Ultimate Strength Design Method

(Strength Limit State)

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Ultimate Strength Design Method
 The stresses are obtained from design loads and compared with design strength.
 This method, follows linear strain relationship but not linear stress relationship (one of
the major difference with WSD).
 The ultimate stresses of materials itself are used as allowable stresses.
 The material capabilities are not under estimated as much as they are in working stress
method. Partial safety factors are used in limit state method.
Assumptions
1. At ultimate capacity, strain and stress are not proportional.
2. Strain in concrete is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis.
3. Tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural computation.
4. The ultimate concrete strain is 0.003
5. The modulus of elasticity of the reinforcing steel is 200000 mPa
6. The average compressive stress in the concrete is 0.85fc’
7. The average tensile stress in the reinforcing steel does not exceed
εy=0.002 for N400mpa. εy=fy/Ey

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Safety Provisions
The ACI code assures safety in three ways:
1. Increasing assumed loads by an amount, which depends on
the nature of the loading. (load factor).
2. Reducing the specified strength of the materials by an
amount, which depends on the materials and its uses in the
structure. (Strength reduction factor).
3. The third is to incorporate the code limits, which results
in a more conservative design than test results.

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Factors
 Instead of reducing the material strength, factors are used for accounting for
uncertainty in the load and the material resistance.
 Factors are applied to increase load and to decreases resistance,
 Factored load ≤ factored strength
 ∑ (Loads × load factors) ≤ resistance × resistance factors
Load Factors U
The estimated service loads are magnified by coefficients (called load
factors) such as 1.2 for dead load D.L and 1.6 for live load L.L. If the
combination of the loads consists only of live and dead loads, then the
combination of the ultimate load can be taken as:

U = 1.2 D.L + 1.6 L.L

For more details see ACI-318 (9.2)

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Load Factors ACI 318-11 (9.2)

In this course, we will us this load factor U =1.2 D + 1.6 L

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Strength Reduction Factor Φ
Is a multiplier that reduce the capacity of the member for
design purposes.
The resisting moment capacity of a section calculated using the
equation of equilibrium and properties of concrete and steel,
which called The nominal resisting moment Mn of the
section. This nominal strength is reduced by using a strength
reduction factor to account for uncertainties or variation in
material strength, workmanship, and dimension or position of
the reinforcement may combine to result in under capacity.

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Load vs. Deformation
Strength reduction Factor aci 318-11(9.3)

Refer to 9.3 aci318-11 for more information

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Design Strength ≥ required Strength

(Nominal strength x Φ)Mn, Vn and Pn equals the nominal(ultimate capacity

of the section) moment, shear and axial capacity of the member respectively

(Factored Ultimate strength) Mu, Vu and Pu equals external factored

moments, shear forces and axial forces.
Flexural Strength of Beams

When the load on the concrete member is further increased, the strains and
stresses in the section increase and these are no longer within the elastic
range. That is, when the concrete stress in compression exceed 50% of its
compressive strength fc’ , the assumption of linear elastic behavior is no
longer valid. The relationship between the concrete stress and strain follows
that of the stress-strain curve of concrete. This means that the stress
distribution on the compression side of the section is the same as the shape of
the stress-strain curve of concrete, see Figure below. The section reaches its
ultimate flexural capacity when the concrete strain in compression reaches its
limiting value, conservatively taken as εcu = 0.003. This value represents the
crushing strain of concrete.
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Fig.1 Distribution of stress near failure of beam

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Equivalent stress block
When a beam reaches its near failure state, the concrete stress
distribution in compression varies as shown in Figures 1 and 2. For
design purposes, this stress distribution may be replaced by an equivalent
rectangular stress distribution, known as the Whitney stress block, as
shown in Figures 2. The basis of the equivalency is that the resultant
compressive force C is the same and the centroids should also be at the
same level. The equivalent stress block has a uniform stress intensity of
0.85 fc' and a depth of 𝛽1 𝑐 = 𝛽1 𝑘𝑑, where 𝛽1 is as defined below:

𝛽1 = 0.85 17 ≤ 𝑓𝑐 ′ ≤ 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.007 𝑓𝑐 ′ − 28 ≥ 0.65 𝑓𝑐 ′ > 28

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Fig.2 Distribution of compressive stresses in concrete near failure of beam
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Modes of flexural failure
Failure of the beam can in occur in two different ways:
a) If a moderate amount of reinforcement is used, the steel will start to
yield before the concrete reaches its limiting strain value in compression.
Yielding of steel continues by excessive increase of steel strain
accompanied by widening of the tension cracks that propagate upwards,
with significant increase in the deflection of the beam. With small load
increment, the concrete compressive strain reaches the limiting crushing
value of 0.003 resulting in the crushing of concrete. This mode of failure
is gradual. It is preceded by warnings of impending failure through
significant increase of deflection and widening and upward propagation
of cracks. A beam that fails in this manner is called under-reinforced
beam.
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
b) If a relatively large amount of steel is employed, and as the load is
gradually increased, the concrete compressive strain reaches the
crushing strain before the steel starts to yield. This results in a sudden
and often explosive crushing of concrete without warnings. A beam that
fails in this manner is called over-reinforced beam.
From the above, it is clearly desirable to have beam dimensions that
would produce an under-reinforced beam. This would ensure that if the
beam is overloaded, the failure would start by yielding of steel rather
than by crushing of concrete. This is a ductile, gradual type of failure
with warnings of distress before complete failure.These modes of
flexural failure may be defined in terms of the strain distribution
diagrams shown Figure 3.
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Balance Condition at Ultimate Strength
A balanced failure state is introduced here in order to establish the
limit the separates an over-reinforced section and an under-reinforced
section. A beam is said to undergo a balanced failure if it has a balanced
amount of tension steel. A balanced failure occurs in a beam when the
tension reinforcement reaches the strain corresponding to its
specified yield strain(εy=fy/Ey) just as the concrete in compression
reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003. A balanced beam is of
theoretical interest only. It is used to establish limits between over-
reinforced and under-reinforced beams.

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
The depth of the neutral axis N.A. for a balanced section is 𝐜𝐛

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

 𝑐𝑏 𝑑
= 𝑓𝑠𝑦 = 𝜀𝑠𝑦 𝑥𝐸𝑠
0.003 0.003 + 𝜀𝑠𝑦
0.003
𝑐𝑏 = 𝑑 𝐸𝑠 = 200000 𝑚𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦
0.003 +
200000
600 600
𝑘𝑑𝑏 = 𝑐𝑏 = 𝑑 Or 𝑘𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦

600
𝑎𝑏 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 = 𝛽1 𝑑 𝑐 = 𝑘𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦

600 1
and 𝑓𝑠 = − 600 = 600( − 1)
𝑘 𝑘
1−𝑘
⇒ 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑘 Mand Kamal Askar
Lecturer 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Also the balance steel ration 𝜌𝑏 is determined from equilibrium
condition
C=T
′
𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.85 𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

′ 600
0.85 𝑓𝑐 𝛽1 600+𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 𝑏𝑑𝑓y

𝑓𝑐′ 600
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85 𝛽1 Where 𝜌𝑏 is called balance steel ratio
𝑓𝑦 600+𝑓𝑦

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Maximum Steel Ration
Ductility may also be satisfied by setting limits on the amount of tension
steel to be provided in a section to eliminate compression failure which
occurs explosively without warning. For this reason the amount of
reinforcement limited by ACI code(10.3.3)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 0.75𝜌𝑏

⇒ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 0.75𝜌𝑏
𝑓𝑐 ′ 600
⇒ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 0.75(0.85 𝛽1 )
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑠𝑦

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Minimum Steel Ratio
ACI code also sets a lower limit on the steel ratio 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 . This is based on
the requirement that the ultimate moment capacity Mu be greater than
the cracking moment Mcr by at least 20%. This is to avoid sudden
collapse by steel fracturing upon initiation of cracking.
Aci code (10.5.1)
0.25 𝑓𝑐′ 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≥ Aci (10.3 eq.)
𝑓𝑠𝑦 𝑓𝑠𝑦

1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏
𝑓𝑠𝑦

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Over Reinforced Beams (Brittle)
Compression Failure
Theoretically, if reinforcement steel ratio is more than the balanced
reinforcement steel ration, the section is over reinforced. However, the
ACI code specified a reinforcement steel ration limit (𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 ). Then the
section is considered over reinforced if the steel ratio is more than 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
Specifications:
1. 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏
2.Maximum concrete strain is equal to 0.003 while corresponding steel
𝑓𝑦
strain 𝜀𝑠 <
𝐸𝑠
3. Beam fail suddenly
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
 0.003
4. fs<fy, and fs is unknown.
5.
𝜀𝑠 𝜀𝑐𝑢
=
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐
𝑓𝑠 𝜀𝑐𝑢
=
𝐸𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑) 𝑘𝑑
εs=fs/Es
(𝑑−𝑘𝑑)
𝑓𝑠 = 𝐸𝑠𝑥𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑠 = 200000 𝑀𝑝𝑎, 𝜀𝑐𝑢 =0.003
𝑘𝑑

