VIVA GUIDE BY HON.

OKEKE CHIMAOBI AUGUSTINE (AUSTINO)

S\N Part of the projection Centering point kVp MAs C- SIZE

body
1 skull OF\FO 5 cm above glabella 76 20-30 24×30 cm
Lateral Between glabella and occipital 74 20-25 24×30 cm
protuberance between EAM
2 Paranasal sinus OFM Between EAM 78 30
OM Towards the inferior orbital margin 81 30
along three midline
LATERAL 2 cm behind lateral canthus 70 20
3 Facial bones

4 shoulder AP 15° Coracoid process of the scapular 60-64 5-7 24×30 cm

Axial (sup-inferior) Vertical central ray Proximal aspect 60-64 5-7 18×24 cm
of the head of the humerus( FFD is
increased due to increased OFD)
Inferior-superior horizontal central ray towards the 60-64 5-7 18×24 cm
axilla
Lateral horizontal central ray is angled 10° 65 6-7 18×24cm
and centered to the head of
humerus
5 elbow AP 2.5 cm below the midpoint of 56 3.2 18*24 cm
epicondyles
6 humerus AP and lateral Midway between the humeral bone 55-60 3.2 35*43 cm
7 forearm AP and lateral Midway between the length of bone 54 3.2 35*43 cm
with cassette
8 hand and wrist All views head of 3rd metacarpal = oblique 50-55 1.6
(UNTh) check Clark pp 40-59
9 femur AP and lateral Middle of bone including the 78 15-20
affected
10 hip AP and lateral Both hips AP=2.5 cm above syphilis 78 15-20
pubis
Lateral= femoral pulse
11 Knee joint AP and lateral AP= 2.5 cm below the apex of 50-60 5
patella
Lateral= medial tibia condyle
12 Leg AP and lateral Middle of the bone within the 60-64 5
cassette
13 Foot and ankle AP and lateral Dorsiplantar = cuboidonavicular 50-56 3.2
joint(see clerk) 55-60
14 calcaneum Lateral and axial 2.5 cm distal to medial malleolus 50-56 3.2
55-60
15 Abdomen AP(supine\erect) Midline @ the level of lower coastal 85-88 40
margin (1.3)
16 Sella turcica Townes and Lateral=2.5 cm above and 2.5 cm to 80 40
lateral(cone down) the front
17 Mandible PA (sometimes OF) PA=7.5 cm below angle of the 70-75 30
and both lateral mandible @ the midline
oblique Obliques = 5cm below the angle 25°
18 Mastoid Town slit and oblique Obliques=5cm above EAM and 2.5 75-80 30
cm behind
19 Post nasal Post nasal view (lateral UNTH = zygomatic arch 70 13.2
space supine) Clerk= ramus of mandible
20 Cervical spine AP Thyroid cartilage (10°-15°) 74 20 24*30 cm
VIVA GUIDE BY HON. OKEKE CHIMAOBI AUGUSTINE (AUSTINO)

Lateral T4 72 20 24*30cm
21 Thoracic spine AP 2.5 cm below the sterna angle 82 40 40×30 cm
Lateral 5 cm anterior to T6 spinous process 90 60
22 Lumbar spine AP Midline at the level of lower coastal 86 40
margin (1.5)
Lateral 7.5 cm anterior to 1.3 (lower coastal 92 60
margin
23 Pelvis AP 5 cm above symphysis pubis @ the 78 20 35*43 cm
midline
24 Chest(adult) PA midline@ the level of inferior angle 68-74 9.0- 35×43cm
of the scapular which is the spinous 7.5 M
process of T7 35×35cm F
25 Chest(children) AP Sternal angle 54-60 3.2- 30*40 cm

Cassette sizes:

10*8 inches = 18cm *24cm

12*10 inches = 24cm * 30cm

15*12 inches = 30cm*40cm

14*14 inches = 35cm*35cm

17*14 inches = 43cm*35cm

VIVA GUIDE BY HON. OKEKE CHIMAOBI AUGUSTINE (AUSTINO)

S\N Clinical indications/provisional Parts of the body and projection

diagnosis/pathology
VIVA GUIDE BY HON. OKEKE CHIMAOBI AUGUSTINE (AUSTINO)

