GO OD

AFT ERNO ON
Gra ph s
an d
C ha rts
 Reporters:

GARAMAY, CYRA BOLA, MARIANA NICOLE LORICA, BEA MAE D.

MARICARL B.

VILLA, JEAN CRISTY B. ACOSTA,DIANA A.

List Of Contents
1. Bar Chart 11. Radar Chart
2. Histogram 12. Gantt Chart
3. Pie Chart 13. Pareto Chart
4. Line Graph 14. Funnel Chart
5. Scatter Plot 15. Violin Plot
6. Box Plot 16. Dot Plot
7. Area Chart 17. Waterfall Chart
8. Stacked Bar Chart 18. Chord Diagram
9. Bubble Chart 19. Candle Stick Chart
10. Heat Map 20. Sunburst Char
 BAR GRAPHS

Bar graph are the pictorial representation of

data (generally grouped), in the form of
vertical or horizontal rectangular bars, where
the length of bars are proportional to the
measure of data.
When to use Bar Graphs
Comparing Categories
Showing Trends Over Time
Visualizing Distributions
Displaying Nominal Data
Highlighting Differences
Analyzing Data
 TYPES OF BAR GRAPHS
Vertical Bar Graphs
When the grouped data are
represented vertically in a
graph or chart with the help of
bars, where the bars denote the
measure of data, such graphs
are called vertical bar graphs.
The data is represented along
the y-axis of the graph, and the
height of the bars shows the
values.
 TYPES OF BAR GRAPHS
Horizontal Bar Graphs
When the grouped data are
represented horizontally in a
chart with the help of bars,
then such graphs are called
horizontal bar graphs, where
the bars show the measure of
data.
The data here along the x-
axis of the graph, and the
length of the bars denote the
values.
 TYPES OF BAR GRAPHS
Grouped Bar Graph
The grouped bar graph is also
called the clustered bar
graph, which is used to
represent the discrete value
for more than one object
that shares the same
category.
 TYPES OF BAR GRAPHS
Stacked Bar Graph
The stacked bar graph is
also called the composite
bar chart, which divides the
aggregate into different
parts.
Each part can be
represented using different
colours, which helps to
easily identify the different
categories.
 HISTOGRAM
A histogram is a graphical representation of a grouped
frequency distribution with continuous classes.
It is an area diagram and can be defined as a set of
rectangles with bases along with the intervals between
class boundaries and with areas proportional to
frequencies in the corresponding classes.
When to use a Histogram
The data should be numerical.
A histogram is used to check the shape of the data
distribution.
Used to check whether the process changes from
one period to another.
Used to determine whether the output is different
when it involves two or more processes.
Used to analyse whether the given process meets
the customer requirements.
 TYPES OF HISTOGRAM
Uniform Histogram
A uniform distribution reveals that
the number of classes is too small,
and each class has the same number
of elements.
Bimodal Histogram
Bimodality occurs when the data set
has observations on two different
kinds of individuals or combined
groups if the centers of the two
separate histograms are far enough
to the variability in both the data
sets.
 TYPES OF HISTOGRAM
Symmetric Histogram
A symmetric histogram is also
called a bell-shaped histogram.
The diagram is perfectly
symmetric if the right half
portion of the image is similar to
the left half.
Probability Histogram
A Probability Histogram shows a
pictorial representation of a
discrete probability distribution.
 PIE CHART

The “pie chart” is also known as a “circle

chart”, dividing the circular statistical
graphic into sectors or sections to
illustrate the numerical problems. Each
sector denotes a proportionate part of the
whole.
When to use a Pie Chart
Within a business, it is used to compare
areas of growth, such as turnover, profit
and exposure.
To represent categorical data.
To show the performance of a student in
a test, etc.
EXAMPLE

The pie-chart shows the marks obtained by a

student in an examination.
 LINE GRAPH
A line graph or line chart or line plot is a
graph that utilizes points and lines to
represent change over time.
It is a chart that shows a line joining
several points or a line that shows the
relation between the points.
When to use a Line Graph
Track changes over time
Compare changes
Show trends
Track small changes
Show continuous data
EXAMPLE
Scatter Plot
A scatter plot (aka scatter chart, scatter graph) uses
dots to represent values for two different numeric
variables. The position of each dot on the horizontal
and vertical axis indicates values for an individual
data point. Scatter plots are used to observe
relationships between variables.
A scatter plot helps show the relationship between
items based on two different variables and data sets.
Dots (or plot data) are plotted in an x-y coordinate
system.
When to use a Scatter Plot
Show relationships between two variables.
You have two variables of data that complement
each other.
Scatter plots are ideal for exploring relationships
and patterns between two continuous variables.
They can help you identify trends, correlations,
or potential clusters in the data.
Types of Scatter Plot
Scatter Plot for Positive
Correlation
A scatter plot with increasing values of
both variables can be said to have a
positive correlation. The scatter plot for
the relationship between the time spent
studying for an examination and the marks
scored can be referred to as having a
positive correlation

Scatter Plot for Negative

Correlation
A scatter plot with an increasing value
of one variable and a decreasing
value for another variable can be said
to have a negative correlation.
Observe the below image of negative
scatter plot depicting the amount of
production of wheat against the
respective price of wheat.
Scatter Plot for Null Correlation
A scatter plot with no clear
increasing or decreasing trend in
the values of the variables is said
to have no correlation. Here the
points are distributed randomly
across the graph. For example, the
data for the number of birds on a
tree at different times of the day
does not show any correlation.
Observe the below scatter plot
showing the number of birds on a
tree versus time of the day.
EXAMPLE of Scatter Plot
Age of the
Child Height

3 2.3

4 2.7

5 3.1

6 3.6

7 3.8
8 4

9 4.3
10 4.5
Box Plot

A box plot, also known as a whisker plot,

displays a summary of the range and statistical
distribution of a dataset based on a five-
number summary: minimum, first quartile, median,
third quartile, and maximum.
When to use a Box Plot
When you want to see how your data is spread
out and if it’s uneven.
If you need to find unusual values (outliers) in
your data.
When you're comparing data distributions across
different groups or datasets.
EXAMPLE
Area Chart
An area chart is a visual representation of data
that utilizes both lines and filled areas to convey
information. This type of chart is particularly
effective in showcasing data trends and variations
over a specified period or across different
categories.
It is represented by the area between the lines and
the axis. The area is proportional to the amount it
represents.
When to use a Area Chart
Display how values or multiple values develop
over time.
Highlight the magnitude of a change.
Show large differences between values.
Type of Area Chart
Cumulative (regular) area chart:
Similar to multiple line graphs, the
charts share a common baseline
(usually the x-axis). This type of chart
isn’t suitable if any of the data bleeds
into another area. If this is the case,
use the stacked type instead.

Stacked Area Chart: This type doesn’t

have a common baseline. Instead, each
area is “stacked” on top of each
preceding area.

100% Stacked area chart: Each area is also

“stacked” on top of each preceding area,
but each area is a percentage of
measurements at a particular data point.
Stacked area charts aren’t recommended for
very jagged areas; Use a bar chart or
column chart instead.
EXAMPLE
Stacked Bar Chart
A stacked bar chart is a type of bar chart that portrays the
compositions and comparisons of several variables through
time. Stacked charts usually represent a series of bars or
columns stacked on top of one another. They are widely used
to effectively portray comparisons of total values across
several categories.
A stacked bar graph breaks down and compares parts of a
whole. Each bar represents a total, and segments in the bar
represent different categories or parts of that total.
When to use a Stacked Bar Chart
When you need to compare the total and one
part of the totals across different categories.
If you want to visualize part-to-whole
relationships.
When you want to show how a category is
divided into sub-categories. For example, if
you’re measuring specific app engagement
metrics, such as conversion rate by feature.
EXAMPLE of Stacked Bar Chart
BUBBLE CHART
A Bubble Chart is a variation of a scatter plot that
uses bubbles of different sizes to represent an
additional dimension of data.
It visualizes relationships between three numerical
variables:
The x-axis represents one variable.
The y-axis represents another variable.
The bubble size represents a third variable,
often indicating magnitude, frequency, or
impact.
BUBBLE CHART
WHEN TO USE:
Comparing multiple quantitative variables
simultaneously.
Identifying trends, correlations, and clusters in
data.
Used in market analysis, business intelligence,
financial forecasting, and scientific studies.
BUBBLE CHART

Example: A Bubble Chart can be used to compare economic data,

where the x-axis represents GDP per capita, the y-axis represents life
expectancy, bubble size represents population, and bubble color
represents the continent.
HEAT MAP
A Heat Map is a graphical representation of data where
individual values are shown using color intensity. The
colors, which can range from shades like red to green
or blue, represent different numerical values.
This visualization tool is especially useful in identifying
patterns, trends, and outliers within large datasets. By
highlighting areas with high or low values, it makes it
easier to compare variables, spot correlations, and
focus on important data points that need further
analysis or attention.
HEAT MAP
WHEN TO USE:
Analyzing large datasets to identify trends and
correlations.
Used in fields such as finance, epidemiology, and
education.
Visualizing correlation matrices, survey
responses, and geographic data.
HEAT MAP

Example: A Heat Map displaying smartphone ratings across various features,

such as processor, screen size, price, battery backup, and camera. The
colors red, yellow, and green are used to represent bad, average, and good
ratings, respectively. This allows for a quick comparison of models and
highlights their strengths and weaknesses at a glance.
RADAR CHART
A Radar Chart, also known as a spider chart, displays
data with multiple factors on a two-dimensional plane.
Each axis represents a different factor, all starting
from a central point. Data points are plotted along
these axes and connected to form a shape. The farther a
point is from the center, the higher its value.
Radar charts are useful for comparing different
factors, spotting patterns, and highlighting strengths and
weaknesses. They are often used in performance
analysis, surveys, and product comparisons.
RADAR CHART
WHEN TO USE:
Comparing multiple quantitative variables across
different categories.
Assessing strengths and weaknesses in
performance metrics.
Commonly used in sports performance analysis,
employee skill evaluation, and competitive
benchmarking.
RADAR CHART

Example: A Radar Chart

can be used to compare
athletes' performance,
with each axis
representing skills like
Execution, Landing,
Style, Creativity, and
Difficulty. The colored
areas show each
athlete's strengths and
weaknesses at a glance.
GANTT CHART
A Gantt Chart is a type of bar chart used to represent a
project schedule. It displays tasks along a timeline,
showing their start and end dates. Each task is
represented by a bar, with the length of the bar
indicating how long the task will take.
Gantt Charts also highlight task dependencies, meaning
which tasks must be completed before others can begin.
They are helpful for tracking overall project progress
and ensuring that tasks are completed on time.
GANTT CHART
WHEN TO USE:
Project planning, scheduling, and tracking
progress over time.
Helps ensure timely completion of different
research phases.
Used in business project management, academic
research timelines, and event planning.
GANTT CHART

Example: A Gantt Chart can be used to visualize project schedules, where

the rows represent tasks like Planning, Research, and Design, and the
columns show time periods such as months or quarters. The bars indicate
the start and end dates of each task, helping track progress and deadlines
at a glance.
PARETO CHART
- shows the ordered frequency counts for different
levels of a nominal variable.
The charts are based on the “80/20” rule. This rule says
that about 80% of the problems are the result of 20% of
causes. This rule is also called the “vital few and trivial
many.” Again, the idea is that you can focus on a vital
few root causes of the problem and ignore the trivial
many.
PARETO CHART
PARETO CHART
WHEN TO USE:
helps in deciding which problems to solve first.
They are useful for identifying the most frequent
outcome of a categorical variable.
PARETO CHART
PARETO CHART
Funnel Chart
- is a specialized chart type that demonstrates the flow
of users through a business or sales process. The chart
takes its name from its shape, which starts from a broad
head and ends in a narrow neck. The number of users at
each stage of the process are indicated from the
funnel’s width as it narrow
Funnel Chart
WHEN TO USE:
Funnel charts are most often seen in business or
sales contexts, where we need to track how a
starting set of visitors or users drop out of a
process or flow. This chart type shows how the
starting whole breaks down into progressive
parts.
Funnel charts are best used as a high-level
visualization before moving into a deeper
investigation.
FUNNEL CHART
Eaxmple:
Violin Plot 🎻
In simple terms, it is used to visualise the distribution of
the data and its probability density.
A violin plot depicts distributions of numeric data for
one or more groups using density curves. The width of
each curve corresponds with the approximate frequency
of data points in each region. Densities are frequently
accompanied by an overlaid chart type, such as box
plot, to provide additional information.
Violin Plot
WHEN TO USE:
🎻
when you want to visualize the distribution of
numerical data, particularly when comparing the
distribution of a variable across multiple groups
Helps visualize outliers as extreme points on the
density curve.
When comparing distributions across different
categories or groups, violin plots allow you to
easily see how the data is spread and where the
major differences lie.
Violin Plot
Eaxmple:
🎻
 Dot Plot
- used to encode data in a dot or small circle. The dot
plot is shown on a number line that displays the
distribution of numerical variables where a value is
defined by each dot.
It is similar to a simplified histogram or a bar graph
as the height of the bar formed with dots represents the
numerical value of each variable. Dot plots are used to
represent small amounts of data.
 Dot Plot
WHEN TO USE:

It is particularly useful when dealing with

datasets with overlapping data points.
Ussually it is also used when you need to easily
identify clusters, gaps, and outliers within the
data, as each data point is individually plotted
on a number line, making it perfect for quickly
seeing patterns and trends in the data.
 Dot Plot
Eaxmple:
Waterfall Chart
A waterfall chart is a type of bar chart that shows the
cumulative impact of sequential positive and negative
values.
It’s useful for understanding how an initial value is
affected by a series of intermediate changes, leading
to a final value.
Waterfall Chart
WHEN TO USE:
Analyzing financial statements (e.g., revenue
breakdown, profit changes).
Tracking budget changes over time.
Visualizing inventory or sales progression.
Waterfall Chart
 Chord Diagram

A Chord Diagram is a circular visualization that

represents relationships between different entities or
categories.
It uses curved lines to show the flow or connection
between data points.
 Chord Diagram
WHEN TO USE:
Showing trade relationships between countries.
Visualizing network connections (e.g., website
traffic, social interactions).
Mapping interdependencies in complex systems.
Chord Diagram
Candlestick Chart

A candlestick chart is a financial chart used to show

price movements of an asset over time.
Each "candle" consists of a body and wicks that
indicate the opening, closing, high, and low prices for a
given period.
Candlestick Chart
WHEN TO USE:
Analyzing stock market trends.
Observing price fluctuations in commodities or
cryptocurrencies.
Identifying trading patterns (e.g., bullish and bearish
trends).
Candlestick Chart
- *Body (rectangle)* →
Shows where the price
started and ended.
- *Wicks (lines on top
and bottom)* → Show
the highest and lowest
prices.
Sunburst Chart

A sunburst chart is a hierarchical visualization that

represents data in a circular format with multiple levels
of categories.
The inner circles represent higher-level categories, while
outer circles show subcategories.
Sunburst Chart
WHEN TO USE:
Displaying organizational structures.
Analyzing hierarchical data (e.g., file system
structures, product categories).
Showing customer segmentation or breakdowns of
different components.
Sunburst Chart
Th ank
You