(𝑑−𝑘𝑑) 1−𝑘
𝑓𝑠 = 600 Or 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑘𝑑 𝑘
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
6. From equilibrium: C=T
⇒ 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑘𝑑𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
′
1−𝑘
⇒ 0.85 𝑓𝑐 𝛽1 𝑘𝑑𝑏 = 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 600
𝑘
′
1−𝑘
⇒ 0.85 𝑓𝑐 𝛽1 𝑘 = 𝜌 600
′ 2
𝑘
⇒ 0.85 𝑓𝑐 𝛽1 𝑘 = 600𝜌 − 600𝜌𝑘
2
600𝜌 600𝜌𝑘
⇒ 𝑘 = −
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽 1 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′𝛽1
𝑚𝜌 2 𝑚𝜌 600
O𝑟 𝑘 = 2
+ 𝑚𝜌 − 2
, where 𝑚=
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Under Reinforced Beams (Ductile)
tension Failure
Specifications: 1.4
1. 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏
𝑓𝑠𝑦 0.003
𝑓𝑦
2.Steel will yield first and at failure 𝜀𝑠 >
𝐸𝑠
3. The beam will have noticeable deflection prior
concrete reaches its strain limits =0.003
4. fs≥fy,

εs=fy/Es

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
C=T
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑠𝑦 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑐 = 𝑘𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑠𝑦 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑠𝑦
𝑘= =
0.85 𝑓𝑐 𝛽1 𝑑 𝑏 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑑 𝑏
′

𝜌 𝑓𝑠𝑦
𝑘=
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

The ultimate moment capacity of the section Mn is
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑗𝑑 = 𝑇𝑗𝑑
⇒ 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑠𝑦 𝑗𝑑
⇒ 𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑘𝑑 𝑏 𝑗𝑑 𝑐 = 𝑘𝑑, 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑘𝑑,

𝛽1 𝑘𝑑
𝑗𝑑 = 𝑑 −
2
𝛽1 𝑘𝑑
⇒ 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑠𝑦 𝑑 −
2
′ 𝛽1 𝑘𝑑
Or 𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝛽1 𝑘𝑑 𝑏 𝑑 −
2

𝑀𝑢
𝜙𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 𝑂𝑟 𝑀𝑛 ≥
𝜙
Ultimate moment capacity ≥ External factored moment
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Under Reinforced Beams (Ductile)
5. T=C
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝑎= = = ………..1
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′
′ 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − ………………2
2
Substituting 1 in 2 , we get:
′
𝜌𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏 ′
𝑑−
0.85 𝑓𝑐 2𝑥0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′

2 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 1 − 0.59𝜌 ′
𝑓𝑐
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
 𝛽1 𝑘𝑑
In analyzing use 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑠𝑦 𝑑−
2
′ 𝛽1 𝑘𝑑
Or 𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝛽1 𝑘𝑑 𝑏 𝑑 −
2

In designing use 2
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 1 − 0.59𝜌 ′
𝑓𝑐
𝜌𝑑 𝑓𝑦
Or the same as analyzing with substituting a =
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′
a) Assume b & d and solve for 𝜌
b) Or Assume 𝜌 = (0.5 − 0.75)𝜌max and solve for 𝑏𝑑2
then b=(0.3-0.6)d Or b=0.5D
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
 Concrete Cover Aci-318 (7.7)
Concrete cover is necessary for protecting the
reinforcement from fire, corrosion, and other effects.
Concrete cover is measured from the concrete surface to
the closest surface of steel reinforcement

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

 Spacing of Reinforcing Bars Aci-318 7.6
The ACI Code specifies limits for bar spacing to permit concrete to flow
smoothly into spaces between bars without honeycomb.
According to ACI, the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer is
not to be less than the largest of:
* bar diameter db
* 2.5 cm
*4/3 maximum size of coarse aggregate
Side cove

When two or more layers are used, bars in

the upper layers are placed directly above Clear
Bottom distance
layers in the bottom layer with clear distance cove

between layers not less than 2.5 cm Clear spacing

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Ex 1

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Ex 1,2,3,4

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Ex 1,2,3,4

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

 4

Ex 1,2,3,4

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University

Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Quiz: A cantilever beam has a clear span of 5m and
subjected to a uniform sercice life load L.L =18 kN/m.
Design a beam section to resist the factored external looding (Wu).
fc' = 30 mPa
Use Y 32 for the steel
fy= 410 mPa
Stirrups Y 10
Es= 200000 mPa
Use 40mm cover
L= 5m
The required section depth by the architectural
24 kN/m³ design is 500 mm, but check with ACI deflection
W(L.L.) 18 kN/m control D = 500 mm
D= ? mm
d= ? mm
b= ? mm
Ast= ? mm²
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 21 October 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University