4.

Fundamentals of Computer Aided Manufacturing

LATHE SPECIFICATION [Manually Operated]

There are a number of factors that should be specified to fully describes a lathe machine. They are:
 Distance between centres - specifies the maximum length of the job that can be turned.
 Swing over the bed- specifies the maximum diameter of the job that can be turned.
 Swing over the cross-slide – specifies the maximum diameter of the job that can be turn
 with the job across the cross-slide.
 Horse Power of motor.
 Cutting speed range
 Feed range.
 Screw cutting capacity
 Spindle nose diameter and hole size

Tool holder- A device that acts as an interchangeable interface between a machine tool spindle
and cutting tool. Tool holders used on CNC machine tools should be quick changing type and
should be capable of being preset. Since the modern CNC machines, there is provision for tool
changing the quick changing type tool holder can reduce the tool change type about 3 to 5 second.
CNC turning centre- The CNC turning center is a machine tool capable of performing various
turning and related operations, on work piece in one set up under CNC system. These are generally
provided with two axis controls, Z-axis parallel to the spindle and X-axis perpendicular to spindle
axis. Turning centers are provided with a slant bed to allow for better view of the machining plane
as well as for easy placement of the various devices involved in the machine zone. It also provided
with an index table tool turret which can hold 8, 12, or 16 tools of various types.

Types of turning centre

A] Based on spindle / chuck orientation
a] Horizontal lathe
b]Vertical lathe
B] Based on turret position
a] Front turret- If tool turret is mounted on the front side of lathe then it is called as front
turret lathe.
b] Rear turret- If tool turret is mounted on the rear side of lathe then it is called as rear
turret lathe.
C] Based on number of axis-
a] Two axes centre lathe – X: tool turret motion, Z : carriage motion along line joining chuck
centre and tailstock
b] Three axes centre lathe - X: tool turret motion, Z: carriage motion along line joining chuck
centre and tailstock, W : secondarlly linear motion of turret slide parallel to Z-axis
c] Two axes vertical lathe- Z: tool turret motion vertically up and down, X: tool turret
motion horizontally forward and reverse

CNC Lathe Machine Model : SINEWY 3050

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS (SINEWY 3050)
Capacity
Swing Over Bed mm 550
Std. Turning Dia. mm 300
Max. Turning Dia. With Limited Length mm 490
Max. Turning Length mm 500
Cross X-Axis Travel mm 265
Longitudinal Z-Axis Travel mm 500
Rapid (X & Z Axis) m/min. 25
Slide
Z-Axis Ball Screw mm Dia.40 x 10 pitch
LM Guide Z-Axis mm 45
X-Axis Ball Screw mm Dia.32 x 10 pitch
LM Guide X-Axis mm 35
Spindle
Spindle Motor Power kw 11/15
(Cont. / 30min.)
Spindle Bore mm 80
Spindle Nose - A2~8
Chuck Size mm 305
Max. Bar Capacity mm 66
Spindle Speed Range rpm 50 - 2500
Full Power Speed Range rpm 750 - 2500
Turret
No. of Station - 8
Max. Boring Bar Dia. mm Ø40
Tool Size (Cross-Section) mm 25 x 25
Tailstock
Quill Diameter mm 100
Quill Stroke mm 120
Accuracy
Positioning Accuracy mm 0.010
Repeatability mm 0.006
Other data
LxBxH mm 2680 x 1870 x 9120
Weight (Approx.) kg 3800
CNC machining centre- It is more versatile machine. A numerically controlled machine tool
which is capable of carrying out number of operations, which are generally performed by different
conventional machine tool is termed as machining centres. Machining centre are equipped with
ATC, tool magazine and automatic work changer (APC). The operations that can be performed on a
machining centre are drilling, facing, slotting, reaming, boring, milling, taping etc.

Types of machining centre-

A] Based on spindle orientation
 Horizontal machining centre
 Vertical machining centre
 Universal machining centre
B] Based on no. of axis
 3 axes
 4 axes
 5 axes

1)Horizontal machining centre- On a horizontal machining centre 4 faces of the work piece can
be machined. On a machining centre 30-60 tools can be mounted at one time. All these tools are
mounted on tool magazine (attached to side of machine). Automatic tool changer perform tool
changing operation. It takes the used tool from the spindle puts into the appropriate pocket of the
tool magazine. Then it picks the demanded tool from the magazine and puts it into the m/c spindle.
HMC can have two or more no. of pallets.
2)Vertical machining centre-
A vertical machining centre has its spindle on its vertical axis relative to the worktable. A
VMC is typically used for flat work that require tool access from top. For Ex. Mould and die
cavities, large components of air craft.
3)Universal machining centre-
Universal machining has a work head that swivels its spindle axis to any angle between
horizontal and vertical making this a very flexible machine tool. Ex. Aerofile shapes, curvilier
geometries.

