Bitmap key on foreign keys

Are they used in searchs a lot?

Dimension table Size of table

Choose based on cardinality

 Demo: Creating indexes

CREATE INDEX index_name

ON table_name [USING method]
(
column_name
[,…]
);
 Demo: Creating indexes

CREATE INDEX index_name

ON table_name
(
column_name
);
 Demo: Creating indexes

CREATE INDEX index_name

ON table_name
(
column_name1,
column_name2
);