Scribd
Upload
13 views21 pages

Pollution

Uploaded by

jatinbose980
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views21 pages

Pollution

Uploaded by

jatinbose980
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Marine Pollution

UNEP, April 2012


1
Rio+20 (para. 163) - Pollution
– Noted “….. negatively affected by marine pollution,
including marine debris, especially plastic, persistent
organic pollutants, heavy metals, and nitrogen-based
compounds, from a number of marine and land-based
sources ….”
– committed to “take action to reduce the incidence and
impacts of such pollution on marine ecosystems”
– “…follow up of the relevant initiatives such as the
Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the
Marine Environment from Land-based Activities, as well
as the adoption of coordinated strategies”
– “commit to take action to, by 2025, based on collected
scientific data, achieve significant reductions in marine
debris to prevent harm to the coastal and marine
environment”
–
Issues and Challenges
 Diffuse sources still problematic
 Financing of infrastructure to deal with issues
limited/expensive, e.g. wastewater
 Lack of awareness of the Land-Ocean connection
 Multiple agencies and initiatives – coordination
can challenging
 Knowledge of the interaction of climate change
and pollutants
 New pollutants emerging – micro-plastics,
endocrine disrupters
3
 Accumulation - e.g. micro-plastics
Existing initiatives/measures/best
practices – Global/Regional

 GPA – 3 partnerships focus


 UNEP – Waste Management, Chemicals
 IMO – London Convention
 FAO – lost and abandoned gear
 UNIDO – pollution control/best practices
 GEF – LME projects
 World Bank – GPO pollution pillar
 Plastics Industry – Global declaration 4
GPA Action on Nutrients:
– Improving state-of-knowledge:
• Global Overview: “Our Nutrient World - The
challenge to produce more food and energy
with less pollution”
• Pilot projects (e.g. Manila Bay)
• Compilation of BMP
• Promote nutrient use efficiency
– Resource mobilization:
• GEF project on Global Nutrients Cycle
• GEF PIF on Nitrogen management
GPA Action on Wastewater
Sewage:
– Developing targets and indicators for
WW to feed into SDG Goal for Water
– Global on-line consultations on WW
and water quality for Post-2015
Development Agenda
– Establishment of Global Partnership
on WW
GPA Actions on Marine Litter

Launch GPML
• Formal event at Rio+20
• ToR for GPML drafted
– Engage partners
• Regional Seas Programmes
• Private sector (e.g. plastics industry)
• UN-system (e.g. FAO; IMO)
• Governments
• Major Groups/NGOs
– Mobilize resources
– Norway
– Netherlands, etc.
GPA Actions on Marine Litter

– Set reduction targets, based on Rio+20


• Establish baseline and methodologies
– Reduce litter influx to coastal areas
• Improvement of land-based solid waste
management
• Improved standards/regulations
• Demonstration projects
– Implement Honolulu Strategy
• Identify innovative solutions
• Create on-line forum
The Global Response
 World
Bank - Global Partnership for
Oceans
– Addresses pollution, in line with GPA
 European Union
– International Conference on Prevention and
Management of ML in European Seas, April 2013
 Plastics Industry
– Global Declaration to work with partners to
tackle plastics in the marine environment,
March 2011
Way Forward
 Strengthen partnerships especially
for capacity building and knowledge
sharing
 Financial incentives for tackling
pollution issues – wastewater
 Agreed targets/objectives, methods
 Establish baseline(s)

10
Marine alien invasive species

11
Marine Alien Invasive Species
(AIS)
In the Rio+20 - Future We Want :
Para “164. We note the significant threat alien invasive
species post to marine ecosystems and resources and
commit to implement measures to prevent the
introduction of, and manage the adverse environmental
impacts of alien invasive species including, as
appropriate, those adopted in the framework of the IMO
Animals and plants considered AIS
7000 species in ballast water
10 billion tonnes ballast water transferred per year
Issues/Challenges
• Multiple pathways for introducing marine alien
invasive species
• Ballast water primary source
• Aquaculture also significant and potentially
• Aquarium trade, hull fouling, marine debris, live
bait
• Significant and increasing risks associated with
aquaculture due to widespread use of exotic species
• Removal of barriers, as well as stronger and new
vectors increases IAS pressure
Challenges/Issues (cont)
• Difficult and expensive to eradicate
• Prevention cheaper but not without issues - TBT,
treatment
• Climate change will make it easier for AIS –
overall beneficial
• Knowledge of the extent of MAIS limited in most
areas of the world especially East Asia; impacts
often under-estimated
• Weak baseline, species origin or native ranges
often obscure
• Limited assessments and methodologies
Marine Invasive Alien Species
(IAS)

(Molnar et al 2008
Critical obstacles
 Inadequate policy and legal frameworks and insufficient
institutional coordination at national, regional and global
levels
 Limitations in implementation of existing policies and laws
for reducing IAS
 Lack of understanding of the severity of the threat posed
by IAS at political as well as technical levels
 Insufficient human, technical, institutional and logistical
capacity for addressing IAS
 Limited public awareness of IAS, their threats and potential
impact
 Insufficient financial support to programmes addressing
IAS, whether through policy development, supporting
enforcement and building compliance, or building capacity
and awareness
Policy Frameworks
 Convention on Biological Diversity Article 8(h)
“…prevention of introductions and control or eradication of alien
species that threaten ecosystems, habitats or species”
 Aichi Biodiversity Target 9
“By 2020, IAS and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority
species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to
manage pathways to prevent their introduction and
establishment”
 Several international legal instruments address or
mention IAS, but binding regulations are rare
 Few countries have developed legal and institutional
systems for responding effectively to IAS
Existing initiatives/measures/best
practices
 Convention for the Control and Management of
Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediments – IMO; GEF
Projects
 International Convention on the Control of Harmful
Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships (AFS Convention)
 Guidance for minimizing the transfer invasive aquatic
species as biofouling (hull fouling) for recreational
craft – IMO
 IMO Guidelines for the Control and Management of
Ships' Biofouling to Minimise the Transfer of Invasive
Aquatic Species
Existing initiatives/measures/best
practices
 ICES Code of Practice for the Introduction
and Transfer of Marine Organisms
 FAO Code of Conduct for aquaculture
 Global Invasive Species Programme
(GISP)
 Risk Assessments
Lionfish in the Caribbean
 Introduced in the early-mid 1980s – deliberate/accidental
releases associated with aquarium trade
 Established in Wider Caribbean, widespread ecosystem impacts
 Regional Strategy for the Control and Mitigation of the Invasive
Lionfish in the Wider Caribbean Region developed
– On-the-ground implementation of actions through exchanges of
experiences, protocols, and tools
- Reduce costs with
common programs,
approaches and tools;
- Facilitate fund-raising
- Ensure that the actions
are consistent with best
available
knowledge
Way Forward
 Strengthen implementation of the Ballast
Water Convention and related guidance
 Promote FAO Code and guidelines for coastal
aquaculture
 Agreed method/protocol for assessing MAIS
needed along with assessments (incl risks)
 Development and implementation of risk
management strategies

21

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy