IB DP Maths 3 hours 31 questions

2.5 Transformations
of Graphs
2.5.1 Translations of Graphs / 2.5.2 Reflections of Graphs / 2.5.3 Stretches of
Graphs / 2.5.4 Composite Transformations of Graphs

Medium (13 questions) /68 Scan here to return to the course

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Hard (10 questions) /68

Very Hard (8 questions) /63

Total Marks /199

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Medium Questions
1 The point P ( − 1,4) lies on the curve with equation y = f (x ) . .

State the coordinates of the image of point P on the curves with the following equations:

(i) y = f (x ) + 3

(ii) y = f (x + 3)

(iii) y = 3f (x )

(iv) y = f (3x )

(4 marks)

2 The point P ( − 3, − 4) lies on the curve with equation y = f (x ) . .

State the coordinates of the image of point P on the curves with the following equations:

(i) y = f ( − x)
(ii) y = − f (x )

(2 marks)

3 The point P (3,2) lies on the curve with equation y = f (x ) .

(i) On the graph of y = f (x ) + a , where

a is a constant, the point P is mapped to the
point (3, − 5) . Determine the value of a .

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(ii) On the graph of y = f (x + b ) , where b is a constant, the point P is mapped to the
point ( − 1,2) . Determine the value of b .

(iii) On the graph of y = c f (x ) , , where c is a constant, the point P is mapped to the

point (3,1) . Determine the value of c .

(iv) On the graph of y = f (dx ) , , where d is a constant, the point P is mapped to the
point (1,2) . Determine the value of d .

(4 marks)

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4 (a) The diagram below shows the graph of y = f (x ) . The two marked points A ( − 1,5) and
B (3, − 3) lie on the graph.

In separate diagrams, sketch the curves with equation

(i) y = f (x − 1)

(ii) y = f (x ) + 3
On each diagram, give the coordinates of the images of points A and B under the given
transformation.

(4 marks)

(b) On the graph of y = f (x + a ) the image of one of the two marked points has an x
coordinate of 2. Find the two possible values of a .

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 (2 marks)

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5 (a) The diagram below shows the graph of y = f (x ) . . The marked point B (4,8) lies on the
graph, and the graph meets the origin at the marked point A .

In separate diagrams, sketch the curves with equation

(i) y = − f (x )

(ii) y = f (4x )
On each diagram, give the coordinates of the images of points A and B under the given
transformation.

(4 marks)

(b) On the graph of y = a f (x ) the image of one of the two marked points has a y coordinate
of 4. Find the value of a .

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 (2 marks)

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6 (a) The diagram below shows the graph of y = f (x ) . The graph intersects the coordinate
axes at the two marked points A (0,6) and B (3,0) . The graph has two asymptotes as
20 10
shown, with equations y= and x =
3 3

In separate diagrams, sketch the curves with equation

(i) y = f (x ) − 6

(ii) y = f ( − x)

On each diagram, give the coordinates of the images of points A and B under the given
transformation, as well as stating the equations of the transformed asymptotes.

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 (6 marks)

(b) The graph of y = f (x + a ) has an asymptote at one of the coordinate axes. Find the
value of a .

(2 marks)

7 Describe, in order, a sequence of transformations that maps the graph of y = f (x ) onto

the following graphs:

(i) y = 3f (x + 2)

(ii) y = f ( − x) − 1

(3 marks)

8 Given that f (x ) = 3x 2 − 2x find an expression for g(x ) , where g(x ) is obtained by

applying the following sequence of transformations to f (x ) .

⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟
Translation by ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝0 ⎠

Vertical stretch of scale factor 4

⎛⎜ 0 ⎞⎟
Translation by ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −3 ⎠

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 (4 marks)

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9 (a) (i) Sketch the graph of y = p(x ) , where p(x ) = 3x − 4 .

(ii) On the same set of axes, sketch the graph of y = p −1 (x ) .

Label the coordinates of the points where each graph crosses the coordinate axes

(4 marks)

(b) (i) Find an expression for p −1 (x ) .

(ii) 1
Find an expression for 9 [p(x ) + 16] .

(iii) What can you deduce about the sequence of transformations given
1
by 9 [p(x ) + 16] ?

(4 marks)

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10 (a) The equation y = f (x ) , where f (x ) = (x − a ) 2 , with a > 1 , is shown below.

The points A and B are the points where the graph intercepts the coordinate axes.

Write down, in terms of a , the coordinates of A and B.

(2 marks)

(b) Sketch the graph of y = − f ( − x ) , labelling the images of the points A and B stating
their coordinates in terms of a .

(3 marks)

(c) Write down the value of a such that the point A is three times as far from the origin as
the point B .

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 (1 mark)

11 The function f (x ) is to be transformed by a sequence of functions, in the order detailed

below:

A horizontal stretch by scale factor 2

A reflection in the x -axis

⎛⎜ 0 ⎞⎟
A translation by ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝2 ⎠

Write down an expression for the combined transformation in terms of f (x ) .

(3 marks)

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12 (a) The diagram shows the graph of y = f (t ) , where f (t ) = sin 2t ,0 ° ≤ x ≤ 180 °.

(i) Write down the maximum value of y when y = 3f (t ) .

(ii) Write down the first value of t for which this maximum occurs.

(2 marks)

(b) (i) Write down the minimum value of when y = 5f (t + 30°) .

(ii) Write down the first value of t for which this minimum occurs.

(2 marks)

(c) Find, in terms of f (t ) , the combination of transformations that would map the graph of
y = f (t ) onto the graph of y = 2 + sin t , 0° ≤ x ≤ 180° .

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 (2 marks)

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13 (a) Let f (x ) = 3x 2 + 18x + 27.

Write down the value of f (−3) .

(1 mark)

(b) The function f can be written in the form of f (x ) = a (x − h ) 2 + k .

Find the values of a, h and k.

(3 marks)

(c) The graph of g is obtained from the graph of f by a reflection in the x-axis followed by a
⎛⎜ 0 ⎞⎟
translation by the vector ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝1 ⎠

Find g (x ) , giving your answer in the form of g (x ) = rx 2 + sx + t .

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 (a) Let f (x ) = 2(x + 4) 3 and g (x ) = x 3 , for x ∈ℝ .

Give a full geometric description of the two individual transformations that can be
combined to obtain the graph of f from the graph of g.

(2 marks)

⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟
(b) The graph of f is translated by the vector ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ to give the graph of h.
⎝ −5 ⎠

Now consider the graph of h as a transformation of the graph of g. The point A on the
graph of h corresponds to the point (2, 8) on the graph of g.

Find the coordinates of A.

(4 marks)

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2 (a) Let f and g be functions such that g (x ) = 2 f (x − 1) + 2 , for x ∈ℝ .

The transformation that maps the graph of f onto the graph of g may be represented as
a combination of two simpler transformations:

a vertical stretch by a factor of v,

followed by

⎛⎜ a ⎞⎟
a translation by the vector ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝b ⎠

Write down the values of

(i) v

(ii) a

(iii) b

(3 marks)

(b) The point A(3, 4) on the graph of f is mapped to point B on the graph of g.

Find the coordinates of B.

(3 marks)

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3 (a) Let f (x ) = x 2 − 9, for x ∈ℝ .

Sketch the graph of y = f (x ) on the following grid in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 5 . Use an

appropriate scale and clearly label any intersections the graph makes with the
coordinate axes.

(3 marks)

(b) Find ( f ∘ f ) (2) .

(2 marks)

⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟
(c) The function g is obtained when the graph of f is translated by the vector ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝5 ⎠

Sketch the graph of g (x ) on the same grid above, also for the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 5. Clearly
label any intersections the graph makes with the coordinate axes and label the graph in

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the form g (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c where a, b and c are constants to be determined.

(5 marks)

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4 (a) Let f (x ) = 1 . 1e x − 1 − 4 , for − 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 .

Sketch the graph of y = f (x ) on the grid below, clearly labelling any intersections the
graph makes with the coordinate axes.

(4 marks)

⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟
(b) The graph of f is reflected in the x-axis and then translated by the vector ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ to obtain
⎝ −3 ⎠
the graph of y = g (x ) .

Find an expression for g (x ) .

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 (2 marks)

5 The function f is defined by

⎧⎪
⎪⎪ 1 + 2x if x ≤ 2
f (x ) = ⎨⎪⎪ 2
⎪⎩ x − 2x + 5 if x > 2

The graph of the function g is obtained by applying the following transformations to the
graph of f:

⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟
a translation by the vector ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ,
⎝0 ⎠

followed by

a reflection in the x-axis.

Find an expression for g (x ) .

(4 marks)

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6 (a) The following diagram shows the graph of y = f (x ) , − 3 ≤ x ≤ 6 .

Write down the value of

(i) f (−2)

(ii) f −1 (1)

(2 marks)

(b) Find the value of ( f ∘ f ) (0) .

(1 mark)

(c) Given that g (x ) = f (x + 5) − 5 , find the domain and range of g.

(2 marks)

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7 (a) Let v (t ) = 4t 2 + 64, where t > 0 .

The graph of a function g is obtained when the graph of v is transformed by

1
a vertical stretch by a factor of ,
8

followed by

⎛⎜ 8 ⎞⎟
a translation by the vector ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝3 ⎠

Find g (t ) , giving your answer in the form at 2 + bt + c .

(4 marks)

(b) A particle moves along a straight line so that its velocity in m s-1, at time t seconds, is
given by g (t ) .

Find the value of t when the particle’s velocity is 11 m s-1.

(2 marks)

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8 (a) Let f (x ) = 2x 2 − 6x , for x ∈ℝ .

Sketch the graph of y = f (x ) on the grid below, clearly labelling the vertex as well as any
intersections the graph makes with the coordinate axes.

(4 marks)

(b) The graph of a function g is obtained from the graph of f by a reflection in the y-axis,
1
followed by a horizontal stretch with scale factor .
2

Find an expression for g (x ) , giving your answer in the form g (x ) = a (x − h ) 2 + k .

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 (5 marks)

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9 (a) Let f (x ) = 2x 2 + bx + 8 , for x ∈ℝ , where b ∈ ℤ .

Given that the equation f (x ) = 0 has two equal roots, and that b <0,

find the value of b.

(3 marks)

(b) Find the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of f.

(2 marks)

(c) The graph of a function g is obtained from the graph of f by a reflection in the y-axis,
followed by a horizontal stretch with scale factor 2.

Find an expression for g (x ) and state the coordinates of the y-intercept of the graph of
g.

(3 marks)

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10 (a) Let f (x ) = 2x 2 − 12x + 10

For the graph of f, find

(i) the x-intercepts

(ii) the y-intercept

(iii) the coordinates of the vertex.

(5 marks)

(b) The graph of a function g is obtained from the graph of f by a reflection in the x-axis
⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟
followed by a translation by the vector ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝6 ⎠

Find g (x ) , giving your answer in the form g (x ) = a (x − h ) 2 + k .

(3 marks)

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Very Hard Questions
4
1 (a) Let f (x ) = (x − 5) 3 − 2 and g (x ) = x 3, for x ∈ℝ.
3

Give a full geometric description of two individual transformations that can be combined
to obtain the graph of f from the graph of g, given that:

(i) a stretch is to be applied first, followed by a translation

(ii) a translation is to be applied first, followed by a stretch.

(4 marks)

⎛⎜ −3 ⎞⎟
(b) The graph of f is translated by the vector ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ to give the graph of h.
⎝ 6 ⎠

Now consider h as a transformation of g. The point where g (x ) = − 27 is translated to

point A on the graph of h.

Find the coordinates of A.

(4 marks)

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2 (a) Let f and g be functions defined for x ∈ℝ such that g (x ) = f (2x + 6) − 4 .

The graph of g is obtained from the graph of f after the follow transformations:

a horizontal stretch by a factor of v,

followed by

⎛⎜ a ⎞⎟
a translation by the vector ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝b ⎠

Write down the values of

(i) v

(ii) a

(iii) b.

(3 marks)

(b) The point A (2 , 0) on the graph of f is mapped to point B on the graph of g.

Find the distance between points A and B, giving your answer in the form p q where p
and q are integers to be found, and where q has no square number factors.

(5 marks)

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3 (a) Let f ( x ) = x 2 − 4x and g (x ) = x 2 + x − 2 .

Show that the graph of is a translation of the graph of f, and find the vector that
translates the graph of f onto the graph of g.

(4 marks)

(b) The diagram below shows parts of the graphs of f and g. Point A is the y-intercept of f,
point B is the intersection between the graphs of f and g and point C is the y-intercept of
g.

Find the area of the triangle that has points A, B and C as its vertices.

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 (6 marks)

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 1
4 (a) Let f (x ) = e −x − 2 − 1, for −4 ≤ x ≤ 4 . .
3

Sketch the graph of y = f (x ) on the grid below, clearly labelling any intersections the
graph makes with the coordinate axes.

(4 marks)

⎛⎜ −1 ⎞⎟
(b) The graph of f is reflected in the x-axis and then translated by the vector ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ to obtain
⎝ −1 ⎠
the graph of y = g (x ) .

Show that the equation g (x ) = 0 has no solutions.

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 (3 marks)

5 The function f is defined by

⎧⎪
⎪⎪ 4 − 3x if x ≤ 1
f (x ) = ⎨⎪⎪ 2
⎪⎩ 2x − 2x + 1 if x > 1

The graph of the function g is obtained by applying the following transformations to the
graph of f:

a reflection in the y-axis.

followed by

⎛⎜ −1 ⎞⎟
a translation by the vector ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ,
⎝ −4 ⎠

Find g (x ) .

(4 marks)

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6 (a) Let f (x ) = − 2x 3 + 54, , where x < 0 .

The graph of a function g is obtained when the graph of f is transformed by

a reflection in the y-axis,

followed by

5
a vertical stretch by a factor of .
4

(i) Find g (x ) , giving your answer in the form ax 3 + b .

(ii) Write down the domain of g.

(4 marks)

(b) A particle moves along a straight line so that its velocity in m s-1 at time x seconds is given
by g (x )

Find the value of x when the particle’s velocity is 85 m s-1.

(2 marks)

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7 (a) Let f (x ) = ax 2 − 12x + c , x ∈ℝ, where a , c ∈ ℤ − .

The equation f (x ) = 0 has two equal roots.

Given that 4 a = c , find the values of a and c.

(3 marks)

(b) Find the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of f.

(2 marks)

(c) The graph of a function g is obtained from the graph of f by a reflection in the y -axis,
2
followed by a horizontal stretch by a factor of .
3

Find an expression for g (x ) , along with the coordinates of the y -intercept of the graph
of g.

(3 marks)

(d) Using the geometric nature of the two transformations by which the graph of g was
obtained from the graph of f, explain why the graphs of f and g must have the same y -
intercept.

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 (2 marks)

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 (x − p ) (x − q )
8 (a) Let f (x ) = , x ∈ℝ where p ,q ∈ ℤ. The graph of f has x- intercepts at
2
(p ,0) and (q ,0) , , with (p ,0) lying on the negative x-axis and (q ,0) , lying on the positive
−7
x-axis. The y-intercept of the graph is at (0, ) and the vertex of the graph lies in the
2
fourth quadrant. This information is represented on the diagram below.

(i) Find the values of p and q.

(ii) Find the coordinates of the vertex, V.

(6 marks)

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(b) The graph of a function g is obtained from the graph of f by a translation by the vector
⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , followed by a reflection in the y-axis. Point A on the graph of f has an x-
⎝ −1 ⎠
coordinate of 1 and is mapped to point B on the graph of g.

Find the coordinates of B.

(4 marks)

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