1 RVD( i.e retroviral disease) routine CXR(chest x-ray PA or AP)

examination
2 Swallowed coin yesterday Lat cervical, PA chest & AP, lateral abdomen
3 Intracranial hemorrhage Townes views or SMV and lateral shoot through
4 Fall from scaffold, investigation of C3 AP(5-10°) & ;lateral cervical
5 Chronic waist pain (sacroiliac) AP and AP oblique the unaffected side is in contact with the
couch 15-25° see Clark pp60-61)
6 Green stick of the 3rd metatarsals Dorsiplantar and dorsiplantar oblique
7 Sinusitis OF, OM (open mouth), lateral, (note OM shows the sphenoid
sinuses & lateral shows all sinuses
8 Racket wrist affected Both wrist PA and lateral
9 Otitis media Townes view or SMV and lateral to check infection of sinuses
10 Kidney stones AP abdomen (supine)
11 Injury of the 5th MCP Dorsiplantar and dorsiplantar oblique (collimate to include the 3rd
and 4th MCP)
12 Fall from height nasal # Lateral face: collimate to include the nose
13 Pleural effusion PA and lateral (lateral is to determine fluid level
14 Pott’s disease (TB of backbones) Thoracoulumbar (ie thoracic and lumbar vert. separately
15 Enlarged adenoids Post nasal space view (see Clark pg 406
16 h of the patella Lateral shoot through (PA for patellar without h)
17 h of the sternum Lateral & either of the anterior oblique’s (R or L)
18 Tachycardia, pleural effusion CXR-PA & lateral
19 Bow knees for surgical correction Both knees on the same cassette with the patient standing
(weight bearing ) and lateral
20 Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) AP abdomen (supine)
21 Subphrenic abscess PA chest on arrested inspiration & on arrested expiration &
lateral
22 Swallowed fish bone Lateral soft tissue neck (note that the fish gets digested on
entering the stomach
23 foreign or loose body in the knee jt Intercondylar view see Clark pg 135
24 Swallowed coin 2 days ago Lat cervical, PA chest AP abdomen
25 # of olecranon process AP & lateral/elbow (or any possible modified view depending on
patients condition
26 Numbness of the hand (investigation of Axial method see Clark pg 54
the carpal tunnel)
27 Fall from height, compression of Do AP & lateral thoracic & lumbar vert. separately
backbones
28 Calcaneal spur (bone outgrowth on Lateral & axial view (40°) see Clark pp 118-119
calcaneum)
29 h of the zygoma OM and modified face and mutified SMV(see Clark
30 Sutural diathesis i.e separation of skull OF & lateral skull
bone without #
31 Optic nerve tumour OM with the patient eye 35v to the couch & 35° to the affected
part see Clark pp248
32 Neck atlanto-occipitral articulation Lateral cervical & (AP open mouth to visualize C1-C3)
33 Intestinal obstruction AP abdomen (erect to check for air fluid level)
34 Waist pain involving sacro-iliac joint AP & AP oblique (the unaffected side is in contact with the couch
15-25°) see Clark pp60-61
35 Inability to chew? Mandibular condyle TMJ: towne slit ( 35°) rt lateral oblique (open and close mouth) lt
pain lateral oblique(open and close mouth)
36 TB contact PA chest
37 Bleeding from ear Townes view & lateral
VIVA GUIDE BY HON. OKEKE CHIMAOBI AUGUSTINE (AUSTINO)

38 2° hormonal problem Cone down view of the sea turcica ( lateral; centre 2.5 cm
above& 2.5 cm to the front ) & Townes view
39 Fluid from ear (probably from CSF) OF & lateral shoot through
40 ? ca of sella Cone down view of the sella turcica (lateral centre 2.5 cm above
and 2.5 cm to the front) & townes view
41 Logded pallet F3 in the eye (5 exposure OM (centre to the middle of the interpupillary line with patient
looking forward &eye level) also lateral (center to the outer
canthus of the eye 3 exposures one with eye looking forward
42
43
44 Stiffness of neck for 2/52 spondylosis AP Lateral & both oblique (to show the intervert foramen)
45 Middle lobe collapses Lordotic view (remember to do normal PA chest b/4 the ordotic
view)
46 Left foot injury Dorsiplantar & dorsiplantar oblique
47 Dyspnoea CXR-PA
48 Dypnoea with hissing noise (this may be Post nasal space view
due to adenoidal enlargement)
49 Hclavicle PA or AP erect see Clark pp94-95
50 RTA h of the ribs Lower ribs AP R&L posterior oblique. Upper ribs and AP and both
posterior oblique(see Clark pp222-225)
51 h of the neck of humerus AP& transthorcic projection (the humerus is not to be moved to
avoid more injury
52 Internal bleeding of the ear Towne view &per °) orbital (to visualize the IAM)
53 h mandibular condyle (TMJ) TMJ towne slit (35rt lateral oblique (open& close mouth)
54 Crushing injury of the R Metacarpal hand, PA & PA oblique
55 Petit mal/grand mal (epilepsy) Sella turcica (townes view & lateral cone down view)
56 SOL(space occupying lesion) Sella turcica (townes view & lateral cone down view)
57 Diabetic foot ulcer Dorsiplantar & dorsiplantar oblique
58 Colle’s, smith Wrist include lower 3rd of forearm (PA& lateral)
59 Rheumatoid arthritis of hand hand: ball catcher’s or norggard projection see Clark
60 Galeazzih*(h of the radius with Forearm including wrist joint
dislocation of distal ulna
61 Monteggiah(h of the ulna with Forearm including elbow joint
dislocation of head of radius)
62 Pes planus(flat foot) Foot: lateral with the patient standing erect (weight bearing) see
Clark
63 hallux valgus and varus Both foot : dorsiplantar standing
64 Goiter Thoracic inlet
65 haematourea kidney/urinary tract IVU investigation
66 RTA if L scapular PA & lateral see Clark pp 102
67 Severe pain of the R. foot? Calcaneal spur Klateral and axial projection
68 ?h of the scaphoid PA,APO,PA ulnar deviation and lateralwrist
69 Catarrh cold? Sinusitis OF, OM (open mouth ) lateral
70 Recurrent pain in the sternocalvicukar PA oblique’s
joint
71 COAD chronic obstructive air way disease Chest PA
72 Inadequate pelvic dimension Pelvis AP and lateral
73 Direct blow on the jaw?hR mandible OF & lateral oblique mandible angle 25°
74 Recurrent pain of the sternoclavicular PA oblique’s
joint
75 Industrial accident? Foreign body in the OM (center to the middle of the interpupillary line) with patient
eye looking forward, upwards & downwards. Also lateral ( center to
VIVA GUIDE BY HON. OKEKE CHIMAOBI AUGUSTINE (AUSTINO)

the canthus of te eye ) see Clark pp478)

76 Crushing injury on the R hand PA and PA oblique
77 Crushing injury on the R toe Dorsiplantar & dorsiplantar oblique
78 ?CC Chest PA FFD=180 cm
79 Chronic osteomylitis of the R middle Leg AP & lateral
finger
80 Swollen R foot diabetes sore Dorsiplantar & dorsiplantar oblique
81 Osteoarthritis of the R middle finger PA & lateral middle finger
82 Non union of the left humerus AP & Lateral L humerus
83 Pain @ the 4th & 5th fingers investigation Elbow AP & lateral
of the R elbow
84 Dypsnoea pneumothorax Chest PA one on arrested inspiration and one on arrested
expiration
85 Poor entry in the lungs ? consolidation PALCXR
86 Fall from a height ?head of the thoracic Thoracic vertebrae AP & lateral
vertebrae
87 Blunt injury to the chest, investigation of Anti oblique tube angled or tube rotated and lateral Clark pg 226-
the sternum 228
88 Trauma to the shoulder? Dislocation of Shoulder AP centered @ coracoids process both shoulder bone
the shoulder for comparison
89 Ischaemic necrosis of head of femur hip AP both hips and lateral for left
90 RTA investigation of humerus humerus AP & lateral
91
92
93 Rta 3/12 severe head ache 1/52 ago? Skull OF and lateral
Sudural haematima
94 h of the surgical neck of humerus, AP( erect or supine) & lateral (trans thoracic ie the patient raises
investigation of the humeral head. the unaffected arm above the head centre @ axillary line
Demonstrate with trans thoracic lateral towards the head of humerus)
95 Fall from a height inability to stand with R hip AP & lateral shoot through see Clark pg 13
leg? # of femoral neck
96 Fall with outstretched hand? h of the L L wrist PA & lateral
carpal bones
97 Growth right maxillary growth Face; lateral, OM, OM 30↓
98 Stiff neck for 1/52? Spondylosis Cervical: AP, lateral, RPO and LPO
99 Osteoarthritis of the R 5th IP joints (either hand : PA & lateral
in hand or in foot) Foot: dorsi plantar and dorsiplantar oblique ( do both for
comparison
100 Inability to thrive? hydrocephalus Skull: OF & lateral
101 Blow out fracture of the orbital floor OM (Modified) CLARK PG 269
102 h of the shin bones Leg: AP and lateral
103 Barium follow through Abdomen :AP (supine)
104 Acute abdomen(memorize the causes of Abdomen: AP (erect; to check for obstruction)
acute abdomen like renal calculi,
perforation, obstruction, etc)
105 Splenic flexion in barium enema Lateral decubitus
106 POST EVACUATION FILM Abdomen AP Supine
107 Post micturition film Bladder view (5°↓)
VIVA GUIDE BY HON. OKEKE CHIMAOBI AUGUSTINE (AUSTINO)