Features of CNC machining centres-

CNC machining centers are usually equipped with the following features to reduce non
productive time.
1)Automatic tool changer-
A variety of machining operations require a variety of cutting tool. The tools are stored in a tool
magazine that is integrated with the machine tool. When a cutter needs to be altered, the tool drum
rotates to the appropriate position. An automatic tool changer (ATC) replaces the tool in the spindle
with required tool in the tool magazine. The ATC operates under part program control. The
capacity of tool magazine ranges from 16 to 80 cutting tools.
2)Automatic pallet changer-
Machining centres can have two or more no. of pallets. While machining operation is going on one
pallet, the work piece can be set on the second pallet. The second pallet is outside the machining
zone of the machine. This way time is saved. When the operation on the first pallet is over, by
giving one command the new pallet can be brought onto the working area. At the same time the
used pallet is sent out of working area.
3)Automatic work part positioned –
Many horizontal and vertical machining centers have the capability to orient the workpiece relative
to the spindle. This is achieved by means of a rotary table on which the workpiece is fixed. The
table can be oriented at any angle about a vertical axis to permit the cutting tool for machining
almost the entire surface of the work piece in single setup.

Specification of horizontal machining centre –[HMC]

Sr. No Specification Unit
1 Pallet Size mm 500 x 500
2 x- axis travel mm 630
3 Y-axis travel mm 500
4 Z-axis travel mm 500
5 Rapid traverse m/min 24 m/min
6 Spindle power kw 11kw
Automatic tool changer [ATC] –
1. Tool storage capacity -60
2. Max. Tool length -300mm
3. Max. Tool weight – 10kg
Automatic work change [APC]-
1.No. of pallet – 2 numbers
Specification of HMC –
1. Pallet size
2. X-axis travel
3. Y-axis travel
4. Z-axis travel
5. Magazine capacity
6. Spindle speed range
7. Main motor rating
8. Machine weight
9. Floor space
10. No. of pallets

Tool magazine-Tool magazine is used to store all cutting tool used by CNC machine tools and
delivers the tool to be used to the position of tool changing under the control of CNC system.
CNC Vertical Machining Center Model : VMC - 1000
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Capacity
X – Axis Travel mm 1000
Y - Axis Travel mm 600
Z – Axis Travel mm 600
Distance From Spindle To Table Top mm 150 to 750
Distance Between column mm 825
Table
Table Size mm 1200 X 625
Table Slot mm 18 X 5 X 100
Max. Load On Table kg 875
Floor To Table Top mm 900
Spindle
Max. Spindle Speed rpm 8000
Spindle Nose - BT-40
Bearing Dia. mm 70
Spindle Motor kw 11/15
Feed
Rapid traverse X/Y/Z m/min 25/25/15
Cutting Speed X/Y/Z m/min 10/10/10
Automatic Tool Changer
No. Of Tools - 20
Max. Tool Dia.(With Adj. Tool) mm 80
Max. Tool (W.O Adj. Tool) mm 125
Max. Tool Length mm 250
Max. Tool Weight kg 8
Accuracy
Positioning Accuracy mm 0.010
Repeatability mm 0.006
Other data
Weight (Approx.) kg 8700
Floor Scale ( L x B x H ) mm 3050 x 2500 x 3300

Work holding devices in CNC-

The CNC machine are capable of performing a number of operation using different tool on a
different faces of a component in a single setting. This requires that the component should be
accessible from different sides without chaining of clamps or repositioning of component. The
work holding device has to bear multidirectional cutting forces. So, additional demands are made
on work holding devices in CNC machine. To reduce the clamping / unclamping time, hydraulic,
pneumatic actuation is widely used in work holding devices.
In general work holding device for CNC application should have following feature.

1. It should restrict the linear and rotary motion of component.

2. The component should not distort or deflect due to cutting forces in the process.
3. It should facilitate quick loading and unloading of component
4. It should be full proof it should ensure the component cannot be loaded wrongly.
5. It should not inter fear with the cutting tool.
6. It should permit number of operation on different prains in a single setting .
7. It should provide easy removal of chips.
8. It should be safe.

Work holding devices used in CNC turning centre-

1. Automatic indexing chuck.
2. Pneumatic chuck.
3. Magnetic chuck.
4. Expanding mandrel and collets
5. Dedicated chuck
Work holding devices used in CNC machining centre
1. T- slot table.
2. Pneumatic clamp.
3. Vacuum table.
4. Wedge clamping element.
Rght hand thumb rule for axis identification in CNC machine – Most of the machine have two
or more slide ways, disposed at right angle to each other, along which the slides are displaced. Each
slide can be fitted with a controlled system and for the purpose of giving commands to the control
system the axis have to be identified. The basis of axis identification is the three dimensional
Cartesian coordinates system and the three axes of movement are identify as X, Y and Z axes. The
possible linear and rotary movement of machine slide/work piece are shown in figure: rotary
movement about X, Y, and Z axes are designated as A, B and C respectively.
1. Hold your hand with the thumb, forefinger and middle finger perpendicular to each other.
Your thumb represents the X axis
Your forefinger represents the Y axis
Your middle finger represents the Z axis
2. The direction each finger points represents the positive direction of axis travel.
3. The Z axis is always parallel to the main spindle.

Z- axis- Z- axes of motion is always the axis of the main spindle of the machine. It does not matter
whether the spindle carries the work piece or the cutting tool. If there are several spindles on a
machine, one spindle is selected as the principle spindle and it axes is then considered to be Z-axes.
On vertical machining centre, Z axes is vertical and on horizontal machining centre and turning
centre the Z axes is horizontal. Positive Z –movement (+Z) is in the direction that increases the
distance between the work piece and the tool.

X- axis- The axis is always horizontal and is always parallel is to the work holding surface. If the Z
axis is vertically as in VMC, positive X-axis movement is identified as being to the right, when
looking from the spindle towards it a supporting column. If Z axis is also horizontal as in turning
centre, positive X axis motion is to the right when looking from spindle towards the work piece.

Y –axis- The Y axis is always right angle to both X axis and Z axis. Positive Y axis movement is
always such as to complete standard 3 dimensional co-ordinate system.

Rotary motion- The rotary motion about the X, Y, and Z axis are identified by A, B, and C
respectively clockwise rotation is designated positive movement and counter clockwise rotation as
negative movement. Positive rotation is identified looking in ‘+X, ‘+Y, ‘+Z, direaction respectively
Machine Zero: Machine Zero Point is the origin of the coordinate system which defined by the
machine manufacturer and for normal purposes, this location is fixed. This point is usually at one of
the extreme ends of the machine's physical limit. Machine Zero acts as a point of reference for all
other coordinates within the machine. The machine zero is not very practical for general tool setup,
and programmers do not use it. A cutting tool or a worktable can be moved to the machine zero
position for the loading and unloading of parts.

Home Position: Machine homing gives a reference position of each axis, this position is used to
allow for job fixtures, jigs, and automatic tool changer. Each CNC machine has a built-in location
that is called machine zero. All three axes are moved to extreme positive locations until limit
switches are reached. Once the sensor is tripped, the control software sets a zero position for that
axis.

Programme Zero : Each part program sets a starting location called program zero. Unlike
machine zero, the programmer selects the program zero for each work piece. This location acts as
the origin from which all the other dimensions are calculated during the program and it is usually
located on the edge of a work piece. The CNC machine [Controller] then adjusts its calculations to
accurately align the cutting tool with the workpiece.

Work piece zero: Work piece zero point is the origin of the work part based coordinate system. Its
location is specified by the programmer. Work zero refers to the location on the workpiece that is
set as the starting point for the machine. This is where the machine will begin its cutting or
machining operations. Unlike Machine Zero, Work Zero is selected by the user based on the
specific job or project at hand.

Floating Zero: CNC feature that allows the zero refrence point to be set at any place on the
machine table is known as floating zero. Before beginning the programme on CNC, the
programmer must determine where the tool’s zero position will be established. The zero position of
a CNC machine can be placed anywhere as needed. e.g. Programme Zero, Work piece zero

Fixed zero: The machine origin is a fixed point set by manufacturer and it cannot be changed.
The origin of a CNC coordinate system which is always situated at the same point on the machine
tool & is used to reference all machine. e.g. Machine Zero, Home Position: