BASIS:

V
Ve ctoy Spa e and
, as is a finite Set of
Vectoys i V then ealled a basi
two eodii
bel d
S
linary Thlepenlant
S Spans Vi )
v
L(s)=V.
¿xmple l: The stndard Bahi for R
The Standard nit Ve ctos

<, = (,e, o o,..-, )

, - (o,', o, o)
e, - (o, o,', , )

)
*) Linearly Th lependent:

K, e t kyes t . +ko la (o o,.

k,(,,9,...,o) +K(o,, o, ... ,o

+ko (9e..,o) : (oo. )
Uo,Vi

koO.
sLndard cnit

linsary Ta lepen don t

)) Les)= V Let S= ei, e2,

L (5)= k, e, t ky e.
k;eR
) k, 0, oo,.,) + Ks (9, e... o)
+ Kalo, e...,): vk;eR
= } (x,, ka,.
V.

V
The Set S &pans
Stend ard nit Vecto
Heoce

Exemple 2: The stendard Basi for Pa :

Shao that S= , x, x, .... ^? is a basis
for the Vec tor Spa ce po nonial
(or) les,
Sol:
we wnt to 8haw, it is a line or
Tlefenlnt L(s) =v,
 Let
donote he polynania
P, P=* 2

mus t 8ho) that

only Co-efheint
Veetor eua tin

yui va ent to the Sta te

mant
ko t k, t k, t
for a l|
This wauld be
imp'g the
Fonomial has nfini bly
merg
unle
root IS a

eonhradtia
-ial tolynonial is Zeuo olyno

Angy poghonial
Qon be orn tn a
linea om binati on
e eman t

Thes S Spns P
is basi
Exmple 3: Anothey. Basis of R
Shao hat he Vectovs v,= ((,2, D: ,=(9,9, o)
3
v, = (3, 3, 4) fom a bsis sf R

must Shaw that Vectovs are

tFese Vectos
and Span R
Cineay hedependent
Linecry odaenelant i:
,y,t ka Y, t

k, !,2,) +K4 (2,, tkz (3, 3, 4) = (o o o)

+3K,
k, + 2X, t3k o,
2<, ky +3k, =o

k, t 4 k =0, ’)

K, = - 4 K3

(9)x2 =) 2k, + 4ky t 6k3 o.

2 k, t 9 k, + 3k, o
(
-5 k, t:

equ we

2 kz
 Bolvid, gel,

-5k, + 3k =0

(6)> -5k + 3k=0.

(x3-) 6k, - 3 k 0

k, =0,. ’ 0
esu &ub in 5
k3
get

k, =o

Lineary Indapendunt
Span
LS)=

kz (3,3,
) K+2k,+ 3Ky, 2kt 4kt3k3

It s
 Note Tf the number dieary Indapsnda,
Metos ejuals the
Vectovs dimans ior f The Vec tor Spste
than
Set f Vectov botth pens thu Space
fiS a basis for it.
Ex nples:

1. Corsi dir

These tuo Vector5 are

T,depanden t
be lase R has
but thA lo not

limensin 3.
J.

These t o Vecto are

Trclupndent
a basis
Ao,

Exmpe 4':
S. T he ma(o

forms basis for the Yector

(2y2 Mna hix )

Space
Sol. the
rmatic
mest
8ho hat
and pan hss
laneny trlepenkent
Lineax Thdepenclent

It s
linsavly Jhlajandant
Span: (Le) v)
 "Hence, IE is abas}s

Theor em iS a bosi

for a Vector Space V, han evoy Ve ctoY

eon be enpressed the

forn t
Co
exat ne

Sin ce 3 Bpens v, t filos fon

Set that evoy
the
a

&yonig L.c af
Vecto

the Vectos n S, To ee tat here is

a VectoY ab a
expres
the Vectos n S.
L.c

v= k, V, +k
Su bs hacting ) fron
 v, t (a- k )Ye
O= (c, - k,)

V ale the
tuo Caprsian for
Thws, the
 ()

a <a, z) +b<y, z>

a Vec toy:
(2istibu tbire)
Nomn of
Let be a VectoY n vector SpauV
Then there veel
the

BalaY
kbeiny
) x+!
echere

find he nonm
Vector v= (3,-3,5)un

V4 +9 +25 =/36

Ioner Poduct Space CR)

n a
Produ ct Sprte
fnctin that
Teal vector Space V
real number (u,v oi th
ass0ciats a

each Poir Vectos in V.

 ( additve)
)u, v <V, w

k<u, v) (Hmognei t,
(i)ku, v?
Cpositvit,)
anner Product of
T{ di7ine
vectoys u t v in R

Notatioy!

<u-v, u-v)

lalle nit
*) A Ve ctor of nom

VectoY.

Jei ghted Sucli den er Pradu ct :

are Posi tive real

numbe cofich eall coeghts. f
( Y, Vi, )
tu Ve ctors

<u, V>=
Sxanple 1:

Let u= (u, u,) V= (y.y,) te Vectos

in veri y -that the Euclicle on
Poduct
<u,v >= 3u, V, + 2 u, V

3u, v, + 2 4, V,

3y, u, t 2Y, u)

() <ur, w - 3(u, +y,) w,

= 3u,w, + 2 4, 2,) +
(3 V, w, t 2 S.)

,
(ib) k u, 3 ku, v, + 2 ku V
V?=
k (34, v, t 2 u

k < u, V>
2

, v> = 3 V, + 2 Vs o4
 0.

o) v- to) n R.

dlu,v) l|u-v)l= V<u-v, u-v)

<(, - )(-i))
1. |4 (-D-)

Defntion
unner Product 8pace than
the Bet that Betisky
lull= .

2
nit lircles n R
)a Sketch the nit ree n a

eo-ordinate Systan n R the

Eeclilen ne Produt

(b) Sketeh the nit nn y

eomrlinate oys tam the
 Anner Produt

u= (x, )

u,u?

(6) (x,)
2

Stndard nner Praduct P:

+.

2 2
Ex 5: The evaluatin Aner Product on P.

P= Px)=
1-(x) bot b, t ba

<P =

defines an annr Product o n PP a lled the

eralua tion une Proou t at o, y,

SKey>
P p(,)4 (x5) +
Pa) 4x)4
+P(x,)4/)

+9(%,) pr,)
<,P>
G) <+4, Y> = +

(prx,)
+ (prx) t*txa)) an)
- (p)) + PK,)r(x) *.

<Y7.
l) <KP, > = kpa) 9(x6)+ kpx) a) +
+ k px)(xn)

iv) <P, > = [P) + [px)J [P,)

Cot th
quality holdig
P() = P ) = = p(an) O.

A) the anner Prod ct

&tifed
Ex6:
Let P have tt evaluahor nner Product
at the pts o-2 , o , =2,

Conpu te <P, 4
P= p)= x 9 a)= l+ .

P(-2)-) t plo)(o)+ PO)4a)

(4x-)f Ot 4 x3
-4 +I2 = 8.
32
2
0PI)

2
2

2LXuIYl
2 2
>4O+ 4
 rS

An integal Podu ct ao c[a, l

Let
C[a,s ditine
<f,a=
ll &hou0 at his
an that fornula dagies
he Product on c[a,5] verdy
nnerer produt
ains for foctin
Axin :

<$,J7=

Ain 2. b

< 5, h t<g, h
Ax 3:

< kf, J>

b

Aion
Acim4:
b
2

2
0.
/

Ls ()
afs the fncin f=o
The ejuai tt
 Ov thogonali
non.Zoo ecto n R
I{ are

be tween uf
ngle
then the dot Product
u.y llullVI| os e.

then

Theorern
Cauchy Iasqualit
u nd V are ve etavs ana real ine
Prodct Space V then

Troo Case i)! uzo

Binca bott i des oae the ancquality holdy

Case i): ufo. Ronsicder uadrakc
e xþressin:
tu v, tutv) = <E 4, tu +

< tu,v+( tu>4

-tku
A<u, uz+ 2t <u,ry t <v, v
 Cos ngle lbetseen these
Veetos;

I|u) n0| Sind Sin la+o)

 Mø|| ul| cos d Cos < c0s O - Sina Sin 0) +

lull.loI|
a coso - Sind SinO CoS d)+

Sind oS Sin

2
Cos Sin cosY

llul. Mu| CoS.

Theorem ) : are Vecto

a real annor Product 8pa Ce V is kis y
Scala

(TFringe
for distna)
Prooß ca). 2

+<v,v

absol,te
vale
 2.

d (uv) =

= dlu w)+ dlo, v)

. d(uv)< d(uw) d(o, v),
Aes ca ored
Gensalized Thesten for ythagoras
T are
orthogoral Vectoy
real inner Product paca thun
2

Proß

2
(:u is
 Othogoral Conp lemant :;
W
kabs pae of ea
oner Praluct Spa ce y, then the Bet of all Vectos
V that
or ho pal to evey Vector in
W s lalled ov thogoal eoplement af W
it is denoted
y the smbol w
Examp le:
2
th W=
This Bet f all Vect¡s n 2- ais
Solo:

Subspace is panned kay i(soy

ind vthgonal lonplemnt f eabspace wt
al .vectos n that
are orthoonal to C, o).

2
W
W 7(,9)eR =o)(
 OrthogoaLet Set

A
ct S of
be an
product Space..
vecters ib Boud to be an
erthojonal Set
ae
tuo listinct Vecto
ovthogol
Orthonoma Bet.
Said to be thonomal Set
or thogoal nd
The
stendard basis {e,
,,]
= 0,o, , -.. o)
)
(o, o, o,.. -., )
<e, e,= <e, e3>o,

Similarl.
re
Be t n ovthgoa)

orthonomal det
Theorem0: Tf S= V2,
thogonal &et af nn- Zero Yectos n ner Product
Than lineay Thdependnt.
Roof
Let a, , t

To 8how that s s ineary Indpendnt, we

nced tD Prove
Take Proluct
CUe Je t

Sine, the &et

"There fore
S is

all te
thgonal
ms 8um

0,

the argumnt
&imila
TE follows that

is lineary hlepen dent.