TERMS MEANING
A
Abortion Natural or artificial expulsion from uterus
Abscess Localized collection of pus
Achalasia Obstruction due to non-relaxant muscular sphincter
Achondroplasia Dwarfism due to the failure of endochondral ossification
Acoustic neuroma Benign tumour of the 8th cranial nerve
Acromegaly Overgrowth of soft and bony structure result in pituitary tumour
Addison’s disease Chronic adrenal corticalfailure associated with adults
Adenoma Benign tumour of glandular tissues
Adhesions Fibrous tissues bands due to inflammation or surgery
Akathisia The inability to sit still associated with parkinson disease
Albuminuria Abulmin found in urine
Alopecia Baldness
Alport’s syndrome Albuminuria associated with deafness and eye lesions
Aluminosis Lung fibrosis due to inhalation of metallic dust
Amenorrhea Absence of menstrual perods
Anencephaly Congenital absence of cranial vault and brain
Aneurysm Localized distension of an artery or duct
Angioma Benign tumour associated with blood vessels
Ankylosing spondylitis Arthritis of spine resulting in infusion of the vertebrae
Ankylosis Immobilization of a joint
Antepartum Before delivery
Aortic regurgitation Blood backflow through the aortic valve of the heart
Aortic sternosis Narrowing of the aortic valve
Arachnodactyly Abnormally long fingers and toes
Areflexia Absence of reflexes
Arteriosclerosis hardening of arteries with narrowing of lumen
Arthrodesis Surgical fusion of a joint
Asbelosis Lung disease due to exposure to dust (asbestos)
Ascites Excess fluid in the peritoneum
Asthenia Generalizes and norn specific witness
Astrocytoma A cranial tumour the commonest form of gloma
Atelectasis Collapse or non expansion of the lungs
Atheroma Fatty degeneration of fatty linings of blood vessels
Atherosclerosis Artherial disease with artheroma
Atresia Failure of normal lumen to develop in hollow organs
Atrophy Abnormal reduction in size of tissue
Auricular fibrillation Abnoemality in the rhythm of heart beat
Avulsion The forcible tearing away of bone fragment
B
Benign Non malignant, simple tumour
Bennett’s fracture Fracture of the base of thumb involving the joint
Brachycephaly A short high skull associated with premature suture closure
Bright’s disease Kidney disease, a form of nephritis
Bronchieclasis Dilation of the bronchi, often associated with infection
Bursa Pocket-like structure containing a small quantity of fluid
Bursitis Inflammation of a bursa
VIVA GUIDE BY HON. OKEKE CHIMAOBI AUGUSTINE (AUSTINO)

C
Calculus A stone
Callus Temporary bone formed during the process of healing
Carcinoma A malignant tumour of epithelial origin
Carcinomatosis Diffuse spread of carcinoma
Carditis Inflammation of the heart
Cellulitis Spreading infection of connective tissue
Cholecystectomy Surgical removal of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholelithiasis Formation of stones within the gallbladder or duct
Chondroma A benign tumor of cartilage
Chondromalacia patellae Juvenile osteoarthritis like condition of the knee
Chordoma Rare locally malignant tumor of the skull or sacral region
Claudication Deficient blood supply, intermittent pain on exertion
Coarctation Congenital narrowing in the thoracic aortha
Celiac disease Malabsorption and gluten sensitivity associated with loss of villi
Colostrums high protein milk produced in the first days of latation
Congenital Present at birth
Congestion Accumulation of fluid in body tissues
Consolidation Solidification of exudates, usually in the lungs
Contusion Bruising
Coxa vara Congenital deformity of the neck
Cranoschosis Premature closure of cranial suture
Crepitas The sound and feel of a fracture or surfaces rubbing together
Croha’s disease Chronic non specific inflammation of any part of intestine
Croup Infant cough with dyspnoea due to mucousal swelling
Cushing’s syndrome Effect of excess adrenal corticosteroids
Cyanosis Bluish skin caused by insufficient oxygenation
Cyst hollow sac containing fluid or semi solid material
D
dacryoadenitis Inflammation of the lacrimal gland
Degloving Traumatic detachment of skin from underklying tissue
Dermoid cyst Cystic structure containing fluid or semi solid material
Dextrocardia The siting of the heart on the right side of thorax
Diabetes mellitus high blood sugar due to a deficiency of insulin
Diaphysis The shaft of a long bone
Dislocation Displacement of the bones that form a joint
Diverticulitis Inflammation of the diverticular of bowel
Diverticulosis Presence of numerous diverticular in the bowel
Diverticulum Abnormal outpouching arising from a hollow organ
Ductus arteriosis patent Failure of the ductus arteriosis to close after birth
Dysmenorrheal Painful menstrual period
Dyspepsia Indigestion
Dysphagia Difficulty in swallowing
Dysphasia Speech defect due to cerebral cortical mechanism
Dyspnoea Difficulty n breathing
Dystrophy Abnormal bone growth associated with poor nutrition
Dysuria Difficulty and or painful micturition
E
Ectopic pregnancy fetus formed outside the uterus
Effusion Formation of fluid within a body cavity
Embolism Obstruction of blood flow by a blood clot or other matter
VIVA GUIDE BY HON. OKEKE CHIMAOBI AUGUSTINE (AUSTINO)

Emphysema Excessive size of lung alveoli due to prolonged stress

Empyema Abscess containing pus within an enclosed cavity
Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain
enchodroma Benign tumor of cartilage growing within bone
Endocarditis Inflammation of endocardium of heart
Enteritis Regional inflammation of intestine
Enuresis Urinary incontinence
Epilepsy Episodic disorder of brain function producing a fit
Epistaxis Nose bleed
Epithelioma Tumor derived from epithelial cells
Ewing sarcoma Small cell carcinoma affecting juvenile bones
Exacerbation Increase in severity
Exostosis Outgrowth of bone
F
Fibrillation Rapid and irregular movement of muscle fibres
Fibroid Simple tumor of uterus
Fistula Abnormal communication between organs
Flail chest Multiple rib fractures producing paradoxical movement of the chest wall
Freiberg disease Aseptic necrosis of the meta
G
Galleazi fracture Fracture of radius with dislocation of ulna
Gangrene Tissue necrosis due to lack of blood supply
Glioma General term for tumor of nervous system
Glycosuria Sugar in urine
Goiter Enlargement of the thyroid
Gout Disease due to excessive uric acid in the blood
Grand mal Epilepsy with classic epileptic fits
Gravid Pregnancy woman/the number of times a woman has been pregnant
Greenstick fracture Partial fracture or bending of children bones
Gullain-barre syndrome Acute disorder with loss of conduction in peripheral nerve associated with
respiratory difficulty
H
haemangioma Tumor of vascular tissues
haematemesis Vomiting of blood
haematuria Blood in the urine
haemoptysis Coughing up of blood
hallux vagus Deviation of the big toe from other toes
hemiplegia Paralysis of one side of the body
hepatitis Inflammation of the liver
hernia Abnormal protrusion of tissues through any orifice
hiatus hernia Protrusion of abdominal organ through the diaphragm
hirchsprung disease Congenital absence of muscle layer in the colon
hodgeskin disease Disease of the lymphatic system
hydatid cyst Cyst formed by infestation of a tapeworm
hydrocephalus Excess cerebrospinal fluid within the skull vault
hydronephrosis Enlargement of kidney due to obstruction of free flow of urine from the
kidney
hydropneumothorax The presence of fluid and air in the pleural cavity
hydrothorax The presence of fluid in the pleural cavity
hyperglycaemia Excessive sugar in the blood stream
hypernephroma Carcinoma in the renal or kidney tissue
hyperplasia Tissue enlargement with neoplasia(abnormal growth of tissue)
VIVA GUIDE BY HON. OKEKE CHIMAOBI AUGUSTINE (AUSTINO)

hypertension Abnormal high blood pressure

Hypertrophy Enlargement of an organ through increase in tissue
Hypoplasia Underdevelopment of a tissue or organ
I
Idiopathic A disease of unknown origin
Ileitis Inflammation of the ileum
Ileostomy Artificial opening of the ileum onto the abdominal wall
Ileus Intestinal obstruction
Infarction Death of cells due to termination of blood supply
Inflammation A local reaction of the body’s cells to damage or infection
Intussuscetion Obstruction in infants due to invagination of part of gut into a lower segment
Iscaemia Shortage or restriction of blood supply to a tissue
K
Kienbock disease necrosis of lunate bone
Klippel fell syndrome Congenital short neck with fusion of vertebrae
Koehler’s disease necrosis of navicular bone
Kyphosis Excessive backward convexity of the spine
L
Laminectomy Surgical approach to the cord by removal of lamina
Lesion Any injury or damage to tissue
Leukemia Malignant disease of blood, excessive production of white cells
Lipoma Benign tumor developing from fat cells
Lordosis Excessive forward convexity of spine
Lumbago Local pain arising from lumbar spine
Lymphoma Tumor of the lymphoid tissues
M
Malaise A general feeling of being unwell
Mastoidectomy Surgical operation on the mastoid air cells
Meckel’s diverticulum Out pouching of the ileal wall, rudimentary remains of a duct
Megacolon Dilation of colon associated with constipation
Malaena Faeces blackened by blood
Melanoma Tumor of melanocytes, which are pigment producing cells in the skin
Miniere’s disease Disease of inner ear associated with tinnitus and vertigo
Meninges Membranes covering the brain and the spinal cord
Meningioma General benign tumor of the meninges
Meningocoele Congenital herniation of meninges through the skull or cord
Meniscectomy Surgical removal of cartilage from knee joint
Menorrhagia Excessive loss of blood during menstrual periods
multigravida Woman with one or more previous pregnancies
Multipara Woman who has given birth to one or more children
Mumps An acute infection of the parotid salivary gland
Myasthenia gravis Disease associated with voluntary muscle weakness
Myeloma Tumour of bone marrow characterized bymultiple tumours
Myocarditis Inflammation of the myocardium
Myositis ossificans Occification of a haematoma over bone following trauma
N
Naevus A birth mark or mole on the skin
Necrosis Death of an organ or tissue within a living body
Neoplasm A tumour that can be benign or malignant
Nephrectomy The surgical removal of the kidney
Nephritis Inflammation of the kidney
Nephrostomy Surgical drainage of the kidney
VIVA GUIDE BY HON. OKEKE CHIMAOBI AUGUSTINE (AUSTINO)

Neuralgia Pain arising from the nervous system

Neuroblastoma Malignant tumour in children arising from adrenal medulla
Neurofibrinoma Benign tumour arising from fibrou sheath of nerve
O
Oedema Increase in fluid within the tissues
Oesophagial varices Dilated veins of the lower oesophagus associated with portal hypertension
Osgood schlatter Osteochondritis of the tibial tubercle disease
Osteitis Inflammation of bone
Osteoarthritis Chronic degenerative arthritis
Osteochondroma Benign tumour composing of bone and cartilage
Osteoclastoma Bone tumour associated with long bone ends in adult
Osteogenesis imperfect Defect of bone formation
Osteoma Benign bone tomour associated with the skull or facial bones
Osteomalacia Defective calcification of bone due to vitamin D deficiency
Osteomyelitis Inflammation of bone
Osteoporosis Loss of bone tissue with inadequate new replacement
Otalgia Pain in the ear
Otitis media Inflammation of the middle ear
Otorrhea A discharge from the ear
P
Paget’sdisease/ osteitis deformans Chronic disease of bone associated with softening and deformity
Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas
Papillooedema Swelling of the optic disc due to raised intra cranial pressure
Pappiloma Benign tumour with a vascular core
Paralytic ileus Intestinal obstruction due to cessation of peristalsis
Paraplegia Paralysis of both lower limb
Parkinson’s disease A degenerative disease associated with tremor and rigidity
Pericardial effusion Effusion between the two layers of pericardium
Pericarditis Inflammation of the pericardium
Peritonitis Inflammation of the peritoneum
Perthes disease Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head epithesis
Petit mal Epilepsy without major fits
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein
Phlebolith Calcified thrombus within a vein
Placenta praevia Placenta in abnormal position
Pleural effusion Fliud (pus, lymph, blood) in the pleural cavity
pleurisy Inflammation of the pleura
Pneumoconiosis Lung disease resulting from inhaled dust particles
Pneumonectomy Surgical removal of a lung
Pneumoperitoneum The presence of air or gas in the peritoneum
Pneumothorax The presence of air in the pleural cavity
Poliomyelitis Inflammation of grey matter of the spinal cord associated with the polio virus
Polycythaemia Increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood
Polydactyly Congenital presence of extara digits
Polyp A protuberaence of a tissue on a stalk
Polyuria Excessive production of urine
Pott’s fracture Fracture of lower end of the tibia and fibula
Poupart’s ligament Inguinal ligament
Primigravida A woman pregnant for the first time
Primipara A woman who has borne her first child
Prolapsed Abnormsal descent of a structure within or into a cavity
Prostatectomy surgical removal of prostate gland
VIVA GUIDE BY HON. OKEKE CHIMAOBI AUGUSTINE (AUSTINO)

Psorlasis Common skin disease associated with red scaly patches

Pyelonephritis Inflammation of pelvis and calices of the kidney
Pyloric stenosis A narrowing of the pyloric canal
Pyrexia A raised temperature associated with fever
Q
Quadriplegia Paralysis of all limbs
R
Rheumatic fever An infection affecting the heart, valves and other joint
Rheumatoid arthritis Chronic type of arthritis affecting a number of joints
Rhinorrhoea Any fluid discharge from the nose
Rickets Softening and deformity of bone associated with lack of vitamin d in
childhood
Rugae Coarse surface folding e.g stomach lining
S
Salpingitis Inflammation of the fallopian tube
Sarcoidosis Chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause
Sarcoma Malignant tumour arising from connective tissues
Scheurmann’s disease Aseptic necrosis of the vertebral bodies associated with
adolescents;schmols’node bone erosion associated with prolapsed of a
degenerate invertebral disc
Sciatica Pain along the sciatic nerve
Scoliosis Excessive lateral curvature of spine
Seminoma Malignant tumour of estis associated with younger men
Shingles A viral disease(chicken pox) of the nervous system
Sinusitis Inflammation of the nasal accessory sinuses
Spalding’s sign Overlapping of skull bones including fetal death
Spina bifida Failure of posterior neural arch of a vertebrae to develop and unite
Splenomegaly Enlargement of spleen
Spondylolisthesis Foerward slipping of L4 OR L5 vertebrae due to defect
spondylosis Osteoarthritis of spine
stenosis Narrowing of a previously patent passage
Stlii’s disease Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Stricture Narrowing of a passage
Syndrome A group of signs and symptoms of a disease
T
Tachycardia Abnormal rapid heart beat
Tenosynovitis Inflammation of a tendon sheath
Teratoma Complex tumor composed multiple tissues derived from ovary and testis
Tetraplegia Paralysis of all limbs
Thoracoplasty Surgical local collapse of the lung by removal of several ribs
Thrombosis Formation of a clot within a blood vessel
Thrombus A blood clot
Thyrotoxicosis Disease associated with over activity of the thyroid gland
Tinnitus This is the hearing of sound when no external sound is present
Torticolitis Twisting of the head to the side associated with spasm of neck muscles
U
Ulcer An open sore of the skin or membrane
Uraemia Symptoms associated with toxic substances in blood stream
V
Vasalva manoeurvre Forced expiration against a closed airway
Varices Dilated veins
Vertigo Giddiness
VIVA GUIDE BY HON. OKEKE CHIMAOBI AUGUSTINE (AUSTINO)

Versicular calculus A bladder stone

Volvulus Twisting of the bowel obstructing the lumen
W
Wegener’s granuloma Destructive lesion of nasopharynyx- poor prognosis
Whiplash injury Traumatic injury to cervical spine with acute flexion and extension
Wilms tumor A malignant kidney tumor associated with young children
X
Xerosis Dryness, often associated with the skin

ABBREVIATION MEANING BFL Breech flexed legs

BI Bone injury
AAA Abdominal aortic aneurysm BMR Basal metabolic rate
Ab Abortion BMT Bone marrow transplant
ACL Anterior cruciate ligament BO Bowels open
ADE Acute demyelinating encephalitis BOO Bladder outlet obstruction
ADH Antiduiretic hormone BOOP Bronchitis obliterans organizing
ADI Acceptable daily intake pneumonia
ADR Adverse drug reaction BPD Biparietal diameter
AIDS Acquired immune deficiency BPH Benign prosthetic hypertrophy
syndrome BPI Blood pressure index
ALARA As low as reasonably aceivable Bpm Beats per minutes
ALLO Atypical legionella-like organism BSR Blood sedimentation rate
AMI Acute myocardial infarction
AML Acute myeloid leukemia Ca Carcinoma
ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome CaP Cancer of the prostate
ASD Atrial septal defect CAD Coronary artery disease
ASHD Arterosclerotic heart disease CBF Cerebral blood flow
ATN Acute tubular necrosis CBP Chronic blood flow
AVB Arterventricular block CCF Congestive cardiac failure
AVH Acute viral hepatitis CDH Congenital dislocation of hip or
AVM Aortic valve replacement coronary heart disease
AVN Avascular necrosis CHF Congestive heart failure
AVR Aortic valve replacement CIBD Chronic inflammation bowel
disease
BBB Bundle branch block CJD Creutzfeldt jakob disease
BEL Breech extended legs COAD Chronic obstructive airway disease
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COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease JCA Juvenile chronic arthritis
CBP Cardiopulmonary bypass
CPR Cardiopulmonary rescuscitation LAO Left anterior oblique
CSOM Chronic suppurative otitis media LBP Low back pain
CVA Crerbrovascular accident LFT Liver function test
CVP Central venous pressure LLL Left lower lobe
LLO Legionella-like organisms
DDH Developmental dysplasia of the hip LMP Last menstrual period
DM Diabetes mellitus LUL Left upper lobe
DOA Dead on arrival
DVT Deep vein thrombosis MABP Mean arterial blood pressure
DNRT Deep x ray therapy MI Myocardial infarction
MPAP Mean pulmonary artery pressure
EMI Elderly with mental illness MR Mitral regurgitation
ERCP Endoscopic retrograde MSU Mid stream urine
cholangiopancreatography MVD Mitral valve disease
ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate MX Mastectomy
EUA Examination under anaesthetic
NAD Nil abnormal detected
FB Foreign body NAI Non accidental injury
FFD Focus film distance NAR Nasal airway resistance
FHR Fetal heart rate NFS No fracture seen
FMNI Fetal movements not felt NG New growth
FNA Fine needle aspiration NND Neonatal death
NWB Non weight bearing
GBS Giullain barre syndrome
GHRF Growth hormone releasing factor OA Osteoarthritis
GHIF Growth hormone inhibiting factor OC Oral contraceptive
GOO Gastric outlet obstruction OE On examination
GIT Gastrointestinal tract ORIF Open reduction internal fixation
GU Gastric ulcer
PCL Posterior crucial ligament
HGH Human growth hormone PDA pileus ductus areosus
HHD Hypertensive heart disease PID Prolapsed intervertebral disc
HPC History of present complaint PID Pelvic inflammatory disease
HRT Hormone replacement therapy PIH Pregnancy induced hypertension
HTN Hypertension PNS Post nasal space
PPH Post partum haemorrhage
IAM Internal auditory meatus PR Per rectum
IBD Inflammatory bowel disease PTB Pulmonary tuberculosis
IBS Irritable bowel disease PTE Pulmonary thromboembolism
ICP Intracranial pressure PTRF Post transplant renal failure
IDDM Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus PUD Peptic ulcer disease
IHD Inflammatory heart disease PUO Pyrexia of unknown origin
IOFB Intraocular foreign body PV Per vaginam
IOP Intraocular pressure PWB Partial weight bearing
IPH Intrapartum haemorrhage
ISD Interventricular septal defect RAS Renal artery stenosis
IUCD Intrauterine contraceptive device RBBB Right bundle branch block
IUD Intrauterine death/device RDS Respiratory distress syndrome
IVD Intervertebral disc RLL Right lower lobe
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RPN Renal papillary necrosis

RTA Road traffic accident
RUL Right upper lobe

SAH Subarachnoid haemorrhage

SCC squamous cell carcinoma
SDH Subdural haemorrhage
SIDS Sudden infant death syndrome
SLE systematic lupus erythematus
SOBE Shortness of breath on exertion
SOL Space occupying lesion

TBI Total body irradiation

TKN Total knee replacement
TOF Tracheooesophageal fistula
TSS Toxic shock syndrome
TURP Transurethral resection of prostate
transplant

URTL Upper respiratory tract infection

UTI Urinary tract infection

VEB Ventricular ectopic beats

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