UNIT-5

IN PUT/ouTPUT
eitheNal heucA :
The inbut- ottt sbystem af a cematex, Maexsd
to as T|O, uides an <tent mede of commuricatia
bctacen certtxal stem and the atide enNiMonnort

to ectíLe intewmatiorn 4rom ar

-Ihe nat farmidia means } ertexirg intenation irto

a compacte thxeg aa ypeeavátix ike kaybaomd
that llss poxasn to rdex alphanumeiu ingo
dixeetly Eveny time a key i depxeed, tthe
cerrputx.
binany coded chanactaN te the

cemft cttciantly, a darq amount af

pogams and data mest be xe poaxed
n aduance
mediunm such au
and tannttcd into a
magrtie hpe.
diuk u then torateea irtn computex memaxy
af a apid ote

Sirribny. and lale rtD a pxidex

higt- spood
 the
ciect cont
- Deuices that ae ud cndox the
AOid to be Cone dod N-e
compudeX
tte
- Duiqned to ad intaurmaion
comard peorm th CU ord
mmey wt uson etorn
concidied to be þac ah the totod computo
dauíces atoched to the conttr
Gdhut
Lue
aluo called basit hexol egt- keybnosde, diaplay
unit ard prntou
the
lexiphaak thad poide ouiliay atea
- maqnetie diuks and 'dahes.
e
alecteemectanica and electeagete
- Reiphaali
deuice cornhluity
Input-Qutput Tnthaca : methad jexdantein
inesjace poides
Input-utput iteral stoxoqe
andadoa
utaation bctoean
IIO dowices.
Peipheas conneded to comptox neod pecia!
then cicth the
comnuunicaton inks

curtal þooceing unit. do uale the ditheaNA

cenacomutr and eoch
that oxit bteoen the
peithexal
- The

(Pesiphexal. -alocdomechanial ard elacbagntie

dlouices , PU and mermay - eleconi euic).

) The data danajex JHte

alQwet than he the PU, and
 Cereeaunlly, a aynchonizatien mechaniun may be
needed
3) Dota codes an þexipheral the
eenatinin the PU ad memey
4) Theocanating msdes a paikhealy axe
Lach sthe and each mt he centalad ae as nat to
ditueb the opaation f ther þoiheak conectl
to the Pu.

lo eolue
dithexanee., compute ayatoms icuda
hese
sheca!hovdue comhenerta (callud inteehace nit
htueen the CPU and Ahenals to auhouide rd
Aynchnize a inputa and actt
They inta>haca betuwen the HOCO bus and the
pesibhexal deuia:
In adoition, 2ach dauice may baue it asn coneallee
that supiea the chaxotions oh he hasctiaulax
mechanin in the seisherala.

I/0 Buu and Interjaca Msdules t-

-Fach irtojace decodes the add'es and corbol suceicdt
drorn the 'yo bu,, rteeeta then hox the esithexala
rd þosideu aignale fox the petpheal conbeattae:
ynchenizas the dotoa Heo ond ausenise1 the
bteen hestpheNal arol oo cee
drartoe
- Fach Aeyipheal has it Qon canallen thad eperatu the
þastácula elacmechanical oeuica
. fox ekamte- the inter cortale coreols the Aapex
motion, te pahax diring and the saloctirn o ninting
charactes
- A cortello may be houscd sofowately x may be
phyically ntegnalad cáth the faxihivalu.

I}0 bus Dota

Addeu
Roeeno Conta

Irdajacs Trdokace Trtanjaca

Trtajaca
|Kayboand MagnetieMograt.
inte
display
donal

Connection oh To0 bu
bul to inpt- autht deulces
dauca adde an the addees
The puo cLsLex placu
Cortans n addss dac0dese that monitoy
Eoch irdface
the addees ies
- When the dolect üts own addes, t actuates
the toth botween the bus lines and the deutea hat
conol
A taábhera shoe adds d@s nat eoweerd te
the addes n the bua e di¡abled by thein into7acr
I/0 Command -
A th Are me tht the ddes mada auo ilohe
an the addue lihes, the oseN Aeuides a
un Ihe cora! ine.
ntian
Coda
 the txhce sele cted thorte to the

faur tytes
Conta
commardi

Satu
Data Cutt
ata Int

-4 corte cemmand u iuALed do actiuat the feiphexal

nd to ntam t cohat
cotat te de

tatsi
A t t s command is LAed to tot vosils sttu

cenditien in the ántejace ard the poiheval.

Qtt dat -
Tt coses the intojace do apond by tanajeg
data
Conide an RKOmple wtth a tape uit- the compuitox
tatt the dase meuing by üaung aa cerba
tae meg catbeel comnand

The DLAoY then mentoy the statu the tap

a statu comnand. thten the tape is
by
in the cosut peaitien the OCU sies a data
cutt commard The irtaface sekends te the
the infaxmatin
data i e in the buu to it but git
thon commnicateu esitt the tate
he intefaca
Carelese and c he olata to be ataed an ta

Tnt data i
The ütejaee eceives an item data

and placeu
heishoal ad ite "bujen
in itt
laceu itit in gito
- "The þcese checke i dlata ae auaiable by meos,
a stat cemand ane ther isae a data

input cemmand.
data n th data iu,
The iteface Alace the
ohee they accapted by the eoceae

I/O Memey u
In addition to communicatig wt T/O, the poeAN
uut comnulcate csth te memey nt

3 such coay
i) cue eeot buse, ne
2 sctaata eea
athe

bus jox bath meMANy ad I<o

but haue setorate cerbs! énes
and I/0 wth
memey
Connan Cornto! ies

IOP :
- In the methed, the comuctos bas indeanelant
of data, oddes and Cet! bue, ne
accauing memey nd ther
This i dene in computer that þoude a Leþaxat
I/O oceer (IOP) n additien to he certal
wit CPU).
The IO boceLear u someme
a data
channel.
 JAalatod weHALA Memoy - Mabbed T|0

Saanate To eOad foxite cento! lines is addition to

memey eead foxite contal lies.
- scpaxade (isalatod) mem0y and
ad T(o
Tro addcs ataces
hitint inpt and Lctpt nstucios

Memony- mapped To
set e eod faite contel ives (no distinctio
A sigle
bettueen memey and Ijo tonsfd
and /O addee ahaQ the commn addes
Memey wshich Hducs memy
adess Jarge auoilable

Addes Bus
Data eeu

tMemey Corte
nes
Tsolated I/O

Adolbese Beu

Dta B
Mene

I/O
Memy Mapped I/O
 -
Examble o} To Intox7aco
IJ0data
Posct A
Rdixecoral Bus
ata Bi

IJo data
Ch select CS oegistex
RS1 Trtehal
Regiutx Solet
RSO Tinig Corto Catl
and

I/0 od RD
Corta
egiutaxe|
Stetus Setu

-To cPU To Io deuee

CS RS1 Ragiatex Setectec

None! data bus whigh-inpadance
1

|Port B agiste
1
Cartual ssgtee
Satus agite
INTERRUPTS -
- IrteUuti is a pOUA that alleOs the
...kod seocer to
cwoUt exeCution nd and to external
intenal sequst
Inteu can he tided to the
poeALeY by 2cay
 pgam cuxiten in compurter memeY
) theugh arteunal peniphexals
Thee e
t) Makable v/s
irtaup
v/s Non-rakable.
) Vetaned v/s on- ected

1) Hvd onne and sotne intoupa

- Wtsen itoupt an exteenal axdeoaro hp
thusugh
Anding a aignal to a paticulax pín af to proca
they ae
"The acttae inte7t asee initiated by geae,
cstile axacuting afeqam,
ütuctian is enceUsted the treoee cort! i
giuen back
back do he

) Makable and on- maukable iteoubt

Inducors ohich cqie inmcdiata action by the
non- maskable utoebtz
enable untxupta
Sorme intuclios may net
not be eporded
oeeperdec hy the þxocLiex
irrvnadiatcyundee maka ble inatepta
alauiified
z Vectaod ard Non- wectorecd untpt
Wten intoupt au þoDuded gen, the exeeution
uegnam so Jn uectened intesust, the
buarch addes ds asigned do a ked doeatíon in
 In nen- wectaved nteubtk the soUnee that ntupt
ALpplice the brarch injamatian the OCLLAN.

MODE S OF DATA TRANSFER:

- Data dxasher betoeen the centxal eamputzx to TyO deuices
mdes
ay be handled n theee
DEreqnammed Ilo
) TrtoLt Tnitiated I/o
s) Direct Memoy Acce CDMA)

IJo inst
- The pgamed ilo aaatiens
aitten in te cemutex egHam: tach data tm
initiated by an intuction in the pegram
danste is
nalley, the teanaox
Othe ncteuctions axe neaded to dnfex
poxiphoal.
the dat to and CPU a memay

Ih the þagamed T0 matthed, the CPU

þsqam aap utl the yo uit ndiate that it i
D data dxanje This is tine- consuming ORLs,
Ainca kecbe the oceaoR buy needleaty Tt can
be cucided by usng
Dota bus
Trtejace
Addess bu
Dda Raqite ata ualid
CPU cleuíee
Stedus D|Dota accested
JRequtex
f= flagbt
VO
I/o deNice to CPU.
Data tonstex am
txample Ch Begrammed I/0 :
düect
n this mthd, the Io douice claes nat baue
ccas to memexy Teanafeo yeon T|o douia to memey
Iquiey the exeeution at AueNa istuctians bythethe
CPU, includinq an inut ntutien to txansfex
the deuica to CPu and stoe inteuction
lata fom th
data PU toD merny
to anifex tte
dota n e at a tme
The I<o deuice xanfors bujtes aj data
uailable. When a byte a
blacs o bus a d
tt in the ITJo
uce þlaes
auailable the derice
enables ts data Naid Line:

the bte into it data sgia

The iritahace accepta The irtasface
the dat accasted line
and eables diaable te dlata
bit f. The deuico then wntil
ansthe bte
diabled by the intexfaca.
Line s
the data accahted
1, CU
cPU ade the data peem
equal to
Ih the Hag bit s Kt is thes leaned
to o by eithex
data aftee. The hoo the rtejaca cinct
irtsjaces daperding n

the untexhace
Onca the Hag u claaxad,
deaigned
the data acce bted
line and thedoulce con ctanh
dloble
the next dota bfte
 Read date Reqitex

heck ag but

Elag=1

Read status egitex

data to
mene
Shoatian
Cemplcte

ContinLe ctth

Ptoochast fox CPU aqam to inut data.

Inteout- Iritiated I/oTanfex : -

-The foreblem wth ragammed I|0 i that ahe peocesser

bas to cait aa ong tme tex |O madle ef cAncen
to bobe sady fee atthor ucebtion tanemision
dota "The þroceLN, hila coading must
the sttsathe LO mdule xcpeatally
inergta As aeutt
the euc e the
pojaumanco f the entire Aystem
 An atteunatiue s
CAmnd tu a maule d then On tD do AOno otto

The T mediulo eull then intoxost the þxosep do secqyuat

sQHuíCe eohen t is ady do sxearg data wcth tte

(he HOCeLAO then keetes the dat

d then HeLUmes i s

Tntupt boctair
-A deuica doLese intiatu an TIOALqet

The deuice diue the I/0 contballoe

doulca, whih inttiats the eqted To.
the IIO corballe that s
The deuíce signals
seiieu i t , the sutpt is cemplet
been qeneated.
irteout signal enistowft
The CPU ecelues the coritol the urtout-xaquest
hardle
ine and danste ouN the

cAde asuiaed cth a

at
ISR, hlch s special block
i r t o t cenditien)
hadle dotosunenes the case the

necosaas þoceaing and akeetes

The Jthe
irdawut nitoept nstouction
tn fom" keection tete oiox to the teeupt
The cPO Hotuns do the
bonq aignaled.
hoins agin
the cPU conlinues þoceMing util the cycle
 Dinect Mimy Acceau CDMA):
datee a date bohucn a jact cto xage douce
-- The aten timdod bey the
agnehc diak at memOy
Remouing the cPö the þath
eed the co. the mcmey
haiphexal dauíee maage
and letting the inpee the dxanajex.
buses diecty ewsd
trorchee dechnique ds ed DiLet Memay
"Ths
Aeces CDMA)
deat idle a d has
tacfex, the cPU is
- Duoung DMA bes
ertal ha
no cantal the memay buaca.
centellee take o e the huses to manage the
- A DMA
t I|O de uice ad memey.
dxancfex dactty between
hatwen the

Acldess Bus)
Bes squut
ABUS
High
úmhedance
Dato Bs Cdisabte)
CPU
is ehatbled
WR woite

CoU bus aianalu oe DMA dantx.

the DMA contallo
do seqet the CPU allocotion buses. When this
inut i actiue, the PU tominats the eKe Qtion a
he Cusort itucien ad lacs the addes
the data bus oud the ead and caste ines into
hig imhedance stote.
The coU octiuat the bus qart CBG) t t to inf
the oxtoral BMA that the buse te n high-inbedarca
stete. The DMA thad iqirated the buu equeit an n
take cordel af the bues do Cerdut memey tvansteu
wihot oceALOY untexuanth:
 hen the DMA Aoniates the daneje,t isables the
Heqet line. he CPU ciables the bLus qart, tak1s
nd se atewens to its heal oatior
eentol the

In DMA, hLwt danstex a block sequeree eensiuting ajf

a nunboe
CarntunLes bwt cshile the DMA cantae s aster
s neoded
mode ah tAnfe
buses. This made
C the memey bue.
euicos such magnetic disks, whee data
taninisien cannot be Atoheol
an entite block is dansteoed
stea lirg allos the DMA CRrballox dto tarjex
Cycle
Qne ata cuNd at a tMe, ato
The cPO meely lelays
certuel the buses to the cPÜ all the
cle tO
to eal ane mens
dlinect memony odanso
ycle.
Addee
Bs Addoess bus
Dota bus
Dota bus

DMA Selact Addes

Read lod CAut

wsite Regiutax
Bus Raguuste BR
Cortea)
Bus GnateG
Triteu_t Irteupt Pasjatex
DMA eqyest to I|0 deulce
DMA Ackrneuledg

diaquam o DMA cerolle

Rlock
 Ihe DMA Cotslor need the s l cucults af
sth the cPU and TIO oouiee Tn
to commnicata
addiion, t neods Qn ddes HOqutex, a wsad cout
adces ine

ound addees ines a e eLsod

The addes egtox The coaxd count
diect connunieatien wt the memey
that must be
the nnbe SOd
segistex Apocijiu,
tsartad the
The oddeess segitox Canterx an adoess to
The oddes
dexied doaton in menay
ineemnertod ajta Qach ed tht dvarahexud
to memay
holds the wmbe
The coovd cou Huqite
toheod Thiu egitor ds deeamertod by
cto be nd interaly testod

The
the nade the
Avarfo
in.the DMA appeat to the CPU Qs YO
- A eqestea hus the PU can eadl
ítegace sagiten qistes undox
eote into the DMA
úa the data bs.

DMA TxanBe i
- The CPU comuiates wth the DMA thSugh
the addes

and data bAes with ay te7aca uit. The DMA

uth
oddes. shich activates DS und RS ine.
has it Qn addes,

The Uinitializes the DMA thsgh the dota bus nca

eeeA he Atast Cant command, it can &te st
DMA
betwean the felpheral deee ond the
she darate